河南省碳源碳汇的时空变化研究

碳源、碳汇是影响低碳发展的重要因素,由其形成的碳盈亏是区域低碳经济发展战略及政策制定的重要依据。本文基于能源消耗数据、主要工业产品产量,参考IPCC的碳排放标准,结合其他相关研究,计算了河南省能源消耗及水泥、钢铁、合成氨生产过程中产生的碳排放;在对研究区遥感影像处理的基础上,通过归一化植被指数(NDVI),将河南省的碳汇分为耕地、林地和草地,根据各种植被的碳排放和碳吸收系数,计算了河南省的碳汇及其变化,并对碳盈亏及其空间变化进行分析。结果表明：①研究期内,河南省碳排放及人均碳排放呈上升趋势,碳排放总量及人均碳排放年均分别增长11.22%和10.72%,而且空间差异明显,豫西、豫北、豫中地区人均碳排放相对较高,而豫南、豫东南地区则相对较低。②能源消耗是河南省的主要碳源,其碳排放量呈逐年增加趋势,但所占比重在不断下降;水泥、钢铁是除能源消耗外的另一种主要的排放源,其碳排放量及所占比重则呈逐年上升趋势。③河南省碳汇主要以林地和耕地为主,草地所占比重很小;全省碳汇呈减少趋势,2005-2013年期间减少了7.40%(47.05万t),年均减少5.88万t。④河南省总体上呈现碳亏状态,研究期内碳亏呈增长趋势,且碳亏的地区数量也在增加,总的来看,豫南、豫东南、豫西地区处于碳盈或弱碳亏状态,豫中及豫北地区处于较严重的碳亏状态。⑤河南省应通过改善能源结构、调整产业结构、优化用地布局等措施,减少碳源,增加碳汇,通过区域碳补偿或生态补偿等手段鼓励碳盈地区减源增汇,为低碳发展创造良好的外部环境。     

碳同位素在草地生态系统碳循环中的应用与展望

草地生态系统在全球碳循环研究中占有重要地位,目前,碳同位素技术已经被广泛地应用于草地生态系统碳循环研究中。本文阐述了碳同位素在草地土壤有机碳的来源、光合作用产物碳在草地生态系统中的分配、草地土壤有机质的周转及草地土壤呼吸研究方面的应用,重点论述了碳同位素在土壤呼吸方面的应用。应用碳同位素对土壤呼吸进行区分的方法主要包括13C自然丰度法、脉冲标记法、同位素稀释法、模拟根际沉积物法、14CO2动态模型法、根系分泌物洗涤法等。碳同位素技术对草地土壤和根干扰很小,方法相对成熟,为深入研究草地生态系统碳循环提供了巨大潜力。在我国,应用碳同位素方法研究草地生态系统碳循环在土壤有机碳的来源、分配及周转和土壤呼吸区分等方面有进一步研究的必要,也有进一步研究的发展空间。     

青藏高原北部湖泊沉积物中基于不同碳源可培养细菌多样性

自然环境溶解有机碳（DOC）的组成影响着微生物群落结构,不同微生物类群对有机碳源类型的利用表现出差异。然而,纯菌株的碳源利用选择性及其和盐度的关系却仍不是很清楚。本文采用单碳源纯培养技术、聚合酶链式反应（PCR,Polymerase Chain Reaction）和相关统计方法,研究了青藏高原北部六个湖泊（洱海、青海湖、托素湖、尕海1、尕海2、小柴旦湖）沉积物中的基于不同碳源可培养细菌多样性及其与盐度的响应关系。采用七种不同类型的单碳源（甲酸钠、乙酸钠、丙酮酸钠、乳酸钠、葡萄糖、纤维素、混合氨基酸）进行培养筛选。本文共获得10个细菌分类属,它们分属于假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）、希瓦氏菌属（Shewanella）、脱氯单胞菌属（Dechloromonas）、动性球菌属（Planococcus）、盐单胞菌属（Halomonas）、微小杆菌属（Exiguobacterium）、弧菌属（Vibrio）、交替假单胞菌属（Pseudoalteromonas）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）。其中,盐单胞菌属菌株可利用本研究使用的所有碳源类型,说明这类细菌具有广泛碳代谢途径,并潜在地参与了青藏高原北部湖泊碳循环过程。所得的纯菌株利用不同碳链长度的碳源具有选择性,即随着盐度增高,某些菌株更偏向利用结构更加复杂的碳源。总之,盐度不仅影响着纯培养细菌群落多样性,而且还影响着细菌对碳源类型的选择。     

