白洋淀地区土壤——植物系统中污染物含量与变化规律研究

研究长期利用城市污水浇灌的农田土壤--植物系统中污染物的含量及其行为与归宿，不仅对农田生态系统的环境质量控制有重要意义[1],同时，还可以为合理发展污灌，实现污水资源化，促进农业生产的持续发展提供科学依据[2].本文调查了华北白洋淀地区典型污灌农田土壤中污染物含量及其在土壤--植物系统中分布和累积状况。结果表明，污灌区土壤中某些重金属含量有一定的累积趋势。目前，这些重金属对农田作物无明显危害，大部分累积在根部。加强科学管理和污灌指导，利用农田作为土地处理系统来消纳污水中耗氧有机物，是本地区近期可行的污水资源化途径之一。     

白洋淀地区土壤—植物系统中污染物含量与变化规律研究

本文调查了华北白洋淀地区典型污灌农田土壤中污染物含量及其在土壤－植物系统中分布和累积状况。结果表明，污灌区土壤中某些重金属含量有一定的累积趋势。     

上海市崇明岛农田土壤重金属的环境质量评价

通过对上海市崇明岛28个菜地土壤表层样品、65个稻田土壤表层样品及9个西瓜地土壤表层样品的分析测试,利用国家、行业和地方的相关标准评价了农田土壤重金属(Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg)的环境质量状况.研究发现:崇明岛农田土壤重金属的总体含量为Pb21.597 mg·kg-1、Cd 0.176 mg-kg-1、Cr 69.395 mg·kg-1、As 9.209 mg·kg-1、Hg O.128 mg·kg-1.与上海市土壤背景值相比,除Pb、Cr外,其余重金属平均含量均高于其背景值,Cd、As和Hg分别高出背景值33.O%、1.2%和26.3%.在GIS软件支持下,通过空间插值分析了研究区农田土壤重金属含量的空间分布特征,结果发现,农田土壤质量整体尚好,土壤生态率为1.26%,优良率为97.14%,合格率为1.47%,不合格率为0.12%.以背景值为标准,崇明岛农田土壤Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg的超标率分别为10.1%、85.7%、27.0%、55.4%、55.2%;3种土地利用类型中,菜地受重金属污染最为严重,这主要与菜地施用更多农药有关.崇明岛重金属的年沉降通量分别为Pb 7735.470 ug·m-2.a-1、Cd 208.432ug.m-2·a-1、As 2237.738 ug·m-2·a-1、Hg 52.783 ug·m-2·a-1,农作物秸秆焚烧处理是崇明岛大气重金属沉降的重要来源,大气沉降对崇明岛农田土壤重金属有较大的影响.     

施用不同畜禽粪便土壤剖面中重金属分布特征

针对不同粪便集中施用情况, 选取禹城市3 个畜禽养殖区, 通过采集不同旱地农田土壤剖面样品, 研究典型重金属元素随粪便施用程度的变化、土壤剖面中重金属垂直分布特征以及施用不同畜禽粪便土壤剖面中重金属分布的差异。结果发现,长期施用畜禽粪便土壤剖面中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As的含量要高于未施用畜禽粪便的对照土壤剖面, 其中Cu、Zn 超过对照组较大;偶尔施用畜禽粪便土壤剖面Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As 的含量低于长期施用畜禽粪便土壤剖面, 且与未施用畜禽粪便的对照土壤剖面相差不大。牛粪集中施用区土壤剖面中Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni 等重金属存在较为明显的淋溶下移性, Hg、As两元素存在较为明显的表层或亚表层聚集现象;猪粪集中施用区土壤剖面各重金属除Cr、Ni 外, 都显示出较为明显的表层或亚表层聚集现象;鸡粪集中施用区的土壤剖面Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni 存在一定的淋溶下移性, 而Zn、Hg、As等3 种元素存在显著表层亚表层聚集现象。长期施用不同畜禽粪便的不同土壤剖面Cr、Ni、Cd、Pb 等含量变化差异明显, 而As、Hg差异性不显著;施牛粪与施鸡粪剖面中的Zn, 施猪粪与施鸡粪剖面中的Cu差异也不显著。     

