几种海产双壳贝类血淋巴中抗菌物质的诱导及其活性测定

以贻贝（Mytilus edulis)，毛蚶（Scapharca subcrenata)，海湾扇贝（Argopecten irdians)和菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinesis)为试验材料，分别用活的和灭活的大肠杆菌为诱导物进行诱导，采用3种革兰氏阳性细菌和3种革兰氏阴性细菌作为指示菌，对4种供试双壳贝类血淋巴进行抗菌活性测定，结果表明：（1）贻贝在诱导前其血淋巴对金黄色葡萄球菌和四联微球菌有抑菌活性，免疫诱导可使血淋巴对鳗弧菌出现抑菌作用；（2）毛蚶在诱导前其血淋巴中含有对金黄色葡萄球菌和鳗弧菌有抑菌活性的物质，诱导对这两种菌的抑菌活性有明显的提高，但未诱导出对另外4种供试细菌有活性的物质；（3）海湾扇贝在诱导前其血淋巴对所有供试细胞均无抑菌活性，但经诱导后产生对金黄色葡萄球菌，副溶血弧菌和鳗弧菌有抑菌活性的物质，且活菌诱导比灭活诱导效果好；（4）菲律宾蛤仔在诱导前其血淋巴仅对金黄色葡萄球菌和鳗弧菌表现出抑菌活性，经诱导后其血淋巴不仅对这两种菌的抑菌活性增强，而且还诱导出对副溶血弧菌有抑菌活性的物质。     

双壳贝类同化率研究进展

通过研究双壳贝类同化率和环境因子的关系,探索最适养殖环境,可以为人工控制条件养殖双壳贝类提供理论依据;同时,可判断一个海区对双壳贝类养殖的适宜情况,为选择适宜养殖海区及确定养殖模式提供依据。双壳贝类除了对海区浮游植物和有机碎屑等贝类饵料有影响外,对生物沉积也有重要作用。双壳贝类通过滤水作用摄食海水中浮游植物和有机碎屑,又通过排粪作用(假粪和粪便)和排泄作用把废物排入海中,从而影响海区中营养盐的组成和分布,严重时造成局部海区富营养化,成为引发赤潮的一种诱因。双壳贝类排粪量的多少与同化率高低有关。因此,双壳贝类…     

双壳贝类参与免疫防御的体液因子

贝类免疫学是新兴学科无脊椎动物免疫学中的一个分支 ,近年来受到了极大关注 ,其中有两个重要的理由 :其一 ,对贝类免疫性的了解 ,将有助于人们采取措施与贝类病害抗争 ,就有可能预防扇贝、牡蛎、贻贝等重要养殖贝类的细菌性、病毒性以及寄生虫病 ;其二 ,在探索动物免疫的起源与进化等方面具有重要意义。有关双壳贝类参与免疫防御的体液因子方面的研究 ,国内研究报道较少 ［１～６］,国外已对参与异物清除、异已识别和免疫调节等方面的体液因子，如水解酶、氧化酶、凝集素、单核因子和神经内分泌激素及其受体等开展了大量研究 ,本文就此作一…     

流式细胞术比较研究4种双壳贝类血细胞的分群

应用流式细胞术对太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)、海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)、虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)和毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)4种双壳贝类的血细胞分类进行了比较。根据其血细胞的前向角散射光(FSC)和侧向角散射光(SSC)特性的不同将血细胞分群,FSC和SSC二维图分析发现太平洋牡蛎、海湾扇贝和虾夷扇贝的血细胞都可分为3个亚群,即透明细胞、小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞,而毛蚶的血细胞只可区分为透明细胞和颗粒细胞2个亚群。同时还对这4种双壳贝类各种血细胞所占比例进行了比较研究,发现各亚群细胞所占比例差异很大。     