青藏高原北部湖泊沉积物中基于不同碳源可培养细菌多样性

前人研究显示微生物群落对有机碳源的利用具有选择性,但是纯菌株对碳源利用的选择性却不甚明了。此外,在盐湖环境中微生物出于能量的考虑可能选择性利用有机碳源以抵抗盐度渗透压。因此,盐度可能间接地影响微生物对有机碳源的利用。然而,目前类似的相关研究较少。采用单碳源纯培养技术、16S rRNA基因序列分析和相关统计方法,研究了青藏高原北部6个湖泊(洱海、青海湖、托素湖、尕海1、尕海2、小柴旦湖)沉积物中基于不同碳源可培养细菌多样性及其与盐度的响应关系。采用7种不同类型的单碳源(甲酸钠、乙酸钠、丙酮酸钠、乳酸钠、葡萄糖、纤维素、混合氨基酸)进行培养筛选。共获得10个细菌分类属的75株纯培养菌株,它们分属于γ-变形菌纲的气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)、盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、弧菌属(Vibrio),β-变形菌纲的脱氯单胞菌属(Dechloromonas)以及芽孢杆菌纲的芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)和游动球菌属(Planococcus)。其中,盐单胞菌属菌株可利用研究中使用的所有碳源类型,说明这类细菌具有广泛碳代谢途径,可能潜在参与了青藏高原北部湖泊碳循环过程。研究发现所得纯菌株对不同碳链长度碳源的利用具有选择性,即随着盐度增高,某些菌株偏向利用结构更加复杂的碳源。总之,盐度不仅影响着纯培养细菌群落多样性,而且还影响着细菌对碳源类型的选择。     

湿地生态系统碳储存和温室气体排放研究

湿地生态系统是地球上重要的有机碳储库, 湿地植被和土壤碳储量丰富、碳密度高。湿地还是CO₂、CH₄和N₂O等温室气体的源和汇。近百年来,由于土地利用,特别是农业开发和泥炭开采,导致大面积湿地被排干,并排放大量温室气体。多项研究表明湿地保护和恢复能促进碳积累和减少温室气体排放,通过对国内外有关文献的分析,针对近年来科学界普遍关注的湿地生态系统碳储量、碳平衡和土地利用对温室气体排放的影响、湿地与全球气候变化关系等方面的问题进行了初步探讨。     

内蒙古草地生态系统碳源/汇时空格局及其与气候因子的关系（英文）

Global climate change has become a major concern worldwide. The spatio-temporal characteristics of net ecosystem productivity(NEP), which represents carbon sequestration capacity and directly describes the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of carbon sources/sinks(C sources/sinks), are crucial for increasing C sinks and reducing C sources. In this study, field sampling data, remote sensing data, and ground meteorological observation data were used to estimate the net primary productivity(NPP) in the Inner Mongolia grassland ecosystem(IMGE) from 2001 to 2012 using a light use efficiency model. The spatio-temporal distribution of the NEP in the IMGE was then determined by estimating the NPP and soil respiration from 2001 to 2012. This research also investigated the response of the NPP and NEP to the main climatic variables at the spatial and temporal scales from 2001 to 2012. The results showed that most of the grassland area in Inner Mongolia has functioned as a C sink since 2001 and that the annual carbon sequestration rate amounts to 0.046 Pg C/a. The total net C sink of the IMGE over the 12-year research period reached 0.557 Pg C. The carbon sink area accounted for 60.28% of the total grassland area and the sequestered 0.692 Pg C, whereas the C source area accounted for 39.72% of the total grassland area and released 0.135 Pg C. The NPP and NEP of the IMGE were more significantly correlated with precipitation than with temperature, showing great potential for C sequestration.     

Analysis of spatio-temporal features of a carbon source/sink and its relationship to climatic factors in the Inner Mongolia grassland ecosystem

Global climate change has become a major concern worldwide. The spatio-temporal characteristics of net ecosystem productivity (NEP), which represents carbon sequestration capacity and directly describes the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of carbon sources/sinks (C sources/sinks), are crucial for increasing C sinks and reducing C sources. In this study, field sampling data, remote sensing data, and ground meteorological observation data were used to estimate the net primary productivity (NPP) in the Inner Mongolia grassland ecosystem (IMGE) from 2001 to 2012 using a light use efficiency model. The spatio-temporal distribution of the NEP in the IMGE was then determined by estimating the NPP and soil respiration from 2001 to 2012. This research also investigated the response of the NPP and NEP to the main climatic variables at the spatial and temporal scales from 2001 to 2012. The results showed that most of the grassland area in Inner Mongolia has functioned as a C sink since 2001 and that the annual carbon sequestration rate amounts to 0.046 Pg C/a. The total net C sink of the IMGE over the 12-year research period reached 0.557 Pg C. The carbon sink area accounted for 60.28% of the total grassland area and the sequestered 0.692 Pg C, whereas the C source area accounted for 39.72% of the total grassland area and released 0.135 Pg C. The NPP and NEP of the IMGE were more significantly correlated with precipitation than with temperature, showing great potential for C sequestration.     

