Experimental Study on Mine Spoils During Superficial Geochemistry Processes

Based on the mineral and chemical compositions of spoils taken from the Shilu Cu-Mo deposit and Hetai gold deposit, the leaching and batch experiments were made on spoils taken from these two deposits using the leaching column designed by the authors. The experimental results showed that it is not always true that the mine drainage is acidic. Its acidity depends on acid-buffering capacity of gangue, host rock and its alteration mineral assemblage. The composition of the drainage water is related with the interaction between superficial or underground water and solid materials in the spoils, including minerals, hydroxides and amorphous substances. The leaching extent of the element is related with its occurrence form in the deposit. The preferential flow results in leaching-out of heavy metals in large amounts. So it is important to prevent the generating of preferential flow in the system. The results will provide very important grounds for the comprehensive management of land and ecological rehabilitation of the mine site.     

矿山尾砂表生地球化学过程实验研究

在对石菉铜锡矿和河台金矿层砂矿物物相及化学组成研究基础上，利用自行设计的大口径淋滤柱开展了淋滤实验和静置浸泡(溶解)实验。研究结果表明，矿山层矿排放水不一定是酸性，它取决于矿床脉石矿物、赋矿的岩石及其次生蚀变矿物的酸缓冲能力。矿山排放水的组成是地表或地下水与矿山层砂中矿物和氢氧化物及非品态物质相互作用的结果，元素的赋存状态对其被淋滤的程度有很大影响。优先流能使重金属大量带出，因此要尽量防止优先流的形成。研究结果可为矿山综合整治和修复提供重要依据。     

煤矸石井下填充对矿井水的污染及其吸附控制模拟实验

以焦作煤矿区演马矿煤矸石为例,采取连续淋溶方式,模拟井下填充过程中煤矸石对地下水的污染,并利用土壤的吸附性能对矸石中溶出的污染因子进行控制.检测了淋溶水中的pH值、氟、总硬度、锰、铅、镉等6个因子,其中铅、镉未检出.实验表明,pH值、氟、总硬度变化范围均符合地下水Ⅲ类标准.锰是造成地下水污染的主要因子,考虑到累积效应,氟也有可能影响地下水质.控制实验显示,利用当地土壤的吸附性能对矸石中溶出的污染因子进行控制是可行、有效的,且分层填充比混合填充的控制效果好.     

煤矿地下水库岩体碎胀特性试验研究

鉴于岩石碎胀特性对于煤矿地下水库储水能力及地表沉陷的重要影响,选取神东矿区某矿22615面为工程背景,利用相似材料模型试验探究采空区垮落岩体应力及碎胀系数分布规律,明确垮落岩体应力-碎胀系数关系,并通过岩石压实试验进行验证,揭示饱水岩石压实特性。研究结果表明：沿采空区走向,边界附近老顶悬臂梁结构限制覆岩下沉,垮落岩体应力最低仅为0.32 MPa,碎胀系数最大达1.48;中间区域老顶结构失稳覆岩完全下沉,垮落岩体应力趋于1.5 MPa,碎胀系数降至1.09。沿采空区垂向,垮落岩体应力随高度负相关改变,而碎胀系数成正相关变化。无论沿采空区走向或垂向,垮落岩体碎胀系数与应力均满足负对数关系。与自然岩石相比,受载饱水岩石碎胀系数减幅更为明显,两者相差8.514%,为煤矿地下水库储水量和地表沉降量预测提供了基础理论依据。     

矿山泥石流形成的理论动态分析--以神府东胜矿区为例

在神府东胜矿区矿山泥石流沟道调查的基础上，系统分析了矿山泥石流形成的3个基本条件，得出结论如下：①固体物质来源充足。主要来源有：矿区建设中排放的大量弃土石渣，陡坡、临空面的崩塌堆积物，风化剥蚀形成的泻溜、坡积裙；②降雨和径流是泥石流暴发的主要外动力。经GM(1，1)包络线法预测，未来几年降雨量稳中有增；③地形比降是泥石流暴发的不可逆的趋动力。由于工程建设，沟道地形畸变，比降加大，暴发泥石流的沟道地形条件潜势很大。在泥石流形成的3要素基本满足的前提下，其暴发的关键还在于3要素的有机结合。根据泥石流固体物质含量指标，应用系统原理，讨论了潜在矿山泥石流形成3要素有机结合的随机动态过程。     