农田、退耕还湿地、天然草本沼泽土壤重金属和农药的分布及潜在生态风险评价——以抚远市乌苏镇东兴村为例

为了解三江平原农田、退耕还湿地、天然草本沼泽土壤中重金属含量和农药残留状况,以黑龙江省抚远市乌苏镇东兴村为研究区,采集农田、退耕还湿地和天然草本沼泽土壤样品,分析了这些土壤中重金属含量和农药残留量;采用潜在生态风险指数法和风险商值法,分别评价了土壤中的重金属潜在生态风险水平和农药残留潜在生态风险水平。研究结果表明,研究区土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Ni和Cu的平均含量都低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准(GB15618—1995);农田土壤中的As、Cd、Cr、Cu和Ni平均质量比分别为12.4 mg/kg、0.24 mg/kg、97.06mg/kg、24.08 mg/kg和36.46 mg/kg,退耕还湿地土壤中的Cr和Ni平均质量比为95.13 mg/kg和31.43 mg/kg。农田、退耕还湿地和天然草本沼泽土壤中的滴滴涕残留以4.4'—滴滴伊为主,其4.4'—滴滴伊平均残留质量比分别为6.13 ng/g、6.80 ng/g和4.47 ng/g;农田土壤中检测出阿特拉津平均残留质量比达到了79.32 ng/g;农田土壤中的Cd含量达到了中等潜在生态风险水平;农田、退耕还湿地和天然草本沼泽土壤中5种重金属综合潜在生态风险处于轻度潜在生态风险水平;农田土壤中残留的阿特拉津的污染风险商大于1,说明阿特拉津残留可能有潜在的生态风险。     

污灌农田土壤动物及其对重金属污染的响应——以开封市化肥河污灌区为例

开封市化肥河污灌区土壤重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni)含量明显高于对照区,Cd含量超标严重。采用内梅罗指数法将污灌区土壤重金属污染分为轻污染、中污染和重污染3种类型。在此基础上,运用生态分析和统计分析的方法,研究了污灌区不同重金属污染样点的土壤动物个体与种群特征。结果表明:(1)污灌区土壤动物优势种群为线虫和等节跳科,总的个体数量和种群数量春季(分别为3158只和74种)均多于秋季(分别为1963只和57种)。(2)3种不同污染级别土壤中,土壤动物种群数量春季均少于秋季,春季样点间的种群相似性低于秋季。(3)土壤动物水平分布受重金属污染的影响较大,污染土壤与对照土壤中土壤动物数量有显著差异;重金属污染严重的样点,土壤动物的表聚性较低。(4)土壤动物密度-种群指数(DG)秋季大于春季,春秋两季都随重金属综合污染指数的增大而降低。(5)土壤动物对重金属污染的响应表现为个体数量较种群数量明显,水平分布较垂直分布明显,春季较秋季明显。     

艾比湖湿地土壤活性有机碳及其对厌氧条件下碳分解的影响

揭示土壤活性有机碳的特征及其与碳释放的关系对研究全球气候变化具有重要意义.本研究对艾比湖湿地不同生境土壤活性有机碳及厌氧条件下碳分解过程进行测定与分析.研究结果表明:1)不同生境土壤DOC、MBC和EOC含量分别为43.41～151.30 mg.kg-1、8.23～417.83 mg.kg-1、69.63～2376.08 mg.kg-1,平均含量分别为81.18 mg.kg-1、112.20mg.kg-1、768.59 mg.kg-1,变异系数为40.8%、91.9%和88.0%;2)不同组分土壤活性有机碳之间呈现出极显著正相关(P<0.01);3)土壤氮含量和黏粒含量是影响DOC、MBC和EOC的重要因子;4)土壤EOC是指示不同生境土壤厌氧条件下碳分解潜力的主要碳源.     