咸水滴灌林地风沙土中微生物群落代谢特征

选择Biolog技术方法,利用方差分析和主成分分析研究了不同矿化度水滴灌下塔里木沙漠公路防护林地土壤微生物的代谢活性。结果表明：随着培养时间的推移,微生物利用单一碳源的颜色平均变化率（AWCD）呈现升高趋势。培养48 h内小于0.5,处于缓慢增长期;48 h后进入对数增长期;216 h后进入稳定期;衰亡期不明显。随着滴灌水矿化度增大,AWCD值明显降低,这种差异主要由土壤微生物对胺类、酚类化合物、碳水化合物利用的差异所致。土壤微生物群落利用碳源活性的垂直差异明显,70~100 cm土层是AWCD值最高的区域,表层0~5 cm最小。AWCD值与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效钾、速效磷的含量、pH值、阳离子交换量、容重的正相关系数均大于0.85。因此,土壤微生物利用碳源的代谢活性差异主要由土壤化学性质所致,土壤全量养分和酸碱度是主要驱动因子。胺类、酚类化合物、碳水化合物是区分不同矿化度水滴灌下土壤微生物群落生态功能的敏感碳源。     

河流碳循环对全球变化的响应与反馈

河流连接陆地生态系统和海洋两大活动碳库,构成全球碳循环的一个关键环节。河流碳的输出及循环过程与近岸水域环境、海洋碳库变动及全球气候系统紧密相关。有机碳在全球碳循环系统中处于核心地位,了解河流有机碳通量及性质变化是目前河流碳循环研究的重要内容之一。流域面积的大小及气候和环境性质的差异对河流碳的输移及循环过程影响显著。目前,亚洲季风流域尤其是众多的小流域缺乏系统的有关悬移质生源要素的信息。陆地侵蚀-沉积过程控制着河流碳的主要来源和归宿。当前,人类活动主宰着陆地的侵蚀-沉积状况,这在很大程度上表现为加速了陆地生态系统碳库的扰动与再沉积,并加强了河流向海洋的碳输送。     

Sources of organic matter for bacteria in sediments of Lake Rotsee,Switzerland

Determination of carbon sources and microbial activity in lake sediment is important for understanding organic carbon preservation and methane production. This study aimed to determine the organic carbon sources and microbial activity over the last 140 years in sediments of methanotrophic Lake Rotsee (Switzerland). We investigated phospholipid-derived fatty acid biomarkers and their stable carbon isotope signatures in the sediments of this eutrophic lake. Strong bacterial activity in the sediment deposited during the 1920s–1960s could account for the relatively low ratio of long-chain to short-chain fatty acid ((C24 + C26 + C28)/(C14 + C16 + C18), TAR_FA) values, which is consistent with low TOC/TN ratios in the sediment deposited during that interval. The carbon stable isotope records, both bulk and compound-specific, showed greater values at such times, although the offset between the bulk and fatty acids decreased. This implies that the microbial community residing at sediment depths deposited in the 1960s preferentially utilised the compounds derived from the enhanced surface-water productivity at that time. This observation contrasts with data from the depth intervals before and after, when a major portion of the labile organic matter was derived from methane-sourced production. In sediments deposited before ca. 1964, the overall very low fatty acid δ¹³C values suggest that labile carbon was primarily derived from methanotrophs.     

北极陆架沉积碳埋藏及其在全球碳循环中的作用

陆架边缘海有机碳的堆积速率比大洋高一个数量级 ,全球大约有 80 %以上的沉积有机碳埋藏于陆架地区。北极陆架是世界上最大的陆架 ,占全球陆架面积的 1 / 4 ,然而由于相关的工作较少 ,目前对北极沉积有机碳埋藏情况及其对全球的贡献还知之甚少。北极地区沉积有机碳埋藏主要取决于生物泵 ,而生物泵过程一个主要的限制因子是海冰的覆盖。近几十年来随着全球变暖 ,北极海冰覆盖面积正在快速减小。本文从北极沉积有机碳的来源、河流携带的沉积物输入、海冰覆盖率、营养盐来源等方面初步讨论了陆源输入和生物泵过程对沉积碳来源和埋藏时空变化的影响。结合两次北极考察的初步结果指出 ,全球变暖很可能使北极陆架边缘海成为沉积有机碳的高效汇区。     

