海底热液活动研究综述

本文简要介绍海底热液活动的研究历史以及目前的研究状况，同时谈了作者对海底热液活动研究的一些认识。     

海底热液活动与海洋科学研究

本文简要介绍了海底热液活动的研究历史 ,以及目前研究的几个主要问题。指出海底热液活动是海洋中永远存在的自然现象。热液区主要分布在大洋中脊、弧后盆地和热点区。在这些区域由于地质构造的不稳定性 ,造成冷海水通过隙缝下渗 ,并在岩浆房作用下形成高温热水。热水在上升通道中与围岩作用 ,并发生复杂的岩 -水反应 ,从而改变了海水的化学成分。流出的热液可以形成多种矿物沉积 ,其中最有价值的是 Zn,Cu,Fe,Pb的硫化物。岩 -水反应可以产生可观的元素通量 ,因此 ,对海水元素恒定性的解释需要重新审视。利用 3 He/热比值可以计算海洋的热通量。热液活动为耐温生物的研究提出了新的课题     

冲绳海槽现代海底热液活动研究概况

1948年,瑞典“信天翁号”调查船在红海发现高温高盐溶液和多金属软泥,至此揭开了海底热液活动研究的序幕。随着全球范围内大洋调查活动的展开,先后在大洋中脊、断裂活动带、岛弧和弧后扩张盆地发现了众多的海底热液活动区以及颇具经济远景的海底热液多金属矿产资源,从而使海底热液活动的调查与研究成为地区中热点领域。冲绳海槽作为一个年轻的弧后扩张盆地,是环太平洋火山、地震带的一个重要组成环节,构造活动和火山作用频繁。其特殊的地理位置、地质现象引起了各国学者的注意,并从1984年开始在冲绳海槽(主要是中部)发现了多处热液活动区。…     

现代海底热液硫化物烟囱体的生长模式研究现状

现代海底热液硫化物烟囱体的生长模式一直是人们讨论的焦点,这一问题的澄清有助于增进人们对海底热液活动演化规律的认识,包括烟囱体形成的物源和机制等问题。中国的现代海底热液活动研究正逐步走向成熟,海底热液矿床蕴含的巨大资源量越来越受到人们的重视,了解烟囱体本身的生长过程对于准确评估矿产资源量具有重要的意义。     

现代海底热液活动的研究模型分析

近来在许多喷口区观察到大规模的、弥散的喷发现象表明：大量的相对冷水(3～40℃)及非常热的、白色和黑色烟状流体(200～380℃)参与了热液循环。对这种较凉的、弥散的喷溢流体的温度和热流量的区域测定，给热液循环的性质及地壳和已出露的多金属硫化物丘的结构增加了新的限定条件。为了更好地理解热液循环及这些限定的重要性，许多学者建立了海底热液活动模型。     

浊度计在现代海底热液活动调查中的应用

无论是深入认识海底热液活动的规律,还是了解海底热液硫化物资源的分布情况,首先需要做的是发现海底热液活动及其产物.因此,用于发现和调查海底热液活动及其产物的技术手段非常重要.目前,进行海底热液活动调查的技术手段有电视抓斗、ROV、AUV和载人深潜器等.但由于使用这类技术设备需要相对高的投入和较复杂的附加装置,而且从电视抓斗、ROV、AUV和载人深潜器本身来讲,它们也有一定的技术限制,调查活动范围有限,不能胜任大面积海底热液活动异常调查工作.因此,载有各种物理、化学传感器和分析仪器的拖曳式走航连续观测系统仍是海底热液活动调查技术方面的一个重要发展方向.例如,美国、英国等先后投资研制了多种拖曳式设备,可进行海底地貌成像、电磁场、CTD、以及化学和物理多参数的测量,为发现和确定海底热液喷口位置起到了巨大的作用.     

TAG活动山体处海底热液活动的构造控制

ＴＡＧ活动山体处海底热液活动的构造控制ＭａｒｔｉｎＣ．Ｋ．等大西洋中脊北纬２６°附近的活动山体是横贯大西洋综合地质调查（ＴＡＧ）中发现的最大的、生命力活跃的火山成因块状硫化物沉积体之一．形成这样一个沉积体需要上升热液流体在这一场所沉积数万年，但人们对...     

