岷江上游森林水文效应研究

本文提出了用一般性流域水文模型研究森林水文效应的途径。得出在岷江上游地区随着覆盖率的下降年径流量减少、径流成份改变、年风分配更趋不均匀和洪峰流量增大的结论。在此基础上，预测了岷江上游地区水源涵养林建设的水文效益与前景。     

黄淮海平原沙地不同治理利用措施下土壤性质的差异

延津站经过７～８ａ改造后,试区内的农业用地、果园用地、封育沙垄地较试区外未封育裸露沙垄地,粉粒含量增加９～１６．６４倍,物理性粘粒含量增加１．１７～３．６７倍,土壤有机质含量增加８．４～１２．６倍,全Ｎ含量增加３．６～５．２５倍,全Ｐ含量增加１．５２～２．１９倍,碱解Ｎ含量增加２．１５～３．０２倍,速效Ｐ含量增加４～９．１５倍,速效Ｋ含量增加１．３６～２．５４倍。同时,在土壤粒度、有机质和养分含量等方面也都有不同程度的提高。结果表明,沙地采用综合开发治理技术是沙地发展农业生产的有效措施,为黄淮海平原沙地农业开发提供了重要依据。     

黄淮海平面原沙地不同治理利用措施下土壤性质的差异

延津站经过７－８ａ改造后,试区的０农业用地,果园地用,封育沙垄地较试区未封育裸露沙垄地,粉粒含量增加９－１６．６４倍,物理性粘粒含量增加１．１７－３．６７倍,土壤有机质含量增加８．４－１２．６倍,全Ｎ含量增加３．６－５．２５倍,全Ｐ含量增加１．５２－２．１９倍。     

明月江的森林水文效应研究

利用明月江水文站网观测资料，采用５个森林水文评价指标，检验９个对比年与１个对比时段共计５０个评价项目表明：明月江随着森林生态环境的改善及森林覆盖率的提高，枯水流量、年径流与径流年内的均匀程度均有较大增加，而河川含沙量则有所减少，反应了森林涵养水源、保持水土、调节径流年内分配的森林水文效应。     

青海湖区东部沙地植被及其特征研究

根据野外样地调查资料,对青海湖区东部沙地植被从区系特征及其物种多样性进行了研究,结果表明：①青海湖东部沙地植被种类组成简单,共有27科58属71种。其中禾本科比重最高为22.535%,其次为菊科占12.676%;再次为豆科占9.8592%;桔梗科等14科比重较小均占1.4085%。②地理成分上,湖东沙地植物区系以世界分布为主,共有16科,湖区植物区系中的优势科均为世界广布科;其次是温带成分10科;热带亚热带成分仅有1科。③生活型以多年生地面芽植物和地下芽植物为主,两者种类系数之和达到76.06%,一年生植物所占种类比重最小。④湖东沙地植被群丛多以单一优势种为主,物种多样性指数H、丰富度指数R1和均匀度指数Jsw三者的变化趋势大致是一致的,即随物种的增多,他们的指数趋向增大;生态优势度C的变化趋势则正好相反。⑤湖东沙地群丛物种相似性差异较大。固定沙地之间植被群丛相似性较高,流动半流动沙地与流动沙地之间则较低。     

流域LUCC水文效应研究中的若干问题探讨

随着全球变化研究的深入,土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)的水文效应研究日益成为热点问题。综合国内外研究进展,论文就流域土地利用/覆被变化水文效应研究中的几个问题进行了总结和探讨：子流域和水文响应单元是分布式水文模型对流域基本空间单元的理想划分;对国内外现有的土地利用分类系统进行了适当的调整和归并,建立了基于水文响应研究的土地利用分类系统,将土地利用分为9个Ⅰ级类和21个II级类;土地利用/覆被变化情景分析的常用方法有参照对比法、历史反演法、模型预测法、极端土地利用法、土地利用空间配置法等。     