温度和湿度对武夷山不同海拔土壤微生物氮的影响

温度和水分对土壤MBN含量的影响存在不同结论。通过室内培养试验,测定不同温度(15℃、25℃、35℃)和湿度(25%、50%、75%)条件下,培养35天后武夷山不同海拔土壤MBN含量的变化。结果表明:不同海拔土壤MBN含量和增量分别为红壤27.51 mg·kg-1、0.63~2.51 mg·kg-1,红黄壤55.53 mg·kg-1、2.09~5.11 mg·kg-1,黄壤76.01 mg·kg-1、3.04~7.64 mg·kg-1和山地草甸土165.17 mg·kg-1、6.23~13.51 mg·kg-1,均随海拔升高显著增加(P0.01),且与土壤有机碳、全N和全P含量显著相关(P0.05);温度对土壤MBN含量的影响因海拔而异,增量最大的温度区间随海拔升高逐渐降低;湿度对不同海拔土壤MBN增量的影响规律一致,均为50%25%75%(P0.01)。研究表明土壤有机碳、全N和全P含量是不同海拔土壤MBN含量差异的主要原因,不同海拔土壤MBN含量对温度变化的响应规律不同,但对湿度的响应规律保持一致,两者均影响土壤MBN含量变化。     

三江平原不同土地利用方式下土壤可溶性有机碳的分布特征

通过测定三江平原不同土地利用方式下典型样带土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量,研究了土壤DOC分布特征及影响因素,以揭示垦殖过程对土壤DOC的影响。结果表明:在不同的土地利用方式下,小叶章湿地土壤中DOC含量最高(768.54 mg/kg),林地次之(岛状林为676.65 mg/kg;人工杨树林为575.91 mg/kg),农田土壤最低(玉米地为318.7 mg/kg;水稻田为523.94 mg/kg)。除水稻田外,其余4种土地利用方式下土壤DOC由表层至底层均呈现出先增加而后急剧减少的趋势,在水稻田中,DOC含量随着剖面深度增加而明显升高;土壤DOC含量与土壤有机质(SOM)含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.588,p0.001),与p H值呈显著负相关(r=-0.228,p=0.038)。湿地垦殖后,土壤中DOC占SOM的比例下降,表明湿地垦殖减缓了土壤碳周转速率。     

湘江中下游农田土壤和蔬菜的重金属污染

从湖南省湘江中下游衡阳-长沙段沿岸采集219 个农田土壤样品和48 个蔬菜样品, 测 试其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn 等7 种重金属元素的含量, 并结合GIS 作图与数据统 计, 对农田土壤中重金属空间分布、土壤和蔬菜中重金属富集特征以及其潜在风险进行分析。 结果表明, 农田土壤中As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb 和Zn 含量均大于湖南省相应土壤重金属含量背 景值, Cd (2.44 mg kg^-1)、Pb (65.00 mg kg^-1)、Zn (144.13 mg kg^-1) 含量分别超标7.97、3.69 和 1.63 倍。与我国《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995) 中II 级标准(pH 6.5~7.5) 比较, 土壤 As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb 和Zn 含量的超标率分别为13.2%、68.5%、2.7%、2.7%、8.7%和 15.1%, 表现为以Cd 为主的多种重金属混合污染。菜地土壤中As、Cd、Cu、Pb 和Zn 的含 量( 几何均值) 分别高于水稻土As、Cd、Cu、Pb 和Zn 含量。与《食品中污染物限量》 (GB2762-2005) 等标准比较, 蔬菜As、Cd、Ni、Pb 含量的样本超标率分别为95.8%、68.8%、 10.4%和95.8%; 蔬菜Cd、Pb、Zn 含量与相应土壤的Cd、Pb、Zn 含量存在极显著的相关性 (P < 0.01)。湘江中下游的农田土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染的潜在风险值得关注。     

畜禽粪便农用区土壤-小麦系统中重金属污染及迁移

畜禽粪便农用导致农产品中重金属含量超标,通过生物链传递,最终会影响人体健康。以山东禹城典型畜禽粪便农用区为例,研究了不同畜禽粪便农用区土壤—小麦系统中重金属的污染及迁移累积情况。结果显示:某些区域存在着一定的重金属污染,鸡粪农用区、猪粪农用区污染较高,综合污染指数均值分别为0.83、0.78,都达到了警戒级,其中某些点的污染指数超过了1和2,达到了轻污染或中污染级;牛粪农用区污染较轻,综合污染指数为安全级。不同畜禽粪便农用区小麦中的Cr、Ni、Cd、As均存在不同程度超标情况,其中鸡粪农用区Cr的超标率达66.67%,Ni、Pb超标率都为16.67%;牛粪农用区小麦中Cr、Ni超标,Cr超标率达91.67%;猪粪农用区小麦中只有Cr超标,超标率为41.67%。研究区小麦显示出不同的重金属富集能力,小麦对Cd、Zn、Cu几种元素的富集情况较高,而对Pb、As的富集能力则较低。除Zn外,小麦茎叶对同一种重金属的富集能力要大于小麦的种子。     

