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The paper examines the factors that influence the utilisation of health services by women in the rural and urban areas in Ghana. The systematic sampling procedure was used to draw the sample from women aged 18 and above with diverse backgrounds from Ahafo-Ano South district, representing the rural districts and Kumasi metropolis, representing the urban districts. The research instruments used for data collection were the questionnaire and formal interviews. Multiple regression was the main tool for analysis. The research reveals that the key factors that impact significantly on the utilisation of health services by women in the Ahafo-Ano South district are, distance, income and family size (number of children) while for Kumasi metropolis they are education, distance and marital status. Whereas it is clear that distance is a common problem facing women in both rural and urban areas in Ghana in the utilisation of health services, marital status and number of children have emerged as contrasting factors influencing utilisation of health services by women in rural and urban Ghana. Recommendations to improve utilisation include the location of maternal and child health services within easy reach in the rural areas, intensification of family planning education in the rural areas, the empowerment of women through access to formal education and vocational training for income generation activities and the full implementation of the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). A model of utilisation of health services by women in the rural and urban areas has emerged.     

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Interpretation of mullite HREM images along [010] and [100]

200 kV and 300 kV HREM images of mullite with beam direction parallel to [010] and [100] have been compared with extensive multi-slice calculations of structure models with different oxygen vacancy arrangements. The simulations reveal that changes of the contrast pattern in HREM images are correlated with enhanced vacancy concentrations and coupled cation shifts (Al^*). Furthermore, the direct relationship between contrast variation and projected vacancy concentration permits the detection of 20% oxygen vacancies along [010] and [100]. An analysis of HREM images indicates preferred orientations of vacancies parallel to 〈102〉 in the (010) plane, whereas the (010) plane yields arrangements parallel to 〈012〉 and 〈001〉, resulting in an average direction of 〈013〉. Distances of 1.5a and 1.5b between these arrangements result from preferred inter-vacancy correlation vectors of 1/2 〈310〉 and 1/2 〈130〉 in the (001) plane. The investigated 2:1 and 3:2-mullites (x = 0.40 and x = 0.25) do not show long-range ordered arrangements of oxygen vacancies, but reveal the composition-dependent formation of short-range order regions of enhanced vacancy concentrations. These regions are distributed in a matrix with a minor degree of order.     

[BO_3]、[BO_4]的平衡几何构型和单电子性质的理论研究

本文利用分子轨道理论从头计算法(ab initio)、半经验的MNDO法、多重散射X_α方法(MS-X_α)对[BO_3]、[BO_4]阴离子基团进行了理论研究,计算了它们的平衡几何构型、伸缩振动力常数和振动频率、单电子性质(主要是四极耦合常数),取得了比较令人满意的结果。