凝结水的生态水文效应研究进展

世界上近一半的国家和地区不同程度地受到干旱问题的影响。干旱区的最显著特征是降水的极端稀少和不确定。任何降雨以外的水资源输入,即使数量很微小,也对荒漠生态系统的维持和存续有重要意义,因此凝结水作为可能性水源成为研究热点。基于文献资料,本文从干旱、半干旱地区凝结水对生物的影响,对生物结皮及土壤水分平衡的作用,对地下水的补给以及凝结水的人为利用等几个方面阐述国内外的凝结水研究现状,着重分析凝结水生态水文效应方面的研究历程和趋势,总结凝结水研究中存在的问题,展望未来研究工作的重点。     

大兴沙地草本植被的数量研究

在分析植物群落和生态因子数据的基础上，利用ＰＣＡ排序、相关和回归分析等多元分析技术，描述了大兴沙地草本植被的空间分布与主要生态因子的相关性，数量地表达了植被分布与环境的关系。结果表明：土壤中小于０．００１ｍｍ颗粒含量和土壤全Ｐ含量是影响植被分布的主导生态因子。     

基于干燥度指数的辽西北土地风蚀荒漠化判别

在土地利用分类的基础上,剔除山地、丘陵、岗地、水域及建筑用地等类型,研究辽西北地区风蚀荒漠化问题,试图找到一条半湿润易旱的界线。研究以TM、MODIS影像为数据源,以多种植被指数为参考指标,运用决策树方法对研究区进行分类,结果显示：非荒漠化、轻度、中度、重度与极重度风蚀荒漠化面积分别占辽西北总面积的44．38％、25．...     

Physical principle of wind erosion on sandy land surface in southern Beijing

The endangerment of aeolian sand is one of the most serious eco-environmental problems facing the southern suburb of Beijing. To control wind erosion is thus a matter of great urgency. This paper chooses typical land-use types, i.e., cultivated land, wild grassland, drifting sandy land, etc. based on the fixed experimental observation and quantitative analysis, to conduct studies on the principles and characteristics of aeolian activities and measures controlling wind erosion in Daxing District of Beijing. The results show that: the near ground wind velocity yielded the logarithmic distribution with height; there are significant differences among different ground cover roughness; there are significant differences in the corresponding friction velocities caused by different properties of the underlying surface; there are differences in the threshold wind velocities speed in different land use types; and there are minus exponential relations between the sediment discharge percentage and the height at a range of 0–20 cm air flow layer. Different land use types result in various degrees of coarse component. There is a significant exponential relation between sediment transport concentration and wind velocity.     

北京南部沙地风蚀物理特征

1 Introduction Wind erosion, which occurred in arid, semiarid and sub-humid areas, is a critical process in land desertification and degradation. It is a global environmental problem (Dong et al., 1996; Gomesa et al., 2003). Previous researches on process…     

Simulating the effect of wind erosion on aeolian desertification process of Horqin sandy land and its significance on material cycle:a wind tunnel study

Samples from the Horqin sandy land were exposed to a series of wind velocities,and sink particles were collected at the end of the diffusion section of a wind tunnel.Grain sizes of collected samples show great variation because of the granularity difference of the surface samples.The original samples show lower average content of SiO₂ and higher average content of Al ₂O₃,Fe₂O₃,MgO,CaO,Na₂O,and K₂O than collected samples.Compared with other dust source areas in China,the Horqin sandy land had higher content of Zr,Ba,SiO₂,Al₂O₃ and K₂O.Compared with the average upper continental crust(UCC)composition,surface samples were rich in the content of Y,Zr,Nb,Ba,La,Nd.Geochemistry characteristics of fine grain components of the Horqin sandy land differ from those from other dust source regions,because fine-grained particles in the Horqin sandy land were mostly derived from various local deposits formed in its unique depositional environments influenced by several tectonic activities.     

