山西太原晋祠断裂活动性的初步研究

通过地质调查和地震活动性的研究，把晋祠断裂划分为2段：南西段长20km，为单断型，即由单条断裂组成，断裂在第四纪晚更新世至全新世期间活动强烈，以正倾滑运动为主兼有水平右旋扭动；北东段长5km为平行双断型，即由2条走向完全相同的阶梯状正断裂组合而成。位于盆地边缘的断裂，活动时代为中更新世，位于盆地内黄土台地前缘的断裂，活动时代为晚更新世，断裂的活动有向盆地内部迁移的趋势。     

巨灾保险机制研究——新西兰、土耳其、美国加州、中国台湾、日本案例分析

分析总结了新西兰、土耳其、美国加州、中国台湾地区和日本等国家和地区地震保险制度的特点,依据分析提出:中国需要建立巨灾保险制度,政府要在其中承担主导性职责,同时,巨灾保险需要民营保险公司和政府的分工合作。     

Flow separation on Zongo Glacier,Cordillera Real,Bolivia

Meltwaters collected from the proglacial stream escaping from Zongo Glacier (2·1 km²), Bolivia (16°S), have been monitored in order to analyse the internal drainage system of an Andean glacier. Electrical conductivity has been measured sporadically between February 1995 and March 1996, during 16 one-day field surveys, under various meteorological conditions in summer and winter. The mixing-model technique based on the electrical conductivity is used for a quantitative separation of discharge which is derived from continuous water level registration. Tracer experiments (mainly uranine dye and NaCl salt) have been carried out from March to June 1997 to obtain information about the internal drainage system. In the tropical Andes, accumulation only occurs in austral summer, whereas ablation occurs throughout the year and is higher during the accumulation season, between November and March. The assumptions involved in the use of mixing models for analysis of glacial drainage structure are applicable for tropical glaciers because glacial conduits do not suffer complete closure, and are permanently supplied by meltwaters, even in wintertime. Two components of discharge are separated: an englacial flow originating from surface meltwater which is routed without chemical enrichment, and offering low electrical conductivity; and a subglacial one routed in contact with bedrock or sediments showing high ionic concentrations. Electrical conductivity of meltwater varies diurnally, inversely to discharge fluctuations. According to this behaviour, total discharge is mainly formed by the englacial component. The drainage structures for englacial and subglacial flow have to be widely interconnected, as indicated by diurnal variations of the subglacial discharge. Comparison of hydrograph separation based on conductivity and on ¹⁸O isotope confirms that the subglacial flow is influenced by surface melting. A hydrograph separation of the subglacial flow is proposed, between a diurnal variable component, composed of water coming from the englacial network, and a base flow, which may vary seasonally. The dye tracing experiments confirm the drainage complexity of Zongo Glacier and demonstrate the interest of identifying three main drainage components. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1303年9月17日山西省洪赵县地震考察报告

为弄清元大德七年癸卯八月六日(公元1303年9月17日)山西洪赵县大地震的情况，于1967年7月至1967年11月作了2次野外调查，根据调查的结果，叙述了此次地震的概况，分别对Ⅹ度、Ⅸ度、Ⅷ度、Ⅶ度烈度区的范围、自然概况、人员伤亡情况等进行了描述，对此次地震的震中、烈度等问题进行了讨论，在此基础上绘出了此次地震的等震线示意图。认为该次地震的震中应在山西洪洞—赵城一带，震中烈度为Ⅹ度，震源深度为8km。     

Micro-topographic change on calcarenites,grand Cayman Island,West Indies

Changes in micro-topography, as a result of varying erosion rates, have been monitored on a calcarenite ridge on Grand Cayman Island, West Indies, using a traversing model of the micro-erosion meter. Erosion takes place through the solution of a calcitic cement and ‘solutional disintegration’ results in a rapid change of micro-relief. Where a protective crust is present, surface lowering is slower and also more uniform; thus the original relative relief is maintained.     

Note on deep-focus earthquakes,pressure changes,and pole motion

Summary The hypothesis has been advanced that major portions of the annual pole motion are caused by the seasonal transport of air masses. These pole motions in turn can act as trigger forces on earthquakes. This is tested by observations of northern hemisphere pressures, pole motion, and occurrence of deep focus earthquakes during the interval 1922 to 1935.

