地磁数据预处理质量标注系统

在新的网络化数字观测模式下,国家地磁台网中心设计了一审质疑—二审—月审年审的质量评议思路,在此基础上自主开发了数据质量标注系统和质量信息发布系统,根据评议结果对数据质量进行逐条标注,有效监控了数据版本的更新、数据质量的状态及数据质量的改进提高过程,实现了对地磁台网数据管理和数据预处理工作的公开、公正、及时、有效的监控和指导,保证了观测数据的可靠性。     

Variations of the geomagnetic field at the time of reversals

Summary Paleomagnetic investigations of sediments from the Early Quaternary enabled the variations of the geomagnetic field during reversals to be studied. Regularities in the motion of the virtual geomagnetic N paleopole and the related changes in the intensity of the geomagnetic field were determined. The initial phase of the reversal, which took place in the Eastern Hemisphere, is accompanied by an increase in the intensity of the geomagnetic field. A strong decrease occurred at the time the N paleopole was moving around30°N geographic latitude. After the irreversible reversal had been concluded, the intensity of the geomagnetic field stabilized at values corresponding to the field intensity prior to the reversal. The reversible reversal is accompanied by an repeated increase in the itensity of the geomagnetic field.

---

au naaum ¶rt;a n n uu a¶rt; n¶rt; mmu nu¶rt;a nu n¶rt;um auuu aum n u m u1,1–0,7×10 ⁶ m. u a mu uuuaum n u uma ¶rt;au nmu n. u u¶rt;a uu a uuu naanmuaum n.

     

太湖鱼类放流增殖的有效数量和合理结构

根据2006-2007年太湖生物资源调查,估算出太湖浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物和水生植物总渔产潜力约为78494 t.太湖实施以渔改水的生物调控措施,应加大鲢、鳙放流数量和放流规格,在提高鱼产量的同时对抑制太湖蓝藻水华能起到积极作用;推算每年放流鳙约1000×104尾,鲢约300×104尾,规格为20尾/kg为宜.草鱼、团头鲂、青鱼、鲤等要在保护太湖水草和底栖动物资源和生物多样性前提下适当放流,每年宜放流草鱼150×104尾,团头鲂165×104尾,青鱼8×104 ～ 10×104尾,鲤夏花2500×104尾.而对调控鱼类结构小型化、单一化具有重要作用的肉食性鱼类翘嘴铂建议加大放流量,年放流量可扩大至500×104尾左右,在调控的同时提高湖泊渔业附加值.     

On the physical geometry concept at the basis of space/time geostatistical hydrology

The objective of this paper is to show that the structure of the spatiotemporal continuum has important implications in practical stochastic hydrology (e.g., geostatistical analysis of hydrologic sites) and is not merely an abstract mathematical concept. We propose that the concept of physical geometry as a spatiotemporal continuum with properties that are empirically defined is important in hydrologic analyses, and that the elements of the spatiotemporal geometry (e.g., coordinate system and space/time metric) should be selected based on the physical properties of the hydrologic processes. We investigate the concept of space/time distance (metric) in various physical spaces, and its implications for hydrologic modeling. More specifically, we demonstrate that physical geometry plays a crucial role in the determination of appropriate spatiotemporal covariance models, and it can affect the results of geostatistical operations involved in spatiotemporal hydrologic mapping.     

Transient ULF pulsations: time dependence of magnetic fields observed at the ground

The continuum oscillation of a latitudinal range of closed geomagnetic field lines or shells appears to be a basic feature of the magnetosphere. Such oscillations are observed at the ground, and have been termed transient ULF pulsations. Earlier modelling showed that the apparent mean damping rate at the ground should be much greater than that in the magnetosphere. This modelling is extended to examine the time dependence of the magnetic field of transient pulsations as seen by a latitudinal chain of magnetometers. It is found that there should be significant temporal variation of both period and damping decrement observed at a given latitude, which could help to identify transient events even when the period variation with latitude is not obvious. Time-frequency analysis and analytical signal analysis do not seem to be effective in determining temporal parameter variation for the short, highly damped data segments typical of transient events. Least squares fitting of two decaying sinusoids gives surprisingly good results, but seems to have no physical basis, is difficult to interpret, and may be misleading. Least squares fitting of a single sinusoid with time-varying period and damping rate gives reasonably good fits. The resulting parameter variations with latitude may help to determine the structures of ionospheric current systems associated with transient ULF events. In particular, the time change of the period at a single station can determine where that station is relative to the ionospheric current maximum.     