煤矿井下复杂地层近水平钻孔绳索取心钻进工艺试验研究

针对煤矿井下钻孔常规单管取心存在取心率低、效率低下、工人劳动强度大,煤层底板复杂地层以清水为冲洗介质的近水平绳索取心钻进成孔困难等问题,选用适合绳索取心钻进工艺的坑道钻机及配套近水平绳索取心钻具,配合合理的工艺流程进行试验。现场共施工了3个钻孔,成孔2个,孔深分别为151.5、194.5 m;岩心采取率分别为77%、89%,比单管取心提高24%以上;平均日进尺分别为22.7、36.6 m/d,比单管取心效率提高10 m/d以上。通过现场3个取心钻孔的试验,优选出了一套适用于煤矿井下复杂地层以清水为冲洗介质的近水平绳索取心钻探装备与工艺。     

水库静水结冰过程及冰盖热力变化的模拟试验研究

为研究水库水体结冰及冰盖热力变化规律,在恒温实验室中进行了不同水深、不同负气温条件下的静水结冰试验,对结冰历时、垂向温度分布、冰盖厚度等要素进行观测,研究静水条件下水深与气温对结冰过程、冰盖热力变化及水温、冰温分布的影响。试验表明:在静水条件下,气温是影响冰情的主要因素,冰盖厚度与累积小时负气温线性相关;水深对初冰开始时间有所影响,但对冰盖热力变化过程的影响不明显;冰盖生长过程中,冰内温度基本呈线性分布,冰温斜率随气温降低而增大;融冰期冰盖下水温分布基本保持不变。     

低温条件下有机酸对铁、铜的淋滤实验研究

水／岩作用实验研究表明，在低温条件下柠檬酸、草酸和酒石酸对岩石中的铁、铜都有很高的淋滤率。这表明，在表生地质作用过程中有机酸对成矿元素有很强的活化能力。实验研究同时发现，有机酸对成矿元素的活化能力受其分解温度的限制，由于大部分有机酸的分解温度都在２５０℃以下，因而有机酸对成矿元素的活化仅限于低温条件。本次研究还显示，判断一种岩石能否成为矿源层，不能简单的以其中成矿元素的含量高低作为标准，其中更关键的因素是元素在岩石中的存在形式，如果成矿元素在岩石中难以活化的形式存在，那么含量再高也无法提供成矿物质     

Alteration processes of cement induced by CO2-saturated water and its effect on physical properties: Experimental and geochemical modeling study

The objective of this study is to understand cement alteration processes with the evolution of porosity and hardness under geologic CO₂ storage conditions. For this study, the cylindrical cement cores (class G) were reacted with CO₂–saturated water in a vessel (40 °C and 8 MPa) for 10 and 100 days. After the experiment, the CO₂ concentration and Vickers hardness were measured in the hydrated cement core to estimate the carbonation depth and to identify the change in hardness, respectively. Diffusive-reactive transport modeling was also performed to trace the alteration processes and subsequent porosity changes. The results show that cement alteration mainly results from carbonation. With alteration processes, four different reaction zones are developed: degradation zone, carbonation zone, portlandite depletion zone, and unreacted zone. In the degradation zone, the re-dissolution of calcite formed in the carbonation zone leads to the increase of porosity. In contrast, the carbonation zone is characterized by calcite formation resulting mainly from the dissolution of portlandite. The carbonation zone acts as a barrier to CO₂ intrusion by consuming dissolved CO₂. Especially in this zone, although the porosity decreases, the Vickers hardness increases. Our results show that cement alteration processes can affect the physical and hydrological properties of the hydrated cement under CO₂-saturated conditions. Further long-term observation is required to confirm our results under in-situ fluid chemistry of a CO₂ storage reservoir. Nonetheless, this study would be helpful to understand alteration processes of wellbore cements under CO₂ storage conditions.     

排水措施对黄河堤防淤背体排水效果试验研究

选择水平盲沟、土工席垫及水平和竖向PVC渗管3种排水方案,在黄河山东东明某堤段淤背体冲填施工中进行排水效果试验。通过埋设在淤区内的地下水位观测点,得到淤区内地下水位与时间的变化规律。试验结果表明,采取一定的排水措施能加速淤区土体的固结,但排水效果与排水方案有关;土工席垫排水与水平盲沟排水效果相差不大,且排水效果与淤土厚度有关,3 m左右淤土厚度设置一层水平排水盲沟或土工席垫,其排水效果较好;淤土厚度增加,其排水效果变差;但两者均不能有效防止横向围堤坍塌。采用水平和竖向PVC渗管方案,其排水效果好,特别是设置了竖向PVC渗管,能有效防止横向围堤坍塌。试验成果为黄河放淤固堤工程加速淤背体排水固结设计及施工提供参考。     

