Cosmic Ray Intensity Variations in Relation with Solar Flare Index and Sunspot Numbers

From the monthly data of cosmic ray intensity (CRI), sunspot numbers (SSN) and solar flare index (SFI), an attempt has been made to study the relationship between CRI and solar activity (SA) parameters SSN and SFI. The correlation between SA parameters and CRI for different neutron monitoring stations having low, middle and high cut-off rigidity has been investigated. The anti-correlation between SA and CRI is found to exist with some time lag. Based on the method of minimizing correlation coefficient and time-delayed component method, the observed time-lag between SA parameters (SSN and SFI) and CRI has been found to be large for odd solar cycles in comparison to even solar cycles. The results of time-lag analysis between CRI and SSN and between CRI-SFI have also been compared. The findings of correlative study between CRI and SSN are in agreement with earlier results, while the CRI-SFI relationship provides new insights to understand the solar modulation of cosmic rays.     

并置VLBI站相对形变率及其与VTRF2005结果的比较

对杨志根等人在2005年估计的全球6个并置VLBI站的相对形变率(特别是相对垂直形变率)结果与最近的VLBI全球解VTRF2005的相应结果作了比较。结果表明,北美Greenbank的NRAO20和NRAO85_3两个VLBI站之间每年3—4mm的相对垂直形变率和Westford的WEST- FORD和HAYSTACK两个VLBI站间每年1-2mm的相应结果可以进一步得到肯定;太平洋夏威夷岛的KOKEE和KAUAI两个VLBI站每年2～5mm的相对水平形变率和日本鹿岛的KASHIMA和KASHIM34两个VLBI站间每年1-2mm的相应结果也可以得到确认。然而,每年2—4mm的KASHIMA和KASHIM34站间的相对垂直形变率结果,在过去所有观测研究的结果中都被基本肯定,在VTRF2005中的结果中却几乎消失了,对其中可能的原因作了讨论。此外,对北美的FD-VL- BA和HRASO85两个VLBI站间的相对垂直形变率仍不能肯定,在不同的全球解中,FD-VLBA站的形变率解结果是基本稳定的,而HRASO85站在VTRF2005中的垂直形变率结果为(2．61±3．91) mm／a,与估计的结果符号相反,并且比在VTRF2003中的相应结果大了2．2mm／a,估计误差也大了近7倍。有关的结果还有待采用更新的资料进行讨论。     

Relationship between infrared and radio emission of spiral galaxies

The relationship between the IR luminosity of spiral galaxies in the 40-120 mm range and their radio luminosity at 0.408,1.49,2.38,5.0, and 10.7 GHz is investigated. At all frequencies there is a close correlation between the radio luminosity and the infrared luminosity of spiral galaxies. The slopes of the relationships between radio and IR luminosities are less than unity at all frequencies, but they differ little from it within the error limits. A close correlation also exists between the fluxes of radio and IR emission. The correlation coefficients are high for objects of all morphological subtypes, while the relationships between radio and IR luminosities are nearly linear. They are also nearly linear for spiral galaxies of different classes in the Byurakan classification. It is also shown that the correlation between radio and IR luminosities is weakened for high IR luminosities. Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 33-44, January–March, 2000.     

The Model of Radio Two-way Time Comparison between Satellite and Station and Experimental Analysis

Time synchronization between satellite and station is the key technique of satellite navigation system and the foundation of realization of satellite navigation and positioning. Aiming at solving the problems of time synchronization, we have discussed a new method of radio two-way time comparison between satellite and station, deduced in detail the reduction model of up- and down-link pseudo ranges between satellite and station, and provided a practical calculation model of clock error between satellite and station. By calculating the differences between up- and down-link pseudo ranges, this method has eliminated the influences of common errors, such as the tropospheric delay, satellite ephemeris errors, ground station coordinates errors and so on. The ionospheric delay relevant to signal frequency is also weakened largely, thus this improves the accuracy of time comparison greatly. Finally, experimental analysis is conducted by using observational data, and the results show that the accuracy of radio two-way time comparison between satellite and station can attain about 0.34 ns, which validates the correctness of theoretical method and model.     

