Experimental Study on Gold Dissolution from Hosting Minerals of the Hadamengou Gold Deposit and the Implications

The Hadamengou gold deposit is located in western part of the northern margin of the North China craton. It is a hydrothermal deposit related to alkaline magmatism. Dissolution of Au, Fe from pyrite and iron oxide （including magnetite and hematite） individual minerals in the three main types of ore shows： in iron oxides （magnetite and hematite）, Au and Fe were dissolved simultaneously and their solubilities are positively correlated, which means Au is mainly chemical-bonded （lattice gold） and/or colloidal-adsorbed in iron oxides; while in pyrite, on the contrary, Au dissolution obviously lags behind Fe and the solubility of Au shows negative relationship with that of Fe, which indicates Au is mainly hosted as grains of elemental gold （or native gold） within pyrite. Previous studies revealed that the Hadamengou gold deposit is characterized by intensive K-feldspathization and holds high content of iron oxides occasionally replaced by sulfides, which was caused by oxidizing K-enriched alkaline fluids under a stretching geodynamic setting. These geological features, together with the high Au-content in iron oxides, comparable with that of the Olympic Dam deposit in South Australia, suggest that this deposit is the first example of iron oxide-type gold deposits in China.     

黑龙江省砂宝斯金矿床矿石矿物与金矿物特征研究

为给砂宝斯金矿床的勘探和利用提供依据,本文总结了多年的野外观察资料,并通过镜下鉴定、人工重砂、电子探针等方法对该矿床的矿石矿物、金矿物特征进行了系统研究。结果表明,该矿床的矿石类型为贫硫化物微细粒浸染型金矿石,矿石矿物主要为黄铁矿,次为毒砂,含有较多的微量元素;脉石矿物主要为石英。矿石结构主要为半自形-自形、他形、交代、固溶体分离结构,浸染状或细脉浸染状构造。金矿物主要为自然金,其赋存状态以硫化物中包裹金和脉石粒间金为主,主要为微粒金及次显微金,呈微细分散状态。除Au元素外,矿床中其他元素均不具有综合利用价值,有害元素含量低。     

福建尤溪肖板金矿床金的赋存状态及金矿物特征

肖板金矿床属受构造控制的中低温岩浆热液矿床,矿化类型为构造蚀变岩型。金多呈独立金矿物形式出现,少许呈分散状;金矿物以自然金为主,平均成色９３０,有少量银金矿和碲金矿。金矿物以包体金、裂隙金、连生金和粒间金等形式嵌布于黄铁矿、黄铜矿、石英、方铅矿及方解石等主要载金矿物中,且石英、方解石中较金属硫化物中占优势。金矿物形态各异,粒度以中细粒为主。     

Characteristics of the Cibaliung Gold Deposit: Miocene Low-Sulfidation-Type Epithermal Gold Deposit in Western Java, Indonesia

Middle Miocene (11.18–10.65 Ma) low sulfidation‐type epithermal gold mineralization occurred in the Cibaliung area, southwestern part of Java Island, Indonesia. It is hosted by andesitic to basaltic andesitic lavas of the Middle Miocene Honje Formation (11.4 Ma) and is covered by Pliocene Cibaliung tuff (4.9 Ma). The exploration estimates mineral resource of approximately 1.3 million tonnes at 10.42 g/t gold and 60.7 g/t silver at a 3 g/t Au cut‐off. This equates to approximately 435,000 ounces of gold and 2.54 million ounces of silver. That resource resulted from two ore shoots: Cibitung and Cikoneng. Studies on ore mineralogy, hydrothermal alteration, geology, fluid inclusion, stable isotopes and age dating were conducted in order to characterize the deposit and to understand a possible mechanism of preservation of the deposit. The ore mineral assemblage of the deposit consists of electrum, naumannite, Ag‐Se‐Te sulfide minerals, chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite and galena. Those ore minerals occur in quartz veins showing colloform–crustiform texture. They are enveloped by mixed layer clay illite/smectite zone, which grades into smectite zone outward. The temperature of mineralization revealed by fluid inclusion study on quartz in the veins ranges from 170 and 220°C at shallow and deep level, respectively. The temperature range is in agreement with the temperature deduced from the hydrothermal alteration mineral assemblage including mixed layered illite/smectite and laumontite. The mineralizing fluid is dilute, with a salinity <1 wt% NaCl equivalent and has stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen composition indicating a meteoric water origin. Although the deposit is old enough that it would have been eroded in a tropical island arc setting, the coverage by younger volcanic deposits such as the Citeluk tuff and the Cibaliung tuff most probably prevented this erosion.     