海域岛隧结合区水流结构和沉管沉放过程水流力试验研究

港珠澳跨海通道由东、西人工岛实现桥隧过渡,海中隧道采用沉管法,沉管段总长5 664 m,从西人工岛开始布置E1—E33管节,标准管节长180 m,宽37.95m,高11.4 m,重约8万t。岛隧结合区受到人工岛挑流和基槽开挖水深突变的影响,水流结构复杂,沉管沉放时也会引起水流变化。沉管安全沉放和精准对接安装需掌握受到的水流力大小。利用宽水槽几何比尺为100的正态模型,开展岛隧结合区水流分布和沉管沉放过程水流力试验研究。结果表明:岛头无掩护措施时,岛壁挑流影响到E1管节中部附近,表、底层流速大于中层;E1管节沉放过程中纵向水流力最大可达4 601 kN,E2管节纵向水流力平均5 149 kN;掩护E1管节后,E1管节处流速大幅减小,E2管节中部受掩护体挑流影响最大,流速最大增加40%,中层流速大于表、底层;E2管节纵向水流力平均5 240 kN。当沉管完全入水后,基槽内流速较小,沉放过程中受到的水流力逐渐减小。岛隧结合区水流垂线分布并不是指数分布,受到岛头壁挑流的影响沿管节长度方向流速分布也不均匀,管段浮运水流力公式并不适用计算沉管沉放过程受到水流力的大小。     

不同粒度颗粒在非恒定管流中跟随性试验

管道中固液两相流水击对管道和输送系统可能产生严重的破坏,而固液两相在这种非恒定流中的运动特性是计算最大水击压力变化的重要依据。采用粒子图像测速技术（Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV）,通过试验研究水击发生时,水平圆管中不同平均流速、颗粒粒径条件下,流体介质和粗颗粒在管道断面的速度分布以及粗颗粒跟随性的变化规律。研究结果表明:①在水击发生的不同时刻,圆管流中粗颗粒的流速在管道断面分布呈不规则的抛物线型分布,主要表现为靠近管道壁面底部的颗粒流速略小于靠近管道顶部流速,当颗粒粒径大于1.5 mm,平均流速小于2.5 m/s时,粗颗粒表现出明显的沉降特性;②粗颗粒的跟随性与颗粒受力有密切关系,其中颗粒速度与流体速度的变化量是影响颗粒受力的重要参数;③基于试验数据拟合得到了水击条件下粗颗粒跟随性系数k的经验公式,并分析了颗粒粒径、管道直径、两相流平均流速以及水击发生时间等不同参数对粗颗粒跟随性系数的影响,公式计算值与实测值之间的误差在5%以内。     

碳酸盐岩破裂过程中管道—裂隙水非线性流动特性试验研究

本文聚焦碳酸盐岩微观渗流特性与破裂机制的研究,开展了岩石破裂过程中管道-裂隙水流动可视化试验,基于岩石块体尺度试验结果定量分析管道流体向裂隙流体过渡的流态演化过程,研究多级荷载对管道-裂隙水流动特性的影响。试验结果表明：碳酸盐岩流态稳定性与破裂状态相关,管壁破坏初期管道流主要以层流为主,局部管壁劈裂造成管道流体时域性流态交替,管道流体向裂隙流体转变的前兆特征主要表现为过渡流态临界转换点。碳酸盐岩破裂过程中管道流体向裂隙流体过渡过程具有分数演化特征,分数指数能够定量刻画管流和裂隙流的临界过渡过程。     

双层堤管涌的悬挂型防渗控制实验研究

双层堤基是应用较多的双面层的堤基构造类型,上层为弱透水层,下层为强透水深厚砂层。堤内弱透水层在汛期高水位时面临较高的水头承压,出现管涌的危险性极大。以实验室模拟分析的方式,专题探究双层堤管涌的悬挂型防渗控制规律,结果可知:悬挂型防渗墙在有效截断管涌迁移路径方面具有独特功能和阻滞效果,管涌没有出现之前,悬挂式防渗墙消解水头冲刷的作用一般不很明显,而一旦有管涌发生,防渗墙对透水堤基深入越深,防渗作用将越好,如果保持贯入度相同,则下游布置防渗墙比上游布置防渗墙效果要好。研究结果为同类工程应用提供研究和技术参考。     