On the Maximum Mass of Differentially Rotating Neutron Stars

The analysis of spectral lag between energy bands, which combines temporal and spectral analyses, can add strict constraints to gamma-ray burst (GRB) models. In previous studies, the lag analysis focused on the lags between channel 1 (25-57 keV) and channel 3 (115-320 keV) from the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE). In this Letter, we analyzed the cross-correlation average lags (including approximate uncertainties) between energy bands for two GRB samples: 19 events detected by Ginga and 109 events detected by BATSE. We paid special attention to the BATSE GRBs with known redshifts because there has been a reported connection between lag and luminosity. This extends our knowledge of spectral lags to lower energy ( approximately 2 keV). We found that lags between energy bands are small. The lag between the peak of approximately 50 keV photons and that of approximately 200 keV photons is approximately 0.08 s. The upper limit in the lag between approximately 9 and approximately 90 keV photons is approximately 0.5 s. Thus, there are not large shifts at low energy. We found that about 20% of GRBs have detectable lags between energy bands in the Ginga and BATSE samples. From the internal shock model, we found that there are three sources of time structure in GRB pulses: cooling, hydrodynamics, and angular effects. We argue that cooling is much too fast to account for our observed lags and that angular effects are independent of energy. Thus, only hydrodynamics can produce these lags. Perhaps the radiation process varies as the reverse shock moves through the shell.     

UBV photometry of the Galilean satellites

UBV observations of the Galilean satellites made at Lowell Observatory and Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory during 1973 and 1974 are reported. The dependence of brightness on solar phase angle for various faces of each satellite is determined. Significant differences in this dependence are found between different faces of the same satellite, between satellites, and between the present results and those of previous investigators. Rotational light and color-index curves are presented for the satellites and compared with earlier work. An apparent secular brightening of all four satellites between 1973 and 1974 is discussed.     

Detection of a dry-frozen boundary inside Martian regolith

The present work investigates the time oscillations of the temperature at several depths of a Martian soil analogue made of two layers of different physical properties. The maximum temperature-time oscillation inside the Martian soil analogue, DT, and its derivative with depth, d(DT)/dz or DDT, can be analysed to understand the presence of a boundary between dry and frozen soil. The maximum temperature-time oscillation, DT, reduces by about one order of magnitude at the boundary between dry and frozen soil if a frozen layer is present. The reduction of DT at the boundary between two dry soils with different porosity is much smaller. DDT decreases by more than one order of magnitude at the boundary between dry and frozen soil if a frozen layer is present. The reduction of DDT at the boundary between two dry soils with different porosity is much smaller.     

The filament-corona transition region from OSO-VI EUV observations

The transition region between filament and corona is investigated measuring the intensity of six EUV lines above two filaments on the disk observed on September 1 and 2, 1969 by OSO-VI. The comparison between these intensities and those observed on quiet regions shows that there is no difference between the two transition regions.     

Comparison of ozone vertical distributions measured by different techniques at mesospheric altitudes

A comparison is done between the ozone vertical profiles obtained by a microwave technique at the Bordeaux Observatory and by a short Umkehr method at the Chiran station of the Observatoire de Haute-Provence, on 19 June 1981. There is a good agreement between the results obtained by both methods in spite of the distance between both sites.     

Jet disc coupling in black hole binaries

In the last decade multi-wavelength observations have demonstrated the importance of jets in the energy output of accreting black hole binaries. The observed correlations between the presence of a jet and the state of the accretion flow provide important information on the coupling between accretion and ejection processes. After a brief review of the properties of black hole binaries, I illustrate the connection between accretion and ejection through two particularly interesting examples. First, an INTEGRAL observation of Cygnus X-1 during a ‘mini-’ state transition reveals disc jet coupling on time scales of orders of hours. Second, the black hole XTEJ1118+480 shows complex correlations between the X-ray and optical emission. Those correlations are interpreted in terms of coupling between disc and jet on time scales of seconds or less. Those observations are discussed in the framework of current models.     