Cikidang Hydrothermal Gold Deposit in Western Java, Indonesia

Abstract. The Cikidang gold deposit, discovered in 1991, is located within the Bayah dome, a Tertiary-Quaternary volcanic zone at west end of Java, which is well known as a gold district (e.g., Pongkor and Cikotok mines). Typical low-sulfidation quartz-adularia-sericite(-calcite) vein deposits represent the gold deposit in the district.
The Cikidang vein system comprises four sub-parallel quartz-adularia-sericite(-calcite) veins that are rich in manganese oxide and limonite with very poor amount of sulfides. These vary from 0.5 to 2.7 m thick and extend for up to 1,000 m long. The vein trends roughly N-S and dip 60 to 86° toward west. The ore grades vary from trace to 74.9 g/t Au and 1.2 to 225.0 g/t Ag. A K/Ar age determination on adularia yielded 2.4 Ma for the Cikidang vein.
The ore minerals are represented by electrum, argentite, aguilarite and pyrite. Electrum shows the compositional ranges of Ag (50–65 atom %). The gangue minerals are dominated by quartz with variable amounts of calcite, sericite, adularia, clay minerals, manganese oxide and limonite. The vein textures are so variable as banded, colloform, comb, brecciated and massive. Host rocks, composed of Miocene lapilli tuff and breccia, suffered from pervasive hydrothermal alterations. Wall rocks adjacent to the vein are characterized by argillic and propylitic alteration.
The fluid inclusion study of the Cikidang vein shows homogenization temperatures ranging from 170 to 260°C. Salinities are low, generally below 3 wt% NaCl equivalent. Oxygen isotope results suggest meteoric water in origin for ore fluids responsible for the Cikidang deposit.     

四川摩挲营地区某金矿成因浅析

摩挲营地区处于扬子地台西缘康滇地轴北段,属南北向康滇构造岩浆带中的摩挲营花岗岩体南端突出部位。该区金矿主要产在摩挲营二长花岗岩(晋宁期侵入岩)的压扭性断裂中。成矿物质主要来源于元古界会理群天宝山组的海底火山沉积岩,成因类型属中温热液充填型金矿床。     

湖北大悟大坡顶金矿床金矿物特征

利用光薄片的显微观察、X荧光光谱分析、X射线衍射分析、电子探针显微分析以及等离子光谱分析等方法,对湖北大悟大坡顶金矿床矿石中金的矿物学特征进行深入研究,结果表明,矿石中金以银金矿的形式产出,金矿物颗粒的大小多在5～150μm间;银金矿物颗粒一般呈液滴状或其他的不规则形状充填于黄铁矿、石英颗粒的裂隙或这些矿物颗粒的闻隙,少量被包裹在硫化物矿物、石英颗粒之中.金矿物成色较低,最低为736,最高为860,平均金矿物成色为784,金矿物的低成色特征说明这些金矿物形成干浅部;共生黄铁矿中含有较高的Co和较低的Ni指示成矿物质与深部岩浆作用有关,而从大别群变质岩围岩具有较高的金的背景值指示成矿元素金可能来源于岩浆活动造成的金的活化迁移.     

Typomorpic Characteristics of the Major Minerals in the Puziwan Gold Deposit, Datong, Shanxi, China

Utilizing theories of minerageny and prospecting mineralogy, the authors studied the attitude, morphotype and chemical composition of metallic minerals of pyrite, gold, chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite, non-metallic minerals of quartz, carbonate, dolomite and rutile in the Puziwan gold deposit. The study shows the following results. （1） The mineral assemblage is complex and the species of sulfide are abundant with occurrences of sulfosalt minerals. （2） The composition in the minerals is complex and there rich micro elements, including As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te, Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cr, Ni, V. The typomorphic characteristics of the association of the elements and their specific value suggest that gold mineralization is associated with shallow magmatic hydrothermal activity, the oreforming fluid is the mixture of abundant rising alkali magmatic water originating from the mantle or the lower crust and the descending acid atmospheric water. （3） Ankerite, Fe-rich sphalerite, granular Ti-rich rutile are widely distributed, which indicate great denudation depths, high mineralization temperature. The deposit is found in the middle and shallow positions of the porphyry series. The deep layers are not favorable for gold mineralization. （4） Copper minerals are rich in the ores and sulfides have high content of copper, suggesting possible porphyry-type Cu （Au） mineralization in deep positions and the surrounding areas.     