海水双壳贝类的生物沉积及其生态效应

在沿岸自然环境 ,双壳贝类经常达到很高的丰度 ,在生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中起着重要作用。双壳贝类作为滤食性动物具有很强的滤水能力 ,如扇贝、贻贝、蛤和牡蛎的滤水率均可达到５Ｌ／（ｇ·ｈ） ;它们能够过滤大量细小的颗粒物质 ,包括浮游物、浮游藻类、微生物、贝类幼虫和中型浮游动物等 ,还包括来源于双壳贝类以及其它动物 (如鱼 )粪粒的碎屑 ［１，２］。双壳贝类通过过滤大量的水体摄取浮游植物和有机颗粒 ,同化一部分有机质 ,其它则以粪的形式排出 ,进而影响生态系统的结构和功能。对于养殖生态系 ,目前的研究还比较少 ,但已…     

双壳贝类积累转化麻痹性贝毒的研究进展

麻痹性贝毒(Paralytic shellfish toxins,PST)是一类分布广、危害大的海洋毒素.滤食性双壳贝类在摄食、消化产毒单胞藻和细菌等过程中积累代谢PST,并通过食物链进行传递,给人类生命健康和水产业带来不利影响.随着贝类基础生物学和养殖产业的发展,以及基因组学和毒素检测技术的不断进步,近年来,各国学者...     

双壳贝类血清中凝集素凝集性能初步研究——对脊椎动物血细胞的凝集作用

在多种贝类血清中发现有可凝集脊椎动物血细胞的因子——凝集素。栉孔扇贝（Ｃｈｌａｍｙｓｆａｒｅｒｉ）血清中的凝集素可凝集鸡、鹌鹑、小鼠等多种动物血细胞,但对鳝鱼血细胞不发生作用。该凝集素具有较强的热稳定性,１００℃处理４５ｍｉｎ仍具活性;并具有广泛的ｐＨ范围,可在ｐＨ３～１１进行凝集作用。但其活性可被ＥＤＴＡ强烈抑制,Ｄ－甘露糖和Ｌ－鼠李糖对其活性有明显抑制作用,Ｄ－木糖和蕈糖也有轻微抑制作用。在栉孔扇贝血细胞的细胞膜上未发现有凝集鸡血细胞的活性物质。另外,用大肠杆菌和副溶血弧菌刺激栉孔扇贝后,血清的凝集作用不变。     

双壳贝类CK1基因家族的鉴定及表达分析

酪蛋白激酶1 (CK1)是一种重要的蛋白激酶家族,其在DNA损伤应答和修复、细胞增殖和凋亡、胚胎发育和稳态等重要的生物学过程中都具有复杂多样的调控作用。为了理解CK1基因家族在双壳贝类中的特征、进化及生物学功能,实验采用比较基因组学及生物信息学的方法对双壳贝类CK1基因家族进行了鉴定分析,通过虾夷扇贝高温应激实验,研究了CK1基因家族在高温应激时的表达规律。结果显示,在虾夷扇贝、栉孔扇贝、长牡蛎与侏儒蛤中均存在CK1α,CK1αlike,CK1δ,CK1γ3,并发现CK1ε,CK1γ1,CK1γ2在双壳贝类中发生了丢失。时空表达分析发现,双壳贝类CK1基因均在胚胎发育早期集中表达,并以多细胞/囊胚期为界呈现出母源/合子特异性表达模式。CK1为关键基因的基因共表达模块显著富集在错配修复、核苷酸剪切修复等相关通路上,暗示了CK1基因在双壳贝类胚胎发育过程中参与调控DNA损伤修复过程,从而维持早期胚胎发育时的基因组稳定性。双壳贝类CK1基因在成体中呈现组织特异的表达模式,主要在鳃和雄性性腺中具有相对较高的表达量。虾夷扇贝受到高温应激后,其鳃中PyCK1α, PyCK1αlike和PyCK1δ...     

