Scale effects of leaf area index inversion based on environmental and disaster monitoring satellite data

The spatial distribution of sub-pixel components has an impact on retrieval accuracy, and should be accounted for when inverting a three-dimensional adiative transfer model to retrieve leaf area index (LAI). To investigate this effect, we constructed three realistic scenarios with the same LAI values and other properties, except that the simulated plants had different distributions. We implemented the radiosity method to subsequently produce synthetic bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) datasets based upon these simulated scenes. The inversion was conducted using these data, which showed that spatial distribution affects retrieval accuracy. The inversion was also conducted for LAI based on charge-coupled device (CCD) data from the Environment and Disaster Monitor Satellite (HJ-1), which depicted both forest and drought-resistant crop land cover. This showed that heterogeneity in coarse-resolution remote sensing data is the main error source in LAI inversion. The spatial distribution of global fractal dimension index, which can be used to describe the area of sub-pixel components and their spatial distribution modes, shows good consistency with the coarse resolution LAI inversion error.     

Scale effects of leaf area index inversion based on environmental and disaster monitoring satellite data

The spatial distribution of sub-pixel components has an impact on retrieval accuracy, and should be accounted for when inverting a three-dimensional adiative transfer model to retrieve leaf area index (LAI). To investigate this effect, we constructed three realistic scenarios with the same LAI values and other properties, except that the simulated plants had different distributions. We implemented the radiosity method to subsequently produce synthetic bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) datasets based upon these simulated scenes. The inversion was conducted using these data, which showed that spatial distribution affects retrieval accuracy. The inversion was also conducted for LAI based on charge-coupled device (CCD) data from the Environment and Disaster Monitor Satellite (HJ-1), which depicted both forest and drought-resistant crop land cover. This showed that heterogeneity in coarse-resolution remote sensing data is the main error source in LAI inversion. The spatial distribution of global fractal dimension index, which can be used to describe the area of sub-pixel components and their spatial distribution modes, shows good consistency with the coarse resolution LAI inversion error.

     

Development of China Digital Seismological Observational Systems

Development of China Digital Seismological Observational Systems during 1996～2000 and the Capital Circle Area Seismograph Network during 1999～2001 are introduced, and the station distributions, instruments used, main tasks of National Digital Seismograph Network, Regional Digital Seismograph Network and Portable Digital Seismograph Network are introduced chiefly.     

卫星遥感技术在火山监测中的应用

作为一门新兴技术，卫星遥感已被有效地应用于火山活动监测、通过SAR(合成孔径雷达)和InSAR(合成孔径雷达干涉成像)资料可以监测火山地表形变、使用热辐射数据以及将遥感与其它技术相结合能够研究火山区的热活动和火山喷发物。在我国的火山监测中，广泛地应用卫星遥感技术是非常必要的。     

Reducing atmospheric noise in RST analysis of TIR satellite radiances for earthquakes prone areas satellite monitoring

Space–time fluctuations of the Earth’s emitted Thermal Infrared (TIR) radiation observed from satellite from months to weeks before an earthquake are reported in several studies. Among the others, a Robust Satellite data analysis Technique (RST) was proposed (and applied to different satellite sensors in various geo-tectonic contexts) to discriminate anomalous signal transients possibly associated with earthquake occurrence from normal TIR signal fluctuations due to other possible causes (e.g. solar diurnal–annual cycle, meteorological conditions, changes in observational conditions, etc.). Variations in satellite view angle depending on satellite’s passages (for polar satellites) and atmospheric water vapour fluctuations were recognized in the past as the main factors affecting the residual signal variability reducing the overall Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio and the potential of the RST-based approach in identifying seismically related thermal anomalies. In this paper we focus on both factors for the first time, applying the RST approach to geostationary satellites (which guarantees stable view angles) and using Land Surface Temperature (LST) data products (which are less affected by atmospheric water vapour variability) instead of just TIR radiances at the sensor.The first results, obtained in the case of the Abruzzo earthquake (6 April 2009, M_W ∼ 6.3) by analyzing 6 years of SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager on board the geostationary Meteosat Second Generation satellite) LST products provided by EUMETSAT, seem to confirm the major sensitivity of the proposed approach in detecting perturbations of the Earth’s thermal emission a few days before the main shock. The results achieved in terms of increased S/N ratio (in validation) and reduced “false alarms” rate (in confutation) are discussed comparing results obtained by applying RST to LST products with those achieved by applying an identical RST analysis (using the same MSG-SEVIRI 2005–2010 data-set) to the simple TIR radiances at the sensor.     