四川虎牙雪宝顶W-Sn-Be矿床矿物学标型特征及流体对矿物形态的影响

四川虎牙乡雪宝顶钨锡铍矿床产出宝石级绿柱石、白钨矿、锡石、电气石等矿物且晶形完好.共生矿物有长石、方铅矿、石英、方解石、云母等.绿柱石、白钨矿和锡石色彩绚丽, 其成分较为复杂, 类质同象现象普遍, 晶体形貌具有标型意义.对该区代表性矿物绿柱石、白钨矿、锡石等进行了成分研究、形貌描述及矿物共生组合特点分析, 从矿物标型特征、围岩蚀变类型确定了矿床属于高温热液云英岩脉型矿床, 在此基础上重点探讨了板状绿柱石成因.      

辽宁北票宝国老金矿地质特征和成矿作用

宝国老金矿产于辽西太古宙高变质绿岩带 ,受近东西向韧性剪切带控制 ,多金属硫化物石英脉型 ,银金矿为主要含金矿物 ,矿石品位高。成矿经历火山 -沉积作用、区域变质作用和动力变质三个阶段 ,成矿时间中含古元古代的信息 ,成矿流体可能为变质热液混合岩浆热液 ,成矿温度在 160～ 310℃之间。     

First Find of Trace Metal Minerals at the Albaza Gold Deposit

Doklady Earth Sciences - The results of mineralogical–geochemical study of the Albaza gold deposit (Khabarovsk Krai) are presented here. The ore mineral assemblage, in addition to already...     

Ore-Forming Fluid Characteristics of the Dayingezhuang Gold Deposit, Jiaodong Gold Province, China

The Dayingezhuang gold deposit is located in the central part of the Zhaoping Fault Zone, which is one of the most important gold-hosting faults in the Jiaodong gold province of China. Dayingezhuang is a typical large-scale shear zone-hosted disseminated gold deposit with superimposed silver mineralization. Fluid inclusion (FI) petrography and microthermometry, and analysis of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes for fluid inclusions were conducted to determine the characteristics of the ore-forming fluids and the processes of silver mineralization. Microthermometry data of FI indicated that ore-forming fluids are characterized by low salinity and low density. Homogenization pressures of FI are estimated at 20 × 10⁵–220 × 10⁵ Pa. The change in ore-forming fluids from K₂SO₄ type to NaCl type indicates the superposition of two hydrothermal mineralizing events. Ore-forming fluids were dominated by magmatic components in the early mineralization period, and affected by meteoric waters in the late period. Gold may have been transported as Au-S or Au-Cl complexes, whereas silver was transported as Ag-Cl complexes. Early fluid boiling and later fluid mixing are thought to be two of the main factors causing the deposition and superimposing of gold and silver to form the large deposit.     

三家金矿发现Hg—Au—Ag矿物—α—汞金银矿

a-汞金银矿是1986年笔者在河北省青龙县三家金矿某富矿带采集的金矿石标本中发现的,见于矿石光片及人工重砂中。经电子探针分析,平均含Ag 41.53%,Au 22.34%,Hg 36.09%,简化化学式为:(Ag,Au)3Hg。其x射线粉晶数据为:2.382(9) (111),2.060(6)(200),1.461(7)(220),1.245(10)(311),1.194(5)(222),与1929年Pabst等人合成的a汞金矿(含Au 82.75%)可以比较,属等轴晶系。笔者确定它为Hg、Au、Ag金属互化物,且是Hg-Au-Ag系列矿物的新变种。     