栉孔扇贝血淋巴中谷胱甘肽还原酶的活性研究

用酶标仪采用DTNB比色法测定栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)血淋巴中谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性,并研究pH值、温度、激活剂和抑制剂对血清中该酶活性的影响及酶的热稳定性。结果表明,栉孔扇贝血细胞中GR比活力明显高于血清。血清中GR的最适pH值因缓冲液的不同而稍有差异:用PBS为缓冲液时,最适pH值为7.0;Tris-HCl为缓冲液时,最适pH值为7.5。酶的最适温度为60℃。将血清在20℃,30℃,40℃,50℃,60℃,70℃和80℃温度的水浴中放置30min后于20℃,pH7.5条件下测定该酶的热稳定性,结果显示50℃时酶的比活力最高,低于或高于此温度的酶比活力均下降,80℃时酶活性完全丧失。栉孔扇贝血淋巴中GR属中温型中性酶类,低温下较稳定。EDTA对该酶活性有促进作用,硫酸铜有抑制作用。     

栉孔扇贝血淋巴中超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性及其性质的研究

于１９９７年１０月－－１９９８年１月,从胶州湾贝类养殖场购买栉孔扇贝,分别采用邻苯三酚自氧化和过氧化氢法测定了其血细胞和血清中的超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）的活力,并对ＳＯＤ类型的鉴别区分、ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ的热稳定性以及温度对ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活力的影响进行研究。结果表明,血细胞中ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活力分别为３１２．７Ｕ１２４．４Ｕ,血清中ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活力分别为１０２．３Ｕ和７３．８Ｕ;     

Agglutinin activity in hemolymph of Chinese shrimp and induction effect of Vibrio

ＡｇｇｌｕｔｉｎｉｎａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｉｎｈｅｍｏｌｙｍｐｈｏｆＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｓｈｒｉｍｐａｎｄｉｎｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＶｉｂｒｉｏＬｕｏＲｉｘｉａｎｇ（ＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｄＭａｙ３０,１９９７;ａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄＪｕｌｙ２０,１９９７）Ａｂｓｔｒ...     

杂色鲍血淋巴双向电泳与质谱分析

以杂色鲍(Haliotisdiversicolor)血淋巴为材料进行了双向电泳研究。首先,确定了以丙酮沉淀法和RC DC 蛋白定量试剂盒为基础的蛋白制备与定量方法;其次,对样品前处理方法进行了摸索,通过500 r/min的低速离心方法分离了血细胞和血浆组分,通过35000 r/min超速离心2 h除掉了部分高丰度的血蓝蛋白,降低了高分子量区域的血蓝蛋白背景;进一步使用18 cm pH 3-10非线性胶条和标准化的电泳程序,对不同上样量的电泳银染结果进行了比较,获得了良好的双向电泳图谱;最终选取肌动蛋白、原肌球蛋白、胶原蛋白和血蓝蛋白4个蛋白点成功进行了质谱鉴定。     

塔玛亚历山大藻对海产双壳类生命活动的影响

通过一种重要有毒赤潮藻——产麻痹性贝毒毒素PSP的塔玛亚历山大藻对几种海产双壳类主要发育阶段:受精卵、D形幼虫、眼点幼虫、稚贝、仔贝和成贝生命活动的影响研究,发现该藻对双壳类孵化率、存活率、运动能力、滤食率和生长都有影响,毒性效应与藻密度有明显的相关关系.该藻对受精卵的抑制作用在100个/cm3的密度下最显著,36h后孵化率仅为对照组的30%.进一步的逐项毒性筛选实验表明此毒性来源于藻液、藻细胞和细胞碎片,而与去藻过滤液、藻细胞内容物、标准毒素STX无关,由此可以证实塔玛亚历山大藻确能产生一类非PSP毒素,并与细胞表面的未知毒素相关.     

锯缘青蟹Scylla serrata黄水病血液病理学分析

对惠"黄水病"锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)血液生理生化指标测定,结果表明:与健康蟹相比,病蟹的蛋白质和脂质代谢存在显著差异,尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(GREA)含量极显著高于健康蟹,而甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(CHO)极显著低于健康蟹.病蟹血清蛋白质含量和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷酰转肽...     