A look at global seismicity during 1999 in the longer-term time frame

An analysis and discussion of the main features and effects of the 1999global seismicity based especially on the inferred patterns of strong(M_w 7) earthquakes using NEIC/USGS data is presented.Based on the above data and their statistical features (see also Table 1)one may state that from the point of view of occurrence rate (number/yr)the 1999 global seismicity was fairly regular, but from the moment (orenergy) release standpoint it is well under the long-term average. The spacepartition was again rather typical and time distribution was quasi-Poissonian,noteworthy, the 1999 worldwide seismicity had an anomalously high deathtoll, to be discussed later. Two main new insights are brought by ouranalysis: (i) a (mega)quiescence along the whole south American segmentof circum-Pacific earthquake belt, which was inferred and rated asanomalous while it was underway and which, in retrospect, ended with thegreat (M_w = 8.4 HRV) 2001 Arequipa (Peru) event; (ii) an intriguingmonotonous rate decrease within only magnitude class 5.0 to 5.9 duringthe analyzed period (i.e., 1990–1999).     

Conceptually-based shot noise modeling of streamflows at short time interval

A conceptual-stochastic approach to short time runoff data modelling is proposed, according to the aim of reproducing the hydrological aspects of the streamflow process and of preserving as much as possible the dynamics of the process itself. This latter task implies preservation of streamflow characteristics at higher scales of aggregation and, within a conceptual framework, involves compatibility with models proposed for the runoff process at those scales. At a daily time scale the watershed response to the effective rainfall is considered as deriving from the response of three linear reservoirs, respectively representing contributions to streamflows of large deep aquifers, with over-year response lag, of aquifers which run dry by the end of the dry season and of subsurface runoff. The surface runoff component is regarded as an uncorrelated point process. Considering the occurrences of effective rainfall events as generated by an independent Poisson process, the output of the linear system represents a conceptually-based multiple shot noise process. Model identification and parameter estimation are supported by information related to the aggregated runoff process, in agreement to the conceptual framework proposed, and this allows parameter parsimony, efficient estimation and effectiveness of the streamflow reproduction. Good performances emerged from the model application and testing made with reference to some daily runoff series from Italian basins.     

Conceptually-based shot noise modeling of streamflows at short time interval

A conceptual-stochastic approach to short time runoff data modelling is proposed, according to the aim of reproducing the hydrological aspects of the streamflow process and of preserving as much as possible the dynamics of the process itself. This latter task implies preservation of streamflow characteristics at higher scales of aggregation and, within a conceptual framework, involves compatibility with models proposed for the runoff process at those scales. At a daily time scale the watershed response to the effective rainfall is considered as deriving from the response of three linear reservoirs, respectively representing contributions to streamflows of large deep aquifers, with over-year response lag, of aquifers which run dry by the end of the dry season and of subsurface runoff. The surface runoff component is regarded as an uncorrelated point process. Considering the occurrences of effective rainfall events as generated by an independent Poisson process, the output of the linear system represents a conceptually-based multiple shot noise process. Model identification and parameter estimation are supported by information related to the aggregated runoff process, in agreement to the conceptual framework proposed, and this allows parameter parsimony, efficient estimation and effectiveness of the streamflow reproduction. Good performances emerged from the model application and testing made with reference to some daily runoff series from Italian basins.     

Hydrological response of a humid agroforestry catchment at different time scales

Using data collected at the Mero catchment during three hydrological years (2005/06–2007/08), an analysis of rainfall–runoff relationships was performed at annual, seasonal, monthly, and event scales. At annual scale, the catchment showed low runoff coefficients (23–35%), due to high water storage capacity soils as well as high runoff inter‐annual variability. Rainfall variability was the main responsible for the differences in the inter‐annual runoff. At seasonal and monthly scales, there was no simple relationship between rainfall and runoff. Seasonal dynamics of rainfall and potential evapotranspiration in conjunction with different rainfall distribution during the study years could be the key factors explaining the complex relationship between rainfall and runoff at monthly and seasonal scale. At the event scale, the results revealed that the hydrological response was highly dependent on initial conditions and, to a lesser extent, on rainfall amount. The shapes of the different hydrographs, regardless of the magnitude, presented similar characteristics: a moderate rise and a prolonged recession, suggesting that subsurface flow was the dominant process in direct runoff. Moreover, all rainfall–runoff events had a higher proportion of baseflow than of direct runoff. A cluster‐type analysis discriminated three types of events differentiated mainly by rainfall amount and antecedent rainfall conditions. The study highlights the role of the antecedent rainfall and the need for caution in extrapolating relationships between rainfall amount and hydrological response of the catchment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

菲律宾—印度尼西亚东部地震S波走时异常初探

大连地震台在实测中,经常观测到来自菲律宾-印度尼西亚东部一带的地震S波较理论到时提前约数秒到达.2002年至2011年,记录到该地区145例具有此种显著异常的震例.该现象与台基无关,全国地区均可观测到.震例分析发现,可观测到该现象与未观测到明显异常的台站在全球范围内大致呈四象限分布,造成该异常现象的原因可能与震源过程有关.     