The use of biomarkers in environmental monitoring programmes

The monitoring of biological effects has recently become an integral component of environmental monitoring programmes as a supplement to the commonly used contaminant monitoring. Over the years, many biomarkers have been developed that are claimed to be efficient at providing an early warning of deleterious effects on biological systems and for estimating biological effects due to contaminants. Although biomarkers are potentially useful, they have a number of important limitations. In this paper, we examine some of the key assumptions behind the theory and practice of use of biomarkers, and propose a scheme, which may facilitate decisions by environmental managers as to how and when to use biomarkers in their monitoring programmes.     

南极冰盖物质平衡变化的卫星遥感监测现状与发展趋势

南极冰盖物质平衡对全球海平面变化影响巨大,提高南极冰盖物质平衡估算精度对实现全球海平面变化趋势准确预测至关重要.卫星遥感技术的发展,特别是极地卫星对南极冰盖系统监测能力的提升,有助于认识、保护和利用南极,解决极地科学国际前沿难题.揭示南极冰盖对全球气候环境的响应及其反馈机制,对深化人类对南极的科学认知也具有重要意义.本文首先系统总结了用于南极冰盖监测卫星的发展现状及现有的卫星遥感数据产品序列,然后讨论了运用遥感卫星监测南极物质平衡的主要方法和研究进展,并对南极卫星遥感技术的最新进展进行了分析.最后在我国极地遥感卫星发展方面提出了建议,旨在进一步提升我国对极地冰盖变化和全球海平面上升的长期观测及预测能力,为相关应对策略的制定提供有力的科学支撑.

     

Evaluation of multi-sensor satellite data for monitoring different drought impacts

Drought is a natural disaster that significantly affects human life; therefore, precise monitoring and prediction is necessary to minimize drought damage. Conventional drought monitoring is based predominantly on ground observation stations; however, satellite imagery can be used to overcome the disadvantages of existing monitoring methods and has the advantage of monitoring wide areas. In this research, we assess the applicability of drought monitoring based on satellite imagery, focusing on historic droughts in 2001 and 2014, which caused major agricultural and hydrological issues in South Korea. To assess the applicability and accuracy of the drought index, drought impact areas in the study years were investigated, and spatiotemporal comparative analyses between the calculated drought index and previously affected areas were conducted. For drought monitoring based on satellite imagery, we used hydro-meteorological factors such as precipitation, land surface temperature, vegetation, and evapotranspiration, and applied remote sensing data from various sensors. We verified the effectiveness of using precipitation data for meteorological drought monitoring, vegetation and land surface temperature data for agricultural drought monitoring, and evapotranspiration data for hydrological drought monitoring. Moreover, we confirmed that the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) can be indirectly applied to agricultural or hydrological drought monitoring by determining the temporal correlation between SPI, calculated for various time scales, and satellite-based drought indices.     

GOCE卫星监测的中国区域重力异常

介绍了利用最新一代重力卫星GOCE(Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer)重力场模型数据计算重力异常的原理和方法,采用最新发布的GOCE重力场模型数据(2009年10月-2010年7月)计算了中国区域(70°～130°E,15°～55°N)的重力异常,为了进一步分析重力异常与区域地质构造及地震活动性的对应关系,将计算结果与中国区域地形、地震活动区域等资料进行了对比分析,结果表明利用GOCE重力场模型数据计算的重力异常能够较好的反映区域地质构造分布特征,而且强震震中通常位于重力异常变化剧烈的高梯度带上.     

Eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) in marine environmental monitoring

The implementation of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive necessitates the development of common criteria and methodological standards for marine environmental monitoring and assessment across Europe. Eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) is proposed as a key indicator organism in the Baltic and North Sea regions. This benthic fish species is widely used in ecotoxicological studies and as a bioindicator of local pollution due to its stationary behavior. Eelpout is included in the environmental monitoring program of several Baltic States, covering both chemical and biological effects measurements, and samples have been archived in environmental specimen banks for >15 years. A method for evaluating the frequency of larval aberrations has been suggested as a standardized assessment tool. The large scientific knowledge-base and considerable experience of long-term chemical and biological effects monitoring and specimen banking, make eelpout a suitable species for the assessment of Good Environmental Status in the Baltic and North Seas.     