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Zusammenfassung Man hat die Annahme gemacht, dass die jährliche Polhöhenschwankung grossenteils durch die jahreszeitlichen Luftmassenbewegungen, verursacht wird. Diese Polhöhenschwankungen können ihrerseits die auslösende Ursache für Erdbeben sein. Die Hypothese wird an Hand der Beobachtungen der Luftdruckschwankungen auf der Nordhalbkugel, der Polbewegung und der Frequenz der Tiefherdbeben während der Jahre 1922 bis 1935 auf die Probe gestellt.

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Contribution written for the Number dedicated to Dr.G. Agamennone in occasion of his 90.th birthday.     

Wood's Metal Dynamic Wettability on Quartz,Granite, and Limestone

-- Wood's metal wettability was experimentally studied as a function of both liquid and solid parameters. The influence of solid-liquid relative velocity, Wood's metal temperature, and surface roughness on the unit work of wetting % cos / was analysed through tests on various specimens made of quartz (synthetic single crystal), La Peyratte granite (fine-grained and coarse-grained), and Soultz micrite (sub-micronic limestone). A few tests with mercury were performed for comparison. A slight temperature dependency is found on both quartz and rocks, the largest effect being observed on quartz. The most significant dependency observed on quartz, La Peyratte granite and Soultz micrite is controlled by roughness. Rough specimens always show larger values of unit work of wetting % cos / when compared to polished ones. A range of % cos /-values is determined for each mineral and rocks, which implies the determination of break-through radii using Laplace's equation within ranges of 7-10%.     

Constraints on the evolution of the Taranaki volcanoes,New Zealand,based on aeromagnetic data

Aeromagnetic anomalies measured over the three relict andesite volcanoes (Paritutu, Kaitake and Pouakai) in Taranaki are largely dominated by topographic effects. Three-dimensional magnetic modelling, well constrained by both contrasting levels of exposure and previous gravity models, shows that the bulk magnetization of the andesite edifice and edifice core of both Kaitake and Pouakai is 2.5–3.5 A m^-1 in a direction close to that of the present earth's field. However, the large andesite dyke/stock complexes below all three edifices and a localized area of the Kaitake edifice directly above the centre of the subedifice complex have anomalously low bulk magnetizations of 0.3–1.0 A m^-1 in the same direction. These subsurface complexes represent dyke injection from magma chambers situated in the basement, probably below 6 km depth. Here, we deduce that heat from these magma chambers drove hydrothermal convection systems causing widespread demagnetization, especially in the subedifice complexes, but also locally within the edifices themselves. A lesser degree of demagnetization at Pouakai, the youngest of the three volcanoes, may indicate a shorter and consequently more intense period of activity at this centre.     

长白山天池火山研究进展

长白山天池火山距今４１０５年以来至少发生过两次大规模喷发。其最近的一次大喷发发生于公元８５０～１０４０年间。估计了这次喷发的喷发物体积和Ｃ１，Ｆ，Ｓ等的释放量。数值模拟表明，该次大喷发对全球气候变化产生过重要影响，最近的地球物理探测结果显示，在该火山下面存在地壳和上地幔双层岩浆房。认为该火山现在仍是一座具潜在灾害性大喷发危险的现代活动火山。     

Impact of fish farming on foraminiferal community, Drvenik Veliki Island, Adriatic Sea, Croatia

This study examined the impact of fish farming on foraminiferal communities in the Adriatic coastal zone. Samples were taken directly beneath the farm, near the edge of the farm, and at a reference station away from the farm. The foraminiferal community near the farm is characterized by Epistominella exigua, Globocassidulina subglobosa, Haynesina germanica and the genera Elphidium, Bulimina and Brizalina. These foraminiferal species are less abundant seaward. Asterigerinata mamilla, Neoconorbina terquemi and genus Cibicides are almost absent below the cages. Total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) in the sediments decrease with distance from the cages. The abundances of E. exigua, G. subglobosa, H. germanica and the genera Elphidium, Bulimina and Brizalina are correlated with TP and TN, indicating their dependence on nutrient input. The absence of A. mamilla, N. terquemi and the genus Cibicides below the cages is a due to a degraded Posidonia community. According to our study, foraminiferal community composition can be used as indicator of organic enrichment caused by fish farm activities.     