Is the single scattering model invalid for the coda excitation at long lapse time?

Supposing that the distribution of scatterers in a three-dimensional medium is not uniform but fractally homogeneous with fractal dimensionD, we have made the dimensional analysis for the temporal decay of the multiple scattering energy density at the hypocenter.The number of scatters in a sphere of radiusR is assumed to be proportional toR ^D . Then, the energy density of thekth order scattering decays according to the [(D–2)k–3]th power of lapse time. A fractal dimension ofD=3 corresponds to the uniform distribution. If 2<D3, multiple scattering terms of orderk2 dominate over the single scattering term (k=1) at long lapse time. IfD=2, energy density of every order decays according to the — 3rd power of lapse time. The single scattering model survives on conditionD<2; the single scattering term dominates over the higher order multiple scattering terms even at long lapse time, since the negative power of lapse time fork=1 is the smallest of all.     

On the possibilities of determination of small changes in the tidal response of the medium at short time intervals

We propose the method for determining temporal changes in the tidal response of the medium in active seismic areas. This method allows one to increase the sensitivity and time resolution of the standard moving average spectral method for more than an order of magnitude. In addition, this work presents the results of comparative analysis of temporal changes in the tidal response of the medium in space-time in the vicinity of the 9-magnitude earthquake in Japan that occurred on March 11, 2011.     

当今中国岩石圈物理学研究中的几个重要问题与思考

我国多年来在岩石圈物理学研究中已取得了一系列的重要成果,并促进了我国地球科学的发展.然而在这21世纪之际,基于国家战略需求和自主创新的方针对岩石圏物理学是挑战,也是机遇.为此,必须厘定其今后的发展导向,并凝炼出前瞻性、并具有带动性的创新性核心科学问题.本文在这样的思维前提下对岩石圈物理学的科学内涵和发展导向进行了较全面的分析、研究和思考,并明确指出当今在这一学科领域应该做些什么,核心问题是什么,又存在哪些关键性的科学问题.研究结果提出,高精度的地球物理场观测与岩石圏内壳、幔精细结构(2维和3维)的刻划;在地球内部力系作用下,深部物质和能量的交换;深部物质运移的物理—力学—化学作用过程及深层动力学响应乃是深化对地球本体的认识和揭示成山、成盆、成岩、成矿和成灾的根本机理所在.为此,在本世纪的上、中叶,在地球科学领域中地球物理学研究必为先导!本文最后对岩石圈物理研究中尚存在的一些问题及困惑进行了分析和讨论,并提出了有关统一规划和观测仪器与设备的自主研发以及有序进行国际合作等方面的意见.     

The relationship between runoff rate and lag time and the effects of surface treatments at the plot scale

Abstract

The manner in which both the seasonal and regional variations in storm duration, intensity and inter-storm period manifest in the runoff response of agricultural water supply catchments is investigated. High-resolution rainfall data were analysed for a network of 17 raingauges located across the semiarid (200–500 mm year^?1) agricultural districts of southwest Western Australia. Seasonal variations in mean storm duration, mean rainfall intensity and mean inter-storm period were modelled using simple periodic functions whose parameters were then also regressed with geographic and climatic indices to create spatial fields for each of these statistics. Based on these mean values, a continuous rainfall time series can be synthesized for any location within the region, with the rainfall depth within each storm being downscaled to 5-min time steps using a bounded random cascade model. Runoff from six different catchment surface treatments (“engineered” catchments) was simulated using a conceptual water-balance model, validated using rainfall—runoff data from an experimental field site. The expected yield of the various catchment types at any other location within the study region is then simulated using the above rainfall—runoff model and synthetic rainfall and potential evaporation time series under a range of climatic settings representative of regional climate variation. The resulting coupled model can be used to estimate the catchment area required to yield an acceptable volume of runoff for any location and dam capacity, at a specified reliability level, thus providing a tool for water resource managers to design engineered catchments for water supply. Although the model presented is specific for Western Australia's southwest region, the methodology itself is applicable to other locations.     

Full waveform inversion in the time lapse mode applied to CO2 storage at Sleipner

Carbon capture and storage is a viable greenhouse gas mitigation technology and the Sleipner CO₂ sequestration site in the North Sea is an excellent example. Storage of CO₂ at the Sleipner site requires monitoring over large areas, which can successfully be accomplished with time lapse seismic imaging. One of the main goals of CO₂ storage monitoring is to be able to estimate the volume of the stored CO₂ in the reservoir. This requires a parametrization of the subsurface as exact as possible. Here we use elastic 2D time‐domain full waveform inversion in a time lapse manner to obtain a P‐wave velocity constrain directly in the depth domain for a base line survey in 1994 and two post‐injection surveys in 1999 and 2006. By relating velocity change to free CO₂ saturation, using a rock physics model, we find that at the considered location the aquifer may have been fully saturated in some places in 1999 and 2006.     