川西丹巴铜炉房金矿区泥盆系危观群黑色岩系地球化学特征及其地质意义

川西丹巴铜炉房金矿区大地位置上处于松潘—甘孜造山带,金矿体主要赋存于铜炉房背斜核部泥盆系危观群黑色岩系中。黑色岩系的主量元素烧失量较高;微量元素体现出富集亲石元素,略微亏损亲硫元素和亲铁元素的特征;稀土总量平均值略低于国内同类岩石平均值,稀土分布模式曲线向右倾斜并有Eu负异常。Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)值和MnO2/TiO2值表明其处于大陆边缘环境内。U/Th关系图落入了正常远洋沉积区的核心部位。Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值和Si/(Si+Al+Fe)值以及Al2O3-SiO2岩石热水成因模式图解显示,其物质来源主要为陆源提供。在Ni-Zn-Co三角图中,所有样品均落在热水沉积区域,显示出了Zn和Ni的相对富集;SiO2/Al2O3值表明其物源有海底热水沉积物或生物的成分补充。黑色岩系Ce的弱负异常显示,其形成于一种比较干燥缺氧的封闭环境。     

湖南铲子坪金矿的矿物标型及其地质意义

矿床位于白马山花岗岩外接触带附近，成矿阶段单一，矿物组份较复杂．金矿物颗粒细小，杂质少，成色高，硬度较高，与硫化物密切共生．石英以充填于构造空间的乳白色石英和交代构造岩的烟灰色、灰白色石英两种形式产出．二者同期共生，普遍发生塑性变形，含大量气液包裹体，气相成分以Ｈ２Ｏ和ＣＯ２为主，Ｈ２Ｏ＞＞ＣＯ２，贫Ｎ２，包裹体水的δ１８ＯＨ２ｏ比白马山花岗岩稍低．黄铁矿重结晶和动力变质现象普遍．五角十二面体、八面体黄铁矿的含金性好，立方体的含金性则较差．向深部，立方体黄铁矿减少，五角十二面体及其与立方体的聚形增多．黄铁矿的化学成分复杂，Ｓ／Ｆｅ＝１．９２—２．０２，亏硫；Ｃｏ／Ｎｉ平均为１．１７；Ｓｅ／Ｔｅ＝１２．４；Ｓ／Ｓｅ＝７．８×１０４；δ３４Ｓ分布于＋０．３２‰－７．５８‰的狭窄范围内．其晶胞参数（ａ０）与Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ、Ａｓ、Ｈｇ、Ｓｎ等质元素的含量相关．本矿床与胶东夏甸金矿类似，具有中－浅成中－低温岩浆热浪成因特点．成矿热浪来自白马山花岗岩，矿液由北向南，自西向东迁移．具大型矿床规模．矿床西部和Ⅰ矿脉带的深部有较好的找矿前景．     

四川阿坝地区刷马金矿床地质地球化学特征及成因探讨

通过对刷马地区地质构造、矿床时空演化以及水系沉积物、土壤、岩石地球化学特征的综合研究,结合地质背景和区域地质环境,认为刷马地区金矿床赋存于上三叠统侏倭组变质石英砂岩中,严格受北西向的韧-脆性剪切带控制,与金矿化有关的蚀变主要有黄铁矿化、硅化、碳酸盐化、毒砂化和黄铜矿化,1∶20万、1∶5万水系沉积物和1∶1万土壤均显示有Au、As、Sb、Hg的地球化学组合异常,1∶20万水系沉积物异常显示Au矿矿田范围,1∶5万水系沉积物异常显示矿区位置,而1∶1万土壤异常与矿体展布基本一致,异常带稳定连续、规模大,异常展布受控于韧-脆性剪切带,是有利的Au成矿区,具有巨大的找矿潜力,其矿床类型初步判定为微细浸染型金矿床(卡林型金矿)。     

四川巴塘扎瓦拉金矿控矿因素及成因类型浅析

根据成矿地质地球化学背景、矿体分布特征及稀土元素的分配模式,扎瓦拉金矿主要赋存于岩体外接触带二叠系～三叠系大理岩中,近南北向压扭性断裂破碎蚀变带是金的主要赋矿构造,金矿形成于印支期岩浆活动后期的断裂活动阶段,与矽卡岩化成矿作用没有直接的成因及时空联系,首次认为扎瓦拉金矿属中低温构造热液蚀变岩型,在岩体边缘近南北向断裂构造蚀变带中有形成中大型矿床的找矿远景。     