现代海底热液沉积物的硫同位素组成及其地质意义

共收集到现代海底热液沉积物的1264个硫同位素数据,结合我们对冲绳海槽Jade热液区和大西洋中脊TAG热液区中表层热液沉积物的硫同位素研究成果,对比分析了不同地质-构造环境中海底热液沉积物的硫同位素组成特征及其硫源问题.结果表明:(1)现代海底热液沉积物中硫化物的硫同位素组成集中分布在1‰～9‰之间,均值为4.5‰(n=1042),而硫酸盐矿物的硫同位素组成主要分布在19‰～24‰之间,均值为21.3‰(n=217);(2)无论在洋中脊还是在弧后盆地扩张中心,无沉积物覆盖热液活动区中热液沉积物与有沉积物覆盖热液活动区相比,其硫同位素组成的分布范围相对狭窄;(3)各热液活动区中硫化物硫同位素组成的不同,反映出各自硫源的差异性.无沉积物覆盖洋中脊中热液成因硫化物的硫主要来自玄武岩,部分来自海水,是玄武岩和海水硫酸盐中硫不同比例混合的结果,而在弧后盆地和有沉积物覆盖的洋中脊,除了火山岩以外,沉积物和有机质均可能为热液硫化物的形成提供硫;(4)现代海底热液沉积物硫同位素组成的变化和硫源的不同可能归因于海底热液体系中流体物理化学性质的变化、岩浆演化和构造-地质背景的不同.     

一种新型的现代海底热液环境模拟实验装置设计

已有的海底热液活动模拟实验装置主要通过控制流体的温度和压力实现热液活动环境下的水岩反应实验,随着近年来对海底热液活动研究程度的逐渐深入以及热液保真采样器等新技术的应用,有必要设计新型的海底热液活动模拟实验装置.为此,我们设计了一种可以模拟海底热液环境的实验装置,该装置主体由两个圆柱形钛合金舱体对接而成,利用加热装置、加...     

我国海底热液活动研究的阶段性进展与展望

海底热液活动调查研究是深海进入、深海探测和深海开发的切入点之一。近十年来,中国在西太平洋弧后盆地、东太平洋海隆、大西洋洋中脊和印度洋脊,发现了一批新的海底热液活动区,围绕着热液活动区的硫化物、流体、热液柱、生物等热液产物开展了调查研究,构建了海底热液地质学,提出了热液活动、冷泉及天然气水合物的同源异汇假说,出版了《海底热液地质学》、《现代海底热液硫化物成矿地质学》、《现代海底热液活动》、《东太平洋海隆热液地质》专著,获得了一批调查研究成果。未来,聚焦海底热液活动的深部过程及其资源环境效应关键问题,发展海底热液活动探测技术,拓展极地海底热液活动调查研究新领域,围绕烟囱体、热液柱、含金属沉积物、流体以及热液区生物等热液产物,开展深入、系统的调查研究工作,无疑将推动海底热液地质学取得新的进展。     

Computer simulation of multibeam echo sounding over rough seafloor

A computer code that simulates multibeam echo‐sounding over realistic (three‐dimensional) bathymetry was used to compare available sounding systems. Two‐dimensional modeling dealt with the resolution of seafloor bathymetry and with the effect of postprocessing algorithms for some typical multibeam systems. The 2‐D bathymetric inputs were idealized bottom features. Three‐dimensional modeling dealt with the gross character of the seafloor, as detected by echo‐sounding systems. The 3‐D bathymetric inputs were realizations of terrain generated by a stochastic model of seafloor roughness. Three‐dimensional modeling indicated that the sounding system may slightly shift the location of peaks within the beam footprint. In addition, the simulated measurements were more sensitive to low‐wavenumber features (i.e., large‐scale roughness) than to high‐wavenumber features (i.e., small‐scale roughness). Resolution gradually decreased with increasing distance from centerline, due to the increasing footprint size of beams at increasing angular distance from the vertical. Lineated terrain was also smoothed by simulated echo‐sounding; lineations may indeed remain undetected if sounding system parameters are not properly selected. Inversion of the simulated measurements indicated that echo‐sounding measurements are dependent not only on the characteristics of the sounding system itself, but on other factors such as the character of the roughness and the orientation of the survey relative to the strike of lineations. The modeling technique provides a way to quantify the system response of a multibeam echo‐sounding system. This work resulted in recommendations as to the most appropriate system for an application in an area of rough bathymetry, and it led to the establishment of criteria for comparing multibeam systems in future applications.     

Study on visual control system of acoustic in situ measurement technology for survey of seafloor sediment

Abstract

A new kind of visual acoustic measurement system was developed to obtain the acoustic characteristics of seabed sediment and the working state of in situ measuring equipment in real time. The control unit of the system structure is mainly made up of the underwater control unit and the deck control unit. In comparison with similar traditional systems, the system can transmit the working video image, the measured acoustic data and the waveform synchronous from the underwater control equipment to the deck control unit through the connecting cable. Apart from self-contained in situ measurement, the working modes of it include visual online real-time control. In order to guarantee the stability and measurement precision of the video control system, the process control of in situ measurement was strictly tested in the experimental tank. In 2017, sea trials of the in situ measurement system was carried out in the South China Sea. In the process, data related to measurement, including the acoustic velocity and attenuation coefficient of the seabed sediment, were obtained as well. The results from sea trials show that the control process of the visual system is intuitive, reliable and accurate, and therefore it can be popularized and applied.     