开采倾斜近地表矿体地表及围岩变形陷落的模型试验研究

以某铜矿矿山一典型地质剖面为原型,运用物理概化模型试验,采用网格数字摄影测量方法量测模型剖面全场位移,分析了开采倾斜近地表矿体地表及围岩变形陷落随不同开挖步的变化规律。在模型试验中,开挖-75 m～-45 m之间的矿体,围岩扰动范围及地表下沉位移逐渐增大,第7步开挖完成后,采空区上方岩体开始出现离层,第9步开挖完成后,地表1～4测点之间形成一明显沉陷盆地,最大下沉位移达825 mm。模型试验研究的结果与现场及离散元数值计算结果基本吻合。     

挤扩支盘支护桩试验研究

介绍了一种新型基坑支护桩--挤扩支盘桩,探讨了挤扩支盘支护桩的挤密效应、受力机理、合理的结构形式以及作为支护桩的工作特性。土工模型试验表明：（1）与普通悬臂支护桩相比较,挤扩支盘支护桩的嵌固深度可减小15 %～30 %,弯矩分布比较均匀;（2）最大弯矩可减小40 %～80 %;（3）桩顶总位移减小30 %～60 %;（4）支护高度可增加20 %～30 %。挤扩支盘支护桩有着明显的技术优势和经济效益,并能降低风险,为中等深度基坑工程提供了一种经济合理的支护手段。     

深厚表土层中高强复合井壁结构的试验研究

针对煤矿立井井筒深厚表土层的支护,提出了采用双层钢板高强混凝土复合井壁结构。通过模型试验,得到了这种井壁结构的应力特性和强度特征,通过理论分析和试验结果给出了双层钢板高强混凝土复合井壁承载力的计算公式,从而,为该种井壁结构的实际应用提供了设计依据。其研究成果已在4个井筒中得到了成功地应用。     

Experimental study on liquid immiscibility of lamprophyre-sulfide melt at high temperature and high pressure and its geological significance

With lamprophyre and pyrite from the Laowangzhai gold deposit, Yunnan Province, China, as starting materials, and at pressures from 1.5 to 3.0 GPa and temperatures from 1160 to 1560℃ , an experimental study was carried out on the liquid immiscibility of lamprophyre-sulfide melt at high temperature and ultra-high pressure in the DS-29A cubic 3600T/6-type high pressure apparatus. Results showed that the liquid immiscibility of lampro-pyre-sulfide melt in the magmatic system would happen during the early magma...     

Experimental study on characteristics of pore water conversion during methane hydrates formation in unsaturated sand

Understanding the pore water conversion characteristics during hydrate formation in porous media is important to study the accumulation mechanism of marine gas hydrate. In this study, low-field NMR was used to study the pore water conversion characteristics during methane hydrate formation in unsaturated sand samples. Results show that the signal intensity of T₂ distribution isn’t affected by sediment type and pore pressure, but is affected by temperature. The increase in the pressure of hydrogen-containing gas can cause the increase in the signal intensity of T₂ distribution. The heterogeneity of pore structure is aggravated due to the hydrate formation in porous media. The water conversion rate fluctuates during the hydrate formation. The sand size affects the water conversion ratio and rate by affecting the specific surface of sand in unsaturated porous media. For the fine sand sample, the large specific surface causes a large gas-water contact area resulting in a higher water conversion rate, but causes a large water-sand contact area resulting in a low water conversion ratio (C_w=96.2%). The clay can reduce the water conversion rate and ratio, especially montmorillonite (C_w=95.8%). The crystal layer of montmorillonite affects the pore water conversion characteristics by hindering the conversion of interlayer water.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Experimental and numerical study on the fracture of rocks during injection of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-saturated water

Geological sequestration of CO₂ into depleted hydrocarbon reserviors or saline aquifers presents the enormous potential to reduce greenhouse gas emission from fossil fuels. However, it may give rise to a complicated coupling physical and chemical process. One of the processes is the hydro-mechanical impact of CO₂ injection. During the injection project, the increase of pore pressures of storing formations can induce the instability, which finally results in a catastrophic failure of disposal sites. This paper focuses mainly on the role of CO₂-saturated water in the fracturing behavior of rocks. To investigate how much the dissolved CO₂ can influence the pore pressure change of rocks, acoustic emission (AE) experiments were performed on sandstone and granite samples under triaxial conditions. The main innovation of this paper is to propose a time dependent porosity method to simulate the abrupt failure process, which is observed in the laboratory and induced by the pore pressure change due to the volume dilatancy of rocks, using a finite element scheme associated with two-phase characteristics. The results successfully explained the phenomena obtained in the physical experiments.