豫西萑香洼金矿区金钼矿化地质特征及成矿年代学

萑香洼大型金矿床位于华北陆块南缘熊耳山台隆五丈山花岗岩基西南部中元古界能耳群火山岩中。矿区主要发育金矿化,少量的钼矿化。其中金矿体主要产于NW向和近EW(NWW)向断裂带中,矿化类型主要为蚀变岩型和少量石英脉型,蚀变自矿体中心向外具分带现象,依次为黄铁绢英岩化带、黄铁钾硅化带、青磐岩化带。钼矿化主要产于靠近五丈山岩体的辉钼矿化花岗伟晶岩脉中,并被F8断裂错动破坏,和含金黄铁矿-石英细脉穿切。辉钼矿化整体较弱,多呈粗粒,浸染状、团块状或辉钼矿-石英细脉产出。为了探讨金、钼矿化之间的关系,确定二者是否是同期成矿作用的产物,作者在矿床地质特征研究的基础上,选取辉钼矿和与金矿化有关的蚀变钾长石分别开展Re-Os同位素和Ar-Ar同位素测年。结果表明,辉钼矿的Re-Os年龄为155.0±2.2 Ma,钾长石Ar-Ar坪年龄为133.2±1.3 Ma,分别与区内晚侏罗世五丈山花岗岩体、早白垩世花山花岗岩体形成时代相近,分属于不同期次构造-岩浆-流体成矿事件。结合区域构造,矿区钼矿化和金矿化分别对应于晚中生代伊佐奈歧板块俯冲弧后陆缘环境和之后的岩石圈大规模减薄的成矿动力学背景。     

Structural Characteristics of the Suoluogou Gold Deposit in Muli County, West Sichuan Province

<正>The Suoluogou gold deposit in Muli County of Sichuan Province is located in the southern section of the GanziLitang suture zone(Figs.1a,b),which is the largest gold deposit discovered in this suture zone in recent years.At present,the exploration of the Suoluogou gold deposit is still in progress,and the amount of resource is increasing.     

Geology and Geochemistry of the Dashuigou Tellurium Deposit,Western Sichuan,China

The Dashuigou tellurium deposit, located on the western margin of the Yangtze platform, is unique. The deposit is hosted by Triassic metabasalt 50 to 80 meters thick. The orebodies occur as a group of NNE-striking parallel veins. Mineralization developed in three stages: Stage I— pyrrhotite-pyrite, Stage II—tetradymite, and Stage III—chalcopyrite-pyrite. Stage II is the principal tellurium mineralization stage and the tellurium-bearing minerals are mainly tetradymite, tsumoite, tellurbismuth, joseite, calaverite, stuetzite, and native tellurium. The general ore grade of the tellurium in Stage II ranges from 0.2 to 5 wt%, and it reaches 15 to 25 wt% for the massive ores. The dominant gangue minerals are calcite and dolomite, with minor biotite, muscovite, albite, quartz, and chlorite.

Fluid-inclusion studies of calcite, dolomite, and quartz from Stages I, II, and III yield homogenization temperatures of 356° to 260° C (mean = 320° C), 295° to 198° C (mean = 240°), and 235° to 152° C (mean = 170° C), respectively. Salinities of primary fluid inclusions in all three stages are 1.5 to 5.8 wt% NaCl equivalent, 9 to 15.2 wt% NaCl equivalent, and 2.8 to 3.0 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively.

Isotopic studies show that δ34 values of sulfides range from -2.2 to +2.8 per mil. δ¹³C values of calcites and dolomites in the ore veins range from -5.3 to -7.42 per mil, and δ¹⁸O values range from +10.9 to +13.1 per mil, which are quite different from the δ¹³C values of+1.0 to +2.8 per mil and δ¹⁸O values of +16.8 to +28.5 per mil for the calcites from the Triassic carbonates in the deposit. The δD and δ¹⁸O values of muscovite and quartz were measured to be -61 to -54 per mil and +9.9 to +13.0 per mil, respectively. Values of δ¹⁸O_water computed from fluid-inclusion trapping temperatures are +3.9 and +7 per mil.

A date of 93 Ma was obtained through measurement of muscovite from the No. 12 ore vein. Sulfur-, oxygen-, carbon-, and hydrogenisotope data indicate that the ore-forming substances of the Dashuigou tellurium deposit were derived from deep-seated sources, and the mineralizations probably are associated with Late Mesozoic alkaline or alkaline granitic magmatism. The estimated sulfur fugacities (fs₂) are 10^?16.7 for Stage I and 10^?14 to 10^15.5 for Stage II, whereas the tellurium fugacities (f_Te2) are 10^?15 to 10^?14 and 10^?11.2 to 10^?10.5, respectively.