In situ vane system for seafloor strength investigations

The In Situ Vane (ISV) system has been developed to determine the strength profile within the upper 1.5 m of deep sea clays. The system is designed to operate in 6000-m water depth after one-year dormancy on the bottom and consists of four integrated packages; controller and data acquisition system, mechanical system, volume compensator, and power supply. This paper describes development of a prototype which was used under a pressure of 550 bars after a 30-day dormancy and of the full system which was successfully used in a deep water (5800 m) test. In the first full application of the system the ISV will be used to measure changes in sediment strength caused by high temperature (300degC) as part of the U.S. Subseabed Disposal Program.     

深潜救援潜器新型对接技术的仿真研究

对接技术是利用深潜救援潜器(DSRV)实现援潜救生的关键技术。本文介绍了作者开发的对接系统三维动画仿真软件和利用仿真软件对新型对接系统实施援潜救生进行动态仿真的情况。     

温度对海底沉积物声学特性影响实验研究

温度的变化是影响海底沉积物声学特性非常重要的因素之一。文章采用同轴差距衰减测量法,在不同温度下对海底沉积物声学特性进行测量,实验得出南海海底沉积物随着温度的升高具有以下声学特性:1)沉积物声速变化比较缓慢,上下波动点较明显,但总体趋势接近线性下降;2)衰减幅值随着温度升高一直下降,偶尔有些波动的异常点,声衰减幅值呈现线性下降的趋势;3)声衰减系数变化呈现抛物线趋势,具有强非线性。对于此类沉积物声速特殊情况,还有待从理论和实验方面更深入地研究解释其成因。     

热毯式海底热流原位探测系统设计

针对海底热流探针无法对基岩海底或其他硬质海底进行热流探测的难题,基于傅里叶热力学第一定律提出了非插入式海底热毯原位探测方法,介绍了热毯式热流原位探测系统的设计。通过试验选择了合适的热毯盖层材料、对热毯的形状和设计尺寸等参数进行了设计优化,分析了热毯的工作方式并对布放技术进行了评价。热毯式海底热流探测系统为大洋中脊区域海底的热流探测提供了有效的方法,对于研究板块的热状态及板块的构造活动提供了广阔的应用前景。     

海底松散沉积物声学性质原位测量实验研究

分析研究了国内外海底松散泥沙的声速和声衰减系数测量的研究现状,并据此研制了海底表层沉积物声速声衰减系数原位测量系统。利用原位测量系统分别在实验室和海滩对不同粒度的沉积物进行了测量分析,得到了不同粒度沉积物的声速和声衰减系数。数据分析表明,沉积物的声速和声衰减系数与沉积物的粒径有密切的关系,粒径越粗,声速越高,声衰减系数越大。通过沉积物声学性质研究,可以开发海底浅层沉积物声学性质原位测量技术,提高相关海洋调查的速度和效率。     

用于海底热液pH探测电极自校正的控制技术研究

在海底热液pH值的探测过程中,探测电极的特性会随时间的推移而发生变化。为了实现长期的原位探测,需要一套流体控制系统对探测电极进行自校正与自维护。针对所设计的流体控制系统,遵循低功耗的设计原则,研制了其主控系统,包括硬件设计和软件开发。为了使控制系统能应用于海底热液环境,对其进行了耐压封装设计,并进行了高压水实验,实验结果表明系统在40 MPa的高压下能正常工作。各种测试指标亦表明系统能自动实现pH探测电极自校正与自维护的功能。     

南海深海海底沉积物力学性质试验研究

采用土力学中的三轴试验方法,对南海深海海底沉积物进行力学性能研究。得到海底沉积物样品的主应力差与轴向应变曲线及抗剪强度数据,并得到海底沉积物样品的破坏点应力值与含水量、湿密度及孔隙度的关系曲线。通过分析,得到海底沉积物样品的破坏点应力值在含水量40%~45%之间以及在孔隙度50%~55%之间分别取得最大值。通过对比表明试验的海底沉积物样品的力学性能与陆地的半脆性黏土相近。     

Experimental study on the soil thrust of underwater tracked vehicles moving on the clay seafloor

As the soil traction of the track system consisting of a track plate and protruded grousers is generally higher than that of a comparable wheel system, underwater tracked vehicles are the favored platforms for heavy-weight remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). When an underwater tracked vehicle moves on the seafloor, the track system laterally transmits an engine torque to the soil-track interface, resulting in slip displacement and an associated soil thrust acting as a traction force. Therefore, to evaluate the mobility of underwater tracked vehicle, it is critical to evaluate the soil thrust of the track system based on the soil-track interaction. Unlike the soil thrust of sandy soils, a reliable soil thrust assessment method accounting for the failure mechanism of clayey soil has yet to be developed in spite of its significance. An experimental study on the mechanism of the soil thrust of clayey soil was thus performed. Model track experiments were conducted on a model track system with clayey soil. Based on the experiment results, the mechanism of the soil thrust of clayey soil was investigated and was compared with the mechanism of soil thrust derived from the previous soil thrust assessment methods using sandy soil. Particular attention was given to the development of a new soil thrust prediction model for the track system on clayey soil using the limit equilibrium analysis technique.