矿权的生产与经营--论地勘单位的改革与发展

矿权及矿权市场的建立,为地勘行业的找矿成果进入市场搭建了平台,矿权的生产与经营是国有地勘单位最具优势和竞争力的产业发展方向,商业性地质工作是地勘单位获取利润的重点,按市场经济的要求,以企业为主体,以局为单元,以效益为目的,地勘行业在社会经济发展中大有作为。     

努力开拓地勘市场 促进地勘单位经济发展

编者按: 为了更好地适应地勘体制改革的需要,促进商业性地勘工作的发展,我刊拟辟专栏就商业性地勘工作展开探讨.商业性地勘工作涉及面广,诸如地质勘查技术服务、地质成果及矿权转让、矿业市场运营、地勘及矿业资本市场、勘查风险投资等问题都值得深入研究.本期特刊登安徽省首例矿权成功转让案例,以飨读者,并起到一个抛砖引玉的作用.本刊热忱希望广大热心的读者、作者围绕商业地勘工作的有关问题展开讨论,发表文章,刊登信息(如矿权转让、项目引资等),充实这一栏目,共同为商业性地勘工作的发展推波助澜.     

关于矿业权流转中若干问题的探讨

自新的《矿产资源法》和国务院下发的“三个配套法规”颁布后,矿权流转市场有了行为规范和理论依据,依法对矿业权进行转让成为可能。但在具体矿权流转过程中,对“三个配套法规”的理解和认识还存在一定的分歧,为了深化理解,统一认识,以利     

完善两权市场建设的五种途径

建设和管理好土地矿权市场，是最大化显现资源价值，实现资源管理和利用方式根本转变，以及彻底解决在出让过程中出现腐败问题的必然选择。     

发挥矿产资源优势,优化矿权市场配置,振兴荥经县级经济

荥经县是一个铅锌锰铜矿资源丰富地区,近期国内外市场行情转暖,为矿产开发提供了新的机遇。经矿山整顿后矿权重新市场配置,可为财政增收3 000万元。     

浅谈地质勘查单位探矿权取得及转让的会计处理

随着《矿产资源法》的实施和探矿权、采矿权转让管理办法的出台,国家对矿业权市场的培育和管理逐渐起动,这对促进矿产资源勘查开发投资的多元化,维护国家和矿权人的经济利益,发挥市场对资源的调节作用,保障矿业经济的健康发展,推动地勘     

探矿权、采矿权转让问题浅议

本文讨论了对有偿取得探矿权、采矿权的认识及意义,总结了几种矿权交易形式,提出了有偿取得矿权是有效保护矿产资源的重要途径。     

澳大利亚北部省EL2298矿权区矿床模型及找矿前景

通过系统收集和分析有关澳大利亚北部省EL2298矿权区的地质、化探、钻探等资料,获得了该矿权区的地层、构造等成矿地质条件.以成矿地质条件的综合研究为基础,确定了矿权区的矿床模型是砂页岩型铜矿床,目的矿种是铜矿,矿质来源是古-中元古代盆地中的含铜地层,并选择了地质测量、激电中梯、激电测深、探槽和钻探等勘查工作方法手段.澳大利亚北部省EL2298矿权区成矿地质条件好,找矿信息丰富,在EL2298矿权区具有发现砂页岩型铜矿床的理论和现实的可能性.     

面对危机科学判断 战胜危机危中求变（机）——谈地勘业如何应对危机冲击渡过当前的经济低迷期兼谈“走出去”问题

由美国金融危机引发世界经济低迷对地勘行业在矿业市场等方面面造成负面影响,但也同时存在某些积极因素。面对危机,地勘单位应在工作方向、工作手段、机制体制等方面进一步转变。把握维护矿权和低成本获得矿权,规范净化地勘市场,促进管理、储备人才、积蓄力量,拓宽地勘业领域发展延伸产业,与大的矿业企业建立长期合作利益共同体及抓住“走出去”的艮好时机。地勘单位“走出去”到国外勘查开发矿产资源要切实掌握资源情况、切实掌握投资的软环境、需要配套的适应国际环境的人才、要有好的机制和体制、要有承担风险的心理准备和长期打算,力争在较短时间内构造起“政府支撑、企业动作”的“走出去”新机制、新体制。     