Accumulation of Copper and Zinc in Danish Agricultural Soils in Intensive Pig Production Areas

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 105(2):15–22, 2005

The change of Cu and Zn concentrations in Danish agricultural soils was studied in areas with intensive pig production. Cu and Zn are found in pig manure as the metals are added to pig feed as growth promoters. The changes in concentrations of total and 0.02 MEDTA extractable Cu and Zn in soils from 1986 to 1998 were determined from samples taken at two depths (0–25 cm and 25–50 cm) from 73 sites. Pig manure and mineral fertilizer was added to 60 sites whereas fertilizer only was used on 13 sites. During the survey period soil Cu concentrations increased in both depths but mostly in the sites where pig manure was added. Furthermore, the results indicated that some plant-available Cu and Zn were transported from the topsoil to the subsoil. No significant change in soil Zn concentration was found although a slight reduction was observed. Comparing soil metal concentrations observed in 1998 to the total pig manure application in a 12-year period, it was observed that application of manure caused an accumulation of Cu and of Zn in the upper 50 cm soil. The accumulation rates correspond to the Cu and Zn concentrations in the pig manure.     

Biodegradation of municipal refuse and chicken manure in a winter-wheat ecosystem in Saudi Arabia

Addition and incorporation of organic fertilizers is known to improve the properties of agricultural soils. Therefore, during 22 weeks of field incubation we studied the biodegradation (measured by static absorption of CO₂) of two organic manures viz. municipal refuse and chicken manure incorporated into sandy soils, under sprinker irrigation, at the rates of 0, 16·5, 33·0, 49·5 and 66·0, and 0, 4·1, 8·25, 16·5, and 33·0 tonnes/ha, respectively.The results obtained indicated that the cumulative amount of CO₂ respired was linearly correlated with the rate of organic material applied (p < 0.001). Statistical analysis of the data obtained showed that both the intercept (rate of decomposition) and the slope (rate of reaction with time) increased with increasing rate of application of organic manure. The magnitude of increment was highest at the application rates of 33·0 and 8·25 tonnes/ha for municipal refuse and chicken manure, respectively. The rate of increment, generally, declined thereafter thus indicating that these two rates are the optimum levels of incorporation of the appropriate organic manures under the conditions of this study.The maximum organic-carbon mineralized, accounting for 10·5 and approximately 50%, was obtained at the optimum rates for municipal refuse and chicken manure, respectively. Both simple and multiple regression equations describing the relationship between soil temperature and soil-moisture content each separately and in combination, as independent variables, and the cumulative rate of CO₂ production were computed. A substantially strong relationship with soil temperature but inconsistent and contradicting results with soil moisture were obtained. Inclusion of soil temperature and moisture in a single model as an independent variable in relation to cumulative CO₂ as a dependent variable improved the soil moisture-CO₂ production relationship.     

Copper content and its distribution in soils of Tibet

The copper (Cu) content in 205 soil samples (0-20 cm) of Tibet, covering 5 soil classes, were analyzed. The results showed as follows: (1) the average content of Cu was 19.6 mg kg-1 (CV=49.28%); (2) the content of Cu in Tibetan soils was lower than the average level of China; (3) the content of Cu gradually decreased from the southeast to the northwest which was consistent with the direction of changes in the zonal successions of soil in Tibet; (4) Cu contents in Tibetan soils varied with soil properties, particularly soil parent materials that Cu contents were remarkably enriched in soils derived from shale materials.     