Dp 2 and polar substorm

The morphological distinction between DP 2 fluctuations and polar substorms (DP 1) is explained, and the relation between these two modes of the disturbance is examined. It is found that although DP 1 and 2 tend to occur together, they are not coherent, indicating that they are driven by different electric field systems. The distinction between DP 2 fluctuations and sudden impulses is also discussed.     

太阳活动与太阳自转速率变化关系的分析

研究发现,太阳自转速率的变化与太阳活动之间存在一定的联系,但是不同学者的研究结论存在着矛盾:有的认为两者为正相关,而有的却认为是负相关.究竟两者之间是什么关系,需要做进一步深入的分析.利用EEMD (Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition)等方法对太阳自转速率和太阳黑子数据序列进行相关关系以及相位关系的计算和分析,以探讨太阳自转速率变化与太阳活动之间的关系.研究发现:两者的长期趋势项分量呈显著负相关;在11 yr左右周期分量上,观测到的太阳自转速率滞后太阳黑子的变化约2 yr时,呈显著负相关关系,超前3 yr时呈现次显著的正相关;对太阳活动第12–23周各周内部太阳黑子与太阳自转速率的相关分析表明,两者的关系比较复杂,但负相关关系更为显著.这为进一步理解太阳活动变化与太阳自转速率变化之间的成因联系提供了新的依据.     

Type II bursts in Meter and Decameter – Hectometer Wavelength Ranges and Their Relation to Flares and CMEs

Statistical analysis of the relationship between type II radio bursts appearing in the metric (m) and decameter-to-hectometer (DH) wavelength ranges is presented. The associated X-ray flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are also reported. The sample is divided into two classes using the frequency-drift plots: Class I, representing those events where DH-type-II bursts are not continuation of m-type-II bursts and Class II, where the DH-type-II bursts are extensions of m-type-II bursts. Our study consists of three steps: i) comparison of characteristics of the Class I and II events; ii) correlation of m-type-II and DH-type-II burst characteristics with X-ray flare properties and iii) correlation of m-type-II and DH-type-II burst characteristics with CME properties. We have found no clear correlation between properties of m-type-II bursts and DH-type-II bursts. For example, there is no correlation between drift rates of m-type-II bursts and DH-type-II bursts. Similarly there is no correlation between their starting frequencies. In Class I events we found correlations between X-ray flare characteristics and properties of m-type-II bursts and there is no correlation between flare parameters and DH-type-II bursts. On the other hand, the correlation between CME parameters and m-type-II bursts is very weak, but it is good for CME parameters and DH-type-II bursts. These results indicate that Class I m-type-II bursts are related to the energy releases in flares, whereas DH-type-II bursts tend to be related to CMEs. On the contrary, for Class II events in the case of m-type-II and DH-type-II bursts we have found no clear correlation between both flare and CMEs.     

Correlation between CME and Flare Parameters (with and without Type II Bursts)

CMEs and flares are the two energetic phenomena on the Sun responsible for generating shocks. Our main aim is to study the relation between the physical properties of CMEs and flares associated with and without type II radio bursts. We considered a set of 290 SOHO/LASCO CMEs associated with GOES X-ray flares observed during the period from January 1997 to December 2000. The relationship between the flares and CMEs is examined for the two sets i) with metric-type IIs and ii) without metric-type IIs. Physical properties such as rise time, duration, and strength of the flares and width, speed, and acceleration of CMEs are considered. We examined the energy relationship and temporal relationship between the CMEs and flares. First, all the events in each group were considered, and then the limb events in each group were considered separately. While there is a relationship between the temporal characteristics of flares and CME properties in the case of with-type IIs, it is absent in the case of all without-type IIs. Among all the relations studied, the correlation between flare duration and CME properties is found to be highly significant compared to the other relations. Also, the relationship between flare strength and CME speed found in the with-type II events is absent in the case of all without-type II events. However, when the limb without-type II events (with reduced time window between flare and CME) are studied separately, we found the energy relationship and the temporal relationship.     