Vertical distribution of soil moisture and surface sandy soil wind erosion for different types of sand dune on the southeastern margin of the Mu Us Sandy Land, China

Soil moisture is a critical state affecting a variety of land surface and subsurface processes. We report investigation results of the factors controlling vertical variation of soil moisture and sand transport rate of three types of dunes on the southeastern margin of the Mu Us Sandy Land. Samples were taken from holes drilled to a depth of 4 m at different topographic sites on the dunes, and were analyzed for soil moisture, grain-size distribution and surface sediment discharge. The results show that: (1) The average soil moisture varies in different types of dunes, with the following sequences ordered from highest to lowest: in the shrubs-covered dunes and the trees-covered dunes the sequence is from inter-dunes lowland to windward slope to leeward slope. The average moisture in the bare-migratory sand dunes is sequenced from inter-dunes lowland to leeward slope to windward slope. (2) Vegetation form and surface coverage affect the range of soil moisture of different types of dunes in the same topographic position. The coefficient of variation of soil moisture for shrubs-covered dunes is higher than that of other types of dune. (3) The effect of shrubs on dune soil moisture is explained in terms of the greater ability of shrubs to trap fine-grained atmospheric dust and hold moisture. (4) The estimated sand transport rates over sand dunes with sparse shrubs are less than those over bare-migratory dunes or sand dunes with sparse trees, indicating that shrubs are more effective in inhibiting wind erosion in the sandy land area.     

鲁西北平原沙质土地退化防治与高效利用

鲁西北平原沙区改造的实践,说明土地利用对沙质土风沙化的影响及对土地利用持续性的作用提出了提高沙区开发效益和实现沙区土地持续利用的途径。指出沙区开发复垦中采用混农林系统对防治沙质土地退化和提高沙质土利用效益具有明显作用。同时还提出一些提高混农林系统的经济产出和生态效益的措施。     

中国沙地分类进展及编目体系

中国历来重视沙地研究但至今尚未形成较公认的分类体系,详细的沙地资源数据库建设亦未开展。全面总结了中国沙地已有的研究成果,对中国沙地分类进展和编目体系进行了研究。结果表明:1已有的沙地分类主要根据沙地流动性、荒漠化程度、荒漠化过程、空间位置等方法进行,表现出研究区域不全面、分类指标定量程度低、空间信息表达能力差、分类指标体系混乱以及沙地分类的系统性和分类结果的可比性相对较差等问题。2沙地分类编目体系全面涵盖了中国沙地分布范围,突出了沙地的温度、干湿度、流动性、荒漠化程度、面积和土地利用属性等信息,能综合全面地反映沙地的自然和社会属性,具有较好的科学性和可操作性。     

Effects of land use patterns on slope soil water in the semiarid Loess Plateau,China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Land use patterns (LUPs) are the form in which various land use types are combined spatially, evidently impacting soil water. However, the influence mechanism by...     

辽宁省14市与长山群岛旅游空间相互作用研究

运用旅游空间相互作用理论,以旅游人数、旅游总收入为基础数据,利用旅游空间相互作用模型,测算辽宁省14市、长山群岛与辽宁省14市及长山诸岛3个层次的旅游空间相互作用强度、经济联系度及经济隶属度。得出结论：① 各层级间空间相互作用强度、经济联系度及经济隶属度与距离呈负相关,区域间的空间相互作用强度、经济联系度及经济隶属度随距离增大逐渐减小;② 城市间经济联系度越强,旅游空间相互作用越大,与海岛旅游空间相互作用就越频繁;③ 通过对长山群岛旅游断裂点测算,得出其主要潜在客源地为大连、沈阳、丹东市。     

辽宁省产业用水变化驱动效应分解与时空分异

辽宁省是我国严重缺水地区,水资源问题已经成为辽宁老工业基地振兴的瓶颈因素。通过构建产业用水变化的全要素分解模型,测度了1994～2007年辽宁省产业用水变化驱动的经济增长效应、产业结构效应与用水强度效应,计算了各种效应对用水变化的贡献率,并对各种效应进行了时间分异分析;运用全要素分解模型测度了1994～2007年辽宁省14个地级市产业用水变化驱动的三种效应,结合ISODATA聚类模型对各种效应进行空间聚类,进而对各种效应进行空间分异分析。研究结果表明,辽宁省产业用水变化是由经济增长的稳定作用、结构变动的冲击作用和技术进步的动力作用共同决定的。该结论对于正确理解辽宁省产业用水变化与经济发展之间的关系具有一定的参考价值。