子长-延川矿权区晚三叠世聚煤环境及聚煤规律

为科学评价矿权区煤炭资源潜力,促进资源的合理勘探和综合开发利用,以沉积地质学、煤田地质学、构造地质学理论为指导,应用煤田地质勘探、地球物理测井等方法,在深入系统地调研矿权区煤田地质勘探开发现状的基础上,通过分析子长-延川矿权区晚三叠世煤层分布规律、聚煤环境及聚煤规律,认为矿区内三叠系延长组五段煤层沉积体系为辫状河三角洲、滨-浅湖泊沉积组合,煤层形成的主要控制因素为古构造和古气候条件。      

基于采矿环境再造的开采顺序时变优化研究

根据卡房矿新山矿段的地质条件和生产能力要求的实际情况,基于采矿环境再造连续开采的思想,提出了3种可行的开采顺序优化方案。运用MIDAS/GTS有限元分析软件,建立了复杂矿体的三维有限元模型,模拟并分析了3种不同开采顺序优化方案的力学时变效应。研究结果表明：随着开采的逐步推进,采场的应力和位移不断增大,并出现了明显的应力集中;3种方案中采场周围最大压应力均达到了27 MPa,顶板最大压应力不超过15 MPa,最大拉应力达到了1.2 MPa;顶板最大沉降位移值分别为82.9、84.4、84.5 mm;顶板有较大范围的拉应力区域出现,3种方案拉应力区域面积占顶板面积的比例最大分别达到22%、22.3%和23.5%,但拉应力区域的时变规律表现出显著的不平衡性和突变性。运用采场结构对采动过程响应的时变分析,以拉应力损伤区域和顶板的沉降位移为评价指标,提出方案1的开采顺序为最优方案。     

Seismicity associated with mining

The virgin state of stress in the earth's crust is disturbed by mine excavations which result in stress concentrations in the rock. Rock emits seismic pulses when subjected to stresses approaching in value the strength of the rock. Mining gives rise to seismic activity ranging from microseismic events radiating 10⁻⁵ J (M - 6) to rockbursts or tremors radiating 10⁹ J (M5).

Rock failures in mines fall into four main categories: rockfalls, in which loosened rock falls mainly under its own weight; rockbursts which are violent failures of rock and may cause damage to excavations; bumps, which are violent failures, but which do not cause damage to the excavations; and outbursts in which the rapid release of gas causes rock to be ejected into the excavation. Microseismic activity is associated with all these four categories of rock failure.

Rockbursts and bumps occur in deep metalliferous mines in which thin tabular deposits in strong, brittle siliceous rocks of igneous or metamorphic origin are worked. The seismicity associated with mining appears to have many features in common with those natural earthquakes. However, the mechanics and dynamics of mining can be analysed relatively completely and the excavations provide access to the source region of the seismic events.

Comprehensive studies of rock deformation and fractures have been made on several gold mines of the Witwatersrand System. The gold-bearing reefs are mined at depths of down to more than 3 km below surface by stoping. This creates flat voids in the quartzitic strata extending laterally for distances of up to several kilometres with an initial excavated thickness of a metre. Geodetic-type measurements in tunnels and boreholes traversing the rock mass around these excavations have shown that the rock mass responds elastically over long periods of time to the extension of the boundaries of the excavations resulting from advancing the stope faces. Failure of the rock in the regions of maximum stress concentration near the edges of these excavations is an unavoidable concomitant of mining. It gives rise to new fracture planes closely parallel to the stope faces and to continuous seismic activity. The foci of seismic events with magnitudes from less than 0 to greater than 3 are found to occur mainly within tens of metres of the advancing stope faces. Diurnal and weekly distributions of seismic activity and of deformation show that the failure of the rock is time-dependent. The seismic radiation efficiency has been found to be of the order of 0.1%.

The seismicity is related to the spatial rate of energy release associated with the extension of the excavations and the incidence of seismic events and their magnitudes can be predicted statistically from calculated values of this quantity.     