The application of satellite systems for crustal deformation studies

Measurements of crustal deformations provide important quantitative data for use in the study of the properties of materials and processes in the Earth's interior, and also for the purposes of delineation of active faults by which oil and gas deposits might be confined.Only the usage of satellite systems makes it possible to conduct deformometric studies over large areas and to accomplish measurements within reasonable time periods. The satellite system discussed here is based on the following concepts: pairs of satellites exchange phase information as the result of which the paired satellites emit coherent signal observed at ground sites by the interferometric method. In this process, the measured value is an increment of the difference of distances from the ground site to the two satellites.     

A comparison of satellite systems for gravity field measurements

A detailed and accurate Earth gravity field model is important both to geophysical progress and to the precise tracking necessary for interpretation of geophysical experiments. Various satellite techniques which may be used to determine the Earth's gravity field are compared and their ability to recover the long wavelength and short wavelength features of the field are described.A high-low configuration satellite-to-satellite tracking mission is recommended for the determination of the long wavelength portion of the gravity field. Satellite altimetry and satellite gradiometry experiments are recommended for determination of the short wavelength portion of the gravity field.     

卫星应用技术在地学研究中的发展现状

卫星应用技术与地学研究很早就存在密切的联系,从最初单一的遥感应用发展到包含遥感(RS)、地理信息技术(GIS)、全球定位系统(GPS)等多种技术在内的空间信息技术,卫星应用技术促进了地学理论研究和定性、定量的分析验证,加速了地球科学的发展.本文综述了近年来地学领域卫星应用技术的主要方向和现状.     

芬兰海岸带水域蓝藻水华遥感监测

MODIS-Terra和MERIS数据被用于芬兰湾蓝藻水华的监测,并对两者的性能进行了比较.研究结果表明:MODIS-Terra 波段设置主要针对一类大洋水体,缺乏预警藻蓝素的有效波段;MERIS传感器设置了620nm和665nm波段,基本对应藻蓝素的吸收峰(630nm)和反射峰(650nm),具有蓝藻水华探测的潜力,但在藻华未成型之前,海岸带水体不同优势藻类具有相似的叶绿紊特征,较难辨别蓝藻水华.总的来说,MODlS和MERIS数据比较困难实现蓝藻水华初期预警,但可以有效监测已成型的蓝藻水华.这一方法可以用于中国太湖或者海岸带水体藻华探测和监测研究.     

济南地磁台地磁监测环境分析

描述济南地磁台建台以来,周边环境随着城市化进程发生的变化,计算不同重量、距离的铁磁性物质对磁房建筑场地地磁场的影响,应用G856质子旋进磁力仪,采取梯度测量的方法,进行地磁场总强度F测量,对测量结果进行计算和初步分析,以期为其他地磁台的观测环境分析提供参考.     

On precursor of Kamchatkan volcanoes eruptions based on data from satellite monitoring

Kamchatka is one of the most active volcanic regions on the planet. Large explosive volcanic eruptions, in which the ash elevates up to 8?C15 km above sea level, occur here every 1.5 years. Study of eruptions precursors in order to reduce a volcanic risk for the population is an urgent problem of Volcanology. The available precursor of strong explosive eruptions of volcanoes, identified from satellite data (thermal anomaly), as well as examples of successful prediction of eruptions using this precursor, are represented in this paper.     

Role of satellite remote sensing for monitoring of surface water resources in an arid environment

Abstract

Water bodies up to 0.9 ha surface area, which are indistinguishable by Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) due to the latter's poor spatial resolution of 80 m, can be identified and mapped reliably and reasonably within ±10% accuracy by Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) false colour composite because of its higher spectral and spatial resolution of 30 m. Comparative study of Landsat TM and the Survey of India topographical maps revealed reductions in the water surface and drainage basin areas up to 1.8 to 2.4 and 6.0 to 8.0 times, respectively, over a period of 28 years (1958–1986) due to the biotic interference resulting in desertification in the large adjoining areas.