陆地生态系统碳循环研究进展

近年来,碳循环问题日益成为全球变化与地球科学研究领域的前沿与热点问题,其中陆地生态系统碳循环又是全球碳循环中最复杂、受人类活动影响最大的部分。本文结合IGBP和IPCC中有关碳循环的最新报告,介绍了全球碳循环中大气、海洋和陆地生态系统等几个主要碳库的大小及特点,并重点介绍了陆地生态系统碳循环及其基本过程。总结了当前陆地生态系统碳循环研究的四种主要方法:清单方法、反演模拟、涡度相关技术和陆地碳循环模式,介绍了它们的各自特点以及存在的问题,并对陆地碳过程中的不确定性进行了详细分析。此外,还简要叙述了当前碳循环研究中待解决的问题和今后的发展趋势。     

北冰洋阿尔法脊晚第四纪沉积有机质的来源变化及其古环境意义

为探讨晚第四纪有机碳埋藏情况变化与海冰覆盖和环流等变化之间的关系,分析了北冰洋阿尔法脊08B85-D孔沉积物的Mn和Ca含量、粒度组成、有机碳含量和有机碳δ13C组成。结果表明有机碳含量并不具备冰期-间冰期旋回性,有机碳来源具有4种不同模式,海冰覆盖程度和波弗特环流的强度共同决定了阿尔法脊处有机碳来源的构成,在MIS7内若干时段海冰覆盖极少,极盛的波弗特环流可将陆源有机质直接输送至阿尔法脊处,使沉积有机质中陆地来源占主导,形成了具有地层对比意义的独特信号。在MIS6-MIS1,08B85-D孔有机碳始终以海洋源贡献占主导,与海冰覆盖程度维持在较高水平,限制了陆源有机碳的输送有关,特别是在MIS6和MIS4-MIS3时,海冰很盛,波弗特环流有可能消亡。     

中国经济“新三步走”战略下人均碳排放预测

Under the context of the New Three-step strategy of Chinese economic development, we use the reverse tracing method and petroleum, natural gas and coal as sources of carbon emissions. To eliminate the impact of regional and technological levels in the energy conversion process we improved the IPAT model and used it to predict and analyze China’s per capita carbon emissions in three assumed scenarios up to 2050. We found that China’s per capita carbon emissions peak will occur respectively in 2020 and 2030 in different assumed scenarios; national per capita carbon emissions will reach 2.0127–2.6791 tons; China’s per capita carbon emissions will grow continuously at an average rate of 2.25%–3.40% per year before the peak year and then will decline at a rate of 1.33%–1.78% per year. By the year of 2050, national per capita carbon emissions will be 1.3147–1.8817 tons.     

深层土壤有机碳的来源、特征与稳定性

深层土壤有机碳占土壤剖面总有机碳的一半以上．最近发现表层和深层土壤有机碳动态及其调控因素并不相同,这对准确评估土壤固碳潜力具有重要影响．深层土壤有机碳主要来源午根系、根系分泌物、可溶性有机碳、土壤微生物及生物扰动作用,这些来源的相对重要性可能取决于气候、土壤、植被类型和土地利用方式;与表层土壤相比,深层土壤有机碳一般具有较高的稳定性同位素C／N、平均驻留时间长、矿化速率低和高稳定性．深层土壤有机碳的生物化学稳定性、化学稳定性和物理保护三种稳定性机制的相对贡献并不清楚．未来应加强环境变化和人类干扰对深层土壤有机碳动态及稳定性影响的研究．     

Effects of Thinning Intensity on Carbon Stocks and Changes in Larch Forests in China Northeast Forest Region

Thinning represents an important and frequently used silvicultural technique that improves forest wood products and has obvious effects on forest carbon stocks and stock changes. Here, we used the carbon budget model CBM-CFS3 to simulate the effects of thinning on carbon storage and changes in larch forest ecosystems under thirteen thinning scenarios. Simulation results demonstrate that strong thinning greatly reduces the biomass carbon density of larch forests compared to non-thinning forests. The minimum and maximum average biomass carbon density, respectively, were 30.3 tC ha^-1 and 47.8 tC ha^-1, a difference of 58% under set scenarios in the simulated time scale. The dead organic matter (including soil) carbon density increased in all thinned larch forests stands, compared with non-thinning stands, and the pattern of variation was opposite to that found for biomass carbon density. However, the total ecosystem carbon density of larch forests declined with thinning because the increase in dead organic matter carbon is insufficient to offset the loss of biomass carbon caused by thinning. Thus, strong thinning can transform larch forest ecosystems from carbon sinks into carbon sources. Future work should consider the carbon sequestered in wood materials acquired via thinning and their use as substitutes for other construction materials with less favorable lifecycle carbon footprints, such as steel, cement, aluminum and PVC.     

Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sources in order to plan for needs of low carbon economy at local level in Poland

Agriculture is often not included in the baseline greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories created for local low carbon economy plans in Poland and other European countries. We therefore estimate the size of the carbon footprint from agricultural sources and indicate the share of agriculture in the total GHG emissions in selected Polish communes (LAU level 2). We propose a solution whereby local government units can estimate their carbon footprint independently and monitor the impact of actions taken to reduce emissions. The value of the carbon footprint from agriculture in the selected communes varies from .5 to 46.5 thousand Mg CO₂eq/year, with a mean value of 12.6 thousand Mg CO₂eq/year and a standard deviation of 11.4 thousand Mg CO₂eq/year. Per capita, these values range from 10 kg CO₂eq/year to 8.4 Mg CO₂eq/year, with a mean of 1.1 Mg CO₂eq/year and a standard deviation of 1.5 Mg CO₂eq/year. In all communes, the contribution of agriculture to total emissions is at an average of 14% (values range from .2 to 57.4%). The obtained results confirm the appropriateness of including emissions from the agricultural sector and other related sources in low carbon economy plans.     

北极新奥尔松(Ny-lesund)地区环境中有机碳组成来源的初步分析

对2010年8月从北极新奥尔松地区(Ny-lesund)中国黄河站附近所采集的土壤、沉积物和苔藓进行整体指标[OC%,TN%,δ13C(‰)]和木质素(lignin-derived phenols)分析;并对土壤和沉积物进行粒度分析。结果显示OC%与TN%具有相同的来源;但是粒度并不是控制有机物分布的主要因素。数据显示当地木质素主要来自当地的维管植物和苔藓,但是可能会受到当地动物或者微生物的影响。木质素的降解参数(Ad/Al)v值的大小顺序为沉积物土壤苔藓,可能是由于苔藓的表面吸附了细颗粒的煤炭,但是缺少14C数据,无法定量计算煤炭对环境中有机碳的贡献;另外一个降解参数肉桂基酚类两种单体(CAD/FAD)比值由苔藓、土壤、沉积物依次降低,反映出成岩作用增强,木质素降解程度增加。综合OC%、TN%、δ13C(‰)和木质素数据,中国北极黄河站周围环境中的有机碳来源主要为当地的苔藓和维管植物,也有可能吸附了一些煤颗粒,但是由于技术手段的限制,煤炭的贡献在当前的数据解析下无法定量评估。     

泥河水库春季水-气界面二氧化碳通量与其影响因子的相关性分析

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对泥河水库春季水-气界面二氧化碳通量值进行连续24h观测,对其变化趋势及影响因素加以分析。结果表明:泥河水库24h均为大气CO2的源,其碳通量均值为26.50mg/(m2·h),全天源的极大值出现在1∶00为32.38mg/(m2·h),源的极小值出现在13∶00为20.15mg/(m2·h)。在春季影响泥河水库水-气界面CO2通量变化的主要因素是气温、叶绿素和风速,相关系数分别为0.671、0.625、0.253。结论:水库水-气界面CO2通量的变化是多种因素共同作用的结果,春季水库是大气CO2主要碳源之一。     

基于土地利用变化的中国省域碳排放时空差异及碳补偿研究

选择中国30个省级行政区为研究单元,基于土地利用和能源消耗等数据,采用碳排放系数法,对2003~2016年中国土地利用碳源/汇进行计算,探究中国省域土地利用碳排放和碳吸收时空演变,并以碳盈亏时空分析为基础,通过生态补偿系数和经济贡献系数分析碳排放的差异性,以净碳排放量作为基准值进行碳补偿价值的研究。结果表明:① 研究期间碳排放总量和净碳排放量除在2015年出现小幅度下降现象,其余年度均呈现不断增加趋势;碳吸收总量呈现稳中有升的趋势。②土地利用碳吸收的主要载体是耕地和林地,碳汇资源空间差异明显,基本呈现西高东低的分布特征,多数省份在研究期内基本保持一致的碳吸收类型。③ 碳排放总量分布空间差异显著,且主要来自建设用地。④ 依据净碳排放量的区域差异,将其划分为高碳排放区、一般碳排放区、低碳排放区、碳汇区4种类型。⑤ 由于各省域碳补偿标准和净碳排放量的差异导致碳补偿价值区域差异明显。