Hydrogeochemistry at mining districts

The Southern Urals exemplifies hydrogeochemical environments at mining districts. Information obtained by studying the geochemistry of nonferrous-metal industrial wastes (both mine and dump drainage) is important not only because these wastes are potential sources of base metals but also in the context of geoecological problems. The Southern Urals is one of Russia’s principal producers of Cu and Zn concentrates for metallurgical processing: the region produces 12–15% Cu and 49% Zn concentrates in the country and 35% Cu and 69% Zn concentrates in the Urals. The Yubileinoe, Podol’skoe, Sibai, Uchaly, Novy Uchaly, and Gai deposits are the largest in the Urals. The ores of these deposits contain certain components (Se, Te, Cd, Co, Ga, Ge, In, Be, etc.) that are environmental contaminants. The volume of mine and dump drainage in the Southern Urals amounts to 9 million m³/year, and its mineralization varies from 3.0 to 30–40 g/L, occasionally as high as 365 g/L, with a sulfate, chloride–sulfate calcic–magnesian, magnesian–sodic, and magnesian–calcic composition of the waters. The minor and trace elements of the regional waste waters whose concentrations exceed the regional background values are Cu, Zn (one to four orders of magnitude), As, Cd (one to three orders of magnitude), Li and Be (one to two orders of magnitude). All waste waters transfer various contaminants into environmental subsystems and most actively modify the composition of the groundwaters. At the same time, dump drainage is a potentially important secondary source of valuable mineral components.     

中国矿业可持续发展与煤矿开采环境问题—21世纪初矿山岩石力学面临的新机遇和挑战

列述了中国在陆地传统矿产资源、海域矿产资源、天然气、煤层气、地热等能源资源方面的相当大的开发潜力。提出了中国矿业可持续发展必须解决的若干岩石力学难题。指出了煤矿开采引发的环境问题:如采煤对土地资源的损害、对村庄的损害、对水资源的影响,以及煤炭开发和利用对大气环境生态平衡的影响。并提出了对矿区环境控制的岩石力学对策,即推行减沉开采技术;矿井水资源的保护和再利用;清洁开采技术。     

霍东矿区煤炭资源开采对土壤质量的影响

以霍东矿区某煤矿为例,在沉陷区取30组土壤试样进行土壤化学性质及常量养分分析,然后采用层次分析法对沉陷区土壤质量进行评价,得到沉陷区耕地质量综合指数,然后通过与正常农田综合指数对比发现地裂缝和地面塌陷对耕地质量影响很大,大部分农田处于"轻度损坏",局部为"中度损坏",建议进行填埋复垦和生态修复。     

煤炭国家规划矿区管理及与煤炭矿区辨析

针对煤炭国家规划矿区与煤炭矿区易混淆不清问题,基于相关标准和通知,详细解读了煤炭国家规划矿区和煤炭矿区的定义,梳理了第一、二批煤炭国家规划矿区和《全国矿产资源规划（2016-2020年）》划定的煤炭国家规划矿区基本情况,并从划定目的、划定依据和形成时段等方面详细阐述了二者的区别。指明煤炭国家规划矿区划定主管部门是自然资源部,划定主要目的是控制矿权设置,规范矿业权管理;煤炭矿区划定主管部门是国家发展改革委,划定目的主要是为生产开发做准备。在未来煤炭国家规划矿区管理工作中,建议加强煤炭规划矿区基本理论、划定标准及规划矿区内矿产资源与环境影响等方面的研究。      

蒙陕矿区地下水环境系统及采掘扰动

针对蒙陕矿区煤炭资源高强度开发与地下水为核心支撑的生态环境保护所面临的诸多问题,根据蒙陕矿区地质与水文地质结构特征,从地下水系统与水环境相关概念内涵及其相互依存关系出发,提出了地下水环境系统的概念;并从系统的空间结构特征、行为属性及其功能控制要素特征入手,将地下水环境系统细分为"结构控制层"、"水力驱动层"和"外围扰动层"3层结构;分析研究了不同结构层的功能、作用、主要组成要素及其状态表征指标,通过分析煤炭采掘活动与地下水环境系统相关结构要素的互馈机理,得出采煤活动通过对地下水环境系统中"结构控制层"的扰动进而导致"水力驱动层"的响应是诱发地下水环境系统演变的根本原因。