The connections between bulk Lorentz factor,black hole mass and accretion in Fermi FSRQs

We have analyzed a large sample of FSRQs detected by Fermi LAT. Our main intents are to investigate the relations between bulk Lorentz factor and black hole mass, between bulk Lorentz factor and Eddington ratio. Using archive and calculation, we obtained the distributions of bulk Lorentz factor, black hole mass and Eddington ratio. After excluding redshift effect, there is still significant correlation between bulk Lorentz factor and black hole mass, but not correlation between bulk Lorentz factor and Eddington ratio, which suggest that faster jets have a close relation with more massive black holes, and the Blandford–Znajek (BZ) mechanism may dominate over the Blandford–Payne (BP) mechanism for Fermi FSRQs.     

21世纪中国大陆第一个大震活动幕的预测

基于对 2 0世纪中国大陆 7.0级以上大地震与月亮白赤交角的变化和太阳活动的研究结果 ,根据对未来 50a (年 )月亮白赤交角的值与目前太阳活动的形势 ,提出 2 1世纪中国大陆第一个大地震活动幕可能是 2 0 0 6或 2 0 0 7～ 2 0 1 5年     

The far-infrared–radio relationship at high and low redshift

We use the results of the SCUBA Local Universe Galaxy Survey, a submillimetre (submm) survey of galaxies in the nearby Universe, to investigate the relationship between the far-infrared (FIR)–submm and radio emission of galaxies at both low and high redshift. At low redshift we show that the correlation between radio and FIR emission is much stronger than the correlation between radio and submm emission, which is evidence that massive stars are the source of both the FIR and radio emission. At high redshift we show that the submm sources detected by SCUBA are brighter sources of radio emission than are predicted from the properties of galaxies in the local Universe. We discuss possible reasons for the cosmic evolution of the relationship between radio and FIR emission.     

Spectrophotometry of Jupiter

Spectrophotometric maps of Jupiter were made between 24 and 27(UT) November 1974 on the McMath Solar Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. We report a comparison between observed scaled reflectivities of the Jovian North Tropical Zone and the North Equatorial Belt at System II longitudes between 195 and 205 degrees. The belt/zone reflectivity ratios between 430 and 740nm are related to the optical transmission curves of the organic and/or sulfur polymers synthesized by Khare and Sagan in a simulated Jovian atmosphere.     

Yearly comparisons of the martian polar caps: 1999-2003 Mars Orbiter Camera observations

The Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera wide-angle cameras were used to obtain images of the north and south seasonal and residual polar caps between 1999 and 2003. Wide-angle red camera images were used in assembling mosaics of the north and south polar recessions and regression rates were measured and compared. There are small variations in the north polar recession between 2000 and 2002, especially between LS=7° and LS=50°, however there is no evidence for the plateau in the recession curves that has been observed in some prior years. The south polar recession changes very little from year to year, and the 2001 dust storm had little if any effect on the average cap recession that year. Albedo values of the geographic north pole were measured using wide-angle red and blue camera images, and the residual south polar cap configuration was compared between the three years observed by MOC. The albedo of the geographic north pole generally varies between 0.5 and 0.6 as measured from MOC wide-angle red camera images. There were only minor variations near the edges of the residual south polar cap between the three years examined.     

The distribution of the galactic diffuse radio background

The distribution of the galactic radio emission is analyzed and a three component model (Halo, Base Disk and Spiral Arms) of the observed radiation examined.To reach agreement between temperature measured at low and high galactic latitudes we need: (a) a low emissivity spherical halo, (b) the Sun inside the local spiral arm somewhere between the arm axis and the arm outer edge, and (c) free circulation of the radiating electrons between the three emitting regions.