Comments on the use of Ti,Zr, Y,Sr, K,P and Nb in classification of basaltic magmas

The distribution of Ti, Zr, Y, Sr, K, P and Nb has been investigated at 55 sample sites within a single basaltic flow, the Cliefden Outcrop, which has adjusted to low-grade metamorphism of the prehnite-pumpellyite facies. The cluster of points in the plot of Ti, Zr and Y as proposed by Pearce and Cann shows that the ratio of these elements has remained relatively constant after metamorphism and would therefore have significance in attempts at classification of magma type. Likewise a plot involving Nb, Y, Zr and P as proposed by Floyd and Winchester shows only restricted scatter and appears useful. However, plots involving Sr or K show a scatter that is clearly related to metamorphic processes. Consequently, plots involving these two elements are likely to be of little use in classification in this case.Low-grade metamorphism is common, variable and not always recognized. The study concerned one style of alteration and revealed problems in the application of some classification schemes. Consequently it is apparent that much more rigorous testing is needed before classification schemes can be generally applied to sequences of basaltic rocks.     

2009年7月9日云南姚安6.0级地震预测回顾

基于2009年7月9日姚安6.0级地震发生之前形变观测前兆异常,给出该地震三要素,总结其前兆异常特点,反思运用单台前兆观测资料预报地震过程中存在的问题,为今后的地震预测积累经验.     

Climate variability,snow, and physiographic controls on storm hydrographs in small forested basins,western Cascades,Oregon

Large floods are often attributed to the melting of snow during a rain event. This study tested how climate variability, snowpack presence, and basin physiography were related to storm hydrograph shape in three small (<1 km²) basins with old‐growth forest in western Oregon. Relationships between hydrograph characteristics and precipitation were tested for approximately 800 storms over a nearly 30‐year period. Analyses controlled for (1) snowpack presence/absence, (2) antecedent soil moisture, and (3) hillslope length and gradient. For small storms (<150 mm precipitation), controlling for precipitation, the presence of a snowpack on near‐saturated soil increased the threshold of precipitation before hydrograph rise, extended the start lag, centroid lag, and duration of storm hydrographs, and increased the peak discharge. The presence of a snowpack on near‐saturated soil sped up and steepened storm hydrographs in a basin with short steep slopes, but delayed storm hydrographs in basins with longer or more gentle slopes. Hydrographs of the largest events, which were extreme regional rain and rain‐on‐snow floods, were not sensitive to landform characteristics or snowpack presence/absence. Although the presence of a snowpack did not increase peak discharge in small, forested basins during large storms, it had contrasting effects on storm timing in small basins, potentially synchronizing small basin contributions to the larger basin hydrograph during large rain‐on‐snow events. By altering the relative timing of hydrographs, snowpack melting could produce extreme floods from precipitation events whose size is not extreme. Further work is needed to examine effects of canopy openings, snowpack, and climate warming on extreme rain‐on‐snow floods at the large basin scale. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Detecting,sourcing, and age-dating dredged sediments on the open shelf,southern California,using dead mollusk shells

Molluscan shell debris is an under-exploited means of detecting, sourcing, and age-dating dredged sediments in open-shelf settings. Backscatter features on the Southern California shelf are suggestive of dredged sediment hauled from San Diego Bay but deposited significantly inshore of the EPA-designated ocean disposal site. We find that 36% of all identifiable bivalve shells > 2 mm (44% of shells > 4 mm) in sediment samples from this 'short dump' area are from species known to live exclusively in the Bay; such shells are absent at reference sites of comparable water depth, indicating that their presence in the short-dump area signals non-compliant disposal rather than natural offshore transport or sea level rise. These sediments lack the shells of species that invaded California bays in the 1970s, suggesting that disposal preceded federal regulations. This inexpensive, low-tech method, with its protocol for rejecting alternative hypotheses, will be easy to adapt in other settings.