Prey preference of the common long-armed octopus Octopus minor(Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) on three different species of bivalves

Octopus minor is widely distributed along the northern coast of China. To date, there is little information on the prey selection process of this species. To understand this process, several experiments were carried out. Three types of bivalves, namely, Ruditapes philippinarum , Mactra chinensis , and Mytilus galloprovincialis , were used to observe the prey selection of O . minor and to analyze the potential causes of prey selection from three aspects: prey profi tability, adductor muscle tension and handling time. Under single-prey conditions, we found that the average (±SD) predation rates of O . minor on R . philippinarum , M . chinensis , and M . galloprovincialis were 1.73±0.50, 1.27±0.42, and 0.8±0.2/d, respectively. Under diff erent prey combinations, octopods actively selected one type of prey over the other(s), and the order of prey preference was R . philippinarum , followed by M . chinensis and lastly M. galloprovincialis . Furthermore, the shells of the consumed prey showed that O . minor only consumed bivalves by pulling them apart since there was no evidence of drill holes on the shells. The prey selection of O . minor was related to the prey profi tability and handling time;O . minor appeared to select preys with a higher profi tability and a shorter handling time. However, the diffi culty in opening the bivalve was not consistent with the prey preference of the octopods. These results suggest that O . minor prefers to consume R . philippinarum possibly due to a high profi tability and a short handling time that supports the optimum Foraging Theory.     

Study on impact of dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense on life activities of marine bivalves

The effects of a PSP producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense on marine bivalvesat their several important life stages: egg, D- shape larva, eyespot larva, juvenile and adult, were studied. The results show that the hatching, survival, activity, filtration and growth were adversely affected by the alga and the impact was significantly increased with the increase of algal density. The inhibitory effect on egg hatching was most significant, which the hatching rate was only 30% of the control when exposed to the alga at 100 cell/cm3 after 36 h. Further experiments show that the algal culture, re-suspended cells and cell fragments had the inhibitory effect, while no such effect was from the cell-free medium, cell contents and standard STX. The results indicate that the alga could produce unknown toxins, rather than PSP, associated with the cell surface.     

Similar reproductive cycles and life-history traits in congeneric limid bivalves with different modes of nutrition

We have studied two congeneric limid bivalves, Acesta species novum and Acesta excavata (Bivalvia: Limidae), that live in similar physical conditions but use different food sources. Acesta sp. nov. live on the giant siboglinid tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi at cold seeps and feed on their eggs, a continuous food source that ultimately is derived from chemosynthesis, whereas A. excavata relies on planktonic food of photosynthetic origin, which varies seasonally. We hypothesized that these two species might show differences in the periodicity of reproduction; specifically, we predicted that A. sp. nov. would breed continuously and that A. excavata would demonstrate an annual reproductive cycle. Our hypothesis was refuted, as both species have a semi‐continuous reproductive cycle. Food quality, quantity or seasonality had no clear effect. Reproductive adults are functionally gonochoristic. Females broadcast buoyant eggs with an average size of 179 μm in A. sp. nov. and 160 μm in A. excavata. Both the size of the larval shell and the size of the spawned eggs are suggestive of pelagic lecithotrophic development. Both species also appear to be protandric hermaphrodites, changing from male to female at approximately 77 and 90 mm shell height, respectively, although not all individuals change sex. In the material investigated in this study there was a biased sex ratio favouring males.     

菲律宾蛤仔壳体和湿重生长率及影响因素浅析

选取3组不同年龄段菲律宾蛤仔进行了为期1 a的养殖观测试验,定期观测贝壳的宽度、高度、厚度和湿重,构建了菲律宾壳体生长曲线.研究发现,菲律宾蛤仔壳体生长率曲线在5月中旬和10月底出现峰值,即春季和秋季快速生长期;个体湿重生长率也出现春、秋快速生长期,其峰值长于或滞后于贝壳生长率的峰值;菲律宾蛤仔壳体和湿重的生长与环境温度、贝壳年龄、繁殖活动和饵料供应密切相关,春-夏季(水温17～22 ℃)为壳体在研究海域生长的最适宜季节.