Hydrological response characteristics of Mediterranean catchments at different time scales: a meta-analysis

ABSTRACT

This work examines 140 hydrological studies conducted in the Mediterranean region. It identifies key characteristics of the hydrological responses of Mediterranean catchments at various time scales and compares different methods and modelling approaches used for individual-catchment studies. The study area is divided into the northwestern (NWM), eastern (EM) and southern (SM) Mediterranean. The analysis indicates regional discrepancies in which the NWM shows the most extreme rainfall regime. A tendency for reduced water resources driven by both anthropogenic and climatic pressures and a more extreme rainfall regime are also noticeable. Catchments show very heterogeneous responses over time and space, resulting in limitations in hydrological modelling and large uncertainties in predictions. However, few models have been developed to address these issues. Additional studies are necessary to improve the knowledge of Mediterranean hydrological features and to account for regional specificities.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis Associate editor A. Efstratiadis     

Dehydration melting of solid amphibolite at 2.0 GPa: Effects of time and temperature

The dehydration melting of the natural rock at high pressure is important to investigating the magma formation in the earth’s interior. Since the 1970s, a lot of geological scientists have paid more atten- tion to the dehydration melting of the natural rock[1―5]. Previous experiments of dehydration melting and observations of fieldwork argued that the dehy- dration melting of the rock was probably the most important fashion for the melting of the lower crust rock[6―12]. The genesis of most …     

Relative source time functions of seismic events at the Rudna copper mine, Poland: estimation of inversion uncertainties

The relative source time function (RSTF) inversion uncertainty assessment was performed for two small, mining-induced seismic events (M _W =2.9 and 3.0) that occurred at Rudna copper mine in Poland. The seismograms of selected events were recorded by the seismic net work composed of over 60, short-period, vertical seismometers, recording ground velocity, located in the distance ranging from 400 m up to 8 km from their hypocenters. The RSTFs were calculated for each seismic station independently, using the empirical Green’s function technique. The pseudospectral approximation of the sought RSTF by a finite sum of Gaussian kernel functions was used and the inverse problem was solved with the adaptive simulated annealing algorithm. Both methods improved the stability of the deconvolution procedure and physical correctness of the final solution in comparison to the classical deconvolution methods. To estimate the inversion uncertainties, classical Markov-chain Monte-Carlo techniques were used. The uncertainty analysis allows for improved selection of a priori data to the following inversion for kinematic rupture process.     

A new analytical approach to reconstruct the acceleration time history at the bedrock base from the free surface signal records

Acceleration time histories of earthquake events are typically measured in seismic stations that are placed close to the soil top surface. These acceleration records are often used as input data for seismic analysis. It may be used for base excitation in seismic analysis of above ground structures with shallow foundations.. However it may not be used for seismic analysis of underground structures, or even for above ground buildings with deep foundations and several underground stories. The required base excitation data of the latter should have been measured below the top surface, at a level that may be determined according to the specific analyzed building geometry or at the bedrock below. If the acceleration time history at the bedrock would have been known, the seismic wave propagation through the soil medium, from the bedrock towards the top surface, could have been carried out and the base excitation of the buried structure could be determined. Since there is no data on the acceleration time history at the bedrock, and the only given data is the acceleration records at the top surface, the goal of this paper is to provide an exact reverse analysis procedure to determine the unknown acceleration time history at the bedrock that would exactly produce the measured acceleration time history at the top surface. Once this goal is achieved, seismic analysis of buried structures may be carried out with the determined acceleration record at the bedrock as input. This paper presents an analytical exact solution of the inverse problem for determination of the acceleration, velocity and displacement time histories at the bedrock base of a layered geological medium that are compatible with the given acceleration record at the soil top surface. This new proposed method is based on analytical solutions of the initial-boundary value problems of the linear wave equation in the case of a layered medium. The relationship between waves in one layer and waves in another adjacent layer is derived considering the continuity of stresses and displacements at the common interface between the layers. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated through several examples involving the nonstationary response of the free surface. The case of the San Fernando Earthquake is studied. Excellent agreement is achieved between the recorded free surface time history and the reconstructed signal. This excellent agreement is obtained due to the exact analytical method used in deriving the inverse problem solution. This exact analytical method allows one to obtain an acceleration (velocity/displacement) distribution along all the layers at any time.