湘江中下游农田土壤和蔬菜的重金属污染

A total of 219 agricultural soil and 48 vegetable samples were collected from the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River（the Hengyang-Changsha section）in Hunan Province.The accumulation characteristics,spatial distribution and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were depicted.There are higher accumulations of heavy metals such as As,Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn in agricultural soils,and the contents of Cd（2.44 mg kg^-1 ）,Pb（65.00 mg kg^-1 ）and Zn（144.13 mg kg^-1 ）are 7.97,3.69 and 1.63 times the corresponding background contents in soils of Hunan Province,respectively. 13.2%of As,68.5%of Cd,2.7%of Cu,2.7%of Ni,8.7%of Pb and 15.1%of Zn in soil samples from the investigated sites exceeded the maximum allowable heavy metal contents in the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils（GB15618-1995,Grade Ⅱ）.The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly due to Cd.The contents of As,Cd,Cu,Pb and Zn in vegetable soils are significantly higher than the contents in paddy soils.95.8%, 68.8%,10.4%and 95.8%of vegetable samples exceeded the Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods（GB2762-2005）for As,Cd,Ni and Pb concentrations,respectively.There are significantly positive correlations between the concentrations of Cd,Pb and Zn in vegetables and the concentrations in the corresponding vegetable soils（p〈0.01）.It is very necessary to focus on the potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and human health in agricultural soils and vegetables in the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River,Hunan Province of China.     

海南省五指山土壤中的重金属元素含量

海南省地处热带地区，山地面积占25．4％，五指山是海南山地的核心，也是海南最高峰，从下而上依次分布着砖红壤、赤红壤、黄壤、灌丛草甸土。五指山土壤普遍遍缺，而Zn、Ni、Pb、Cd、Cr、Co含量属正常值。在成土过程中，Cd有一定积累，其他元素有明显淋溶。在自下而上的垂直带谱中，Zn、Co含量呈现递减，Cd则相反，Ni、Pb、Cu、Cr含量呈现波浪式变化。气候因素是影响五指山土壤重金属元素含量及分布的主导因素。     

Contaminations of Heavy Metals in Surface Soils of Various Lands and Their Health Risks in Tianjin Qilihai Ancient Lagoon Wetlands,China

A total of 36 surface soil profiles were set at the wetlands in Qilihai Ancient Lagoon Wetlands,Tianjin,the surface soils of 0-20 cm depth were sampled at various use types of lands to provide information on the concentrations of heavy metals in the coastal wetlands.Total concentrations of arsenic(As),cadmium(Cd),copper(Cu),lead(Pb),chromium(Cr)and zinc(Zn)were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption spectrometry(ICP-AES)to address the pollution levels in the sampling sites.The results showed that the concentrations of Cd,Cu in the soils disturbed by human activities intensively,the Phragmites australis marshes,the farmland,the brushes decreased in turn;among the sites,the concentrations of As,Cd and Cu were the highest in the soil of build-up areas,while the concentrations of Pb and Zn were the higher in the soil of farmland.The mean concentrations of Cu,Cr,Cd,Pb,Zn and As in the soils of 0-20 cm depth were 38.74 mg/kg,83.52 mg/kg,0.19 mg/kg,34.27 mg/kg,121.7 mg/kg and 18.77 mg/kg,respectively.The contamination indices of As were on the high pollution level in the soils of farmland and disturbed by human activities intensively;the concentrations of Cd in the soils of the marshes and farmland were at the moderate pollution level,while that in the soil disturbed by human activities intensively was at high pollution level.The values of comprehensive contamination index demonstrated that the variation of As contents was the maximum in the soils,Cd pollution reached to a high level.Geoaccumulation index showed that As pollution was at moderate level,and Cd,Cu and Zn pollution were at slight level,and the Pb and Cr pollution wasn't found in the build-up areas.     

三峡库区坡地生态工程控制土壤养分流失研究——以等高植物篱为例

三峡库区紫色土陡坡地径流小区大雨强模拟降雨实验表明,以等高植物篱为代表的坡地生态工程能相当有效地减少坡面侵蚀量、径流量和坡面氮、磷养分损失量。由于植物篱和带间覆盖稿秆对径流的阻滞作用使坡面径流与表土的混合、养分溶解交换过程更加充分,径流携带的养分流失成为有效养分流失的主要方式。通过施肥改善土壤渗透特性、抗蚀性及带间覆盖能明显提高控制坡面产沙、产流和养分流失。等高植物篱-农作系统各种处理中以施用有机肥和配施有、无机肥-带间麦秆覆盖两种处理效果最好。