龙滩水库溶解无机碳来源及变化特征

河流在碳的运输过程中扮演着重要角色。为探究河流筑坝拦截后龙滩水库溶解无机碳(DIC)的来源和变化特征,于2016年7月和2017年1月采集水样,然后分析了河水DIC及其碳稳定同位素(δ13C)值。研究结果表明:(1)δ13CDIC值具有显著的时空差异,表明两个季节影响DIC的主要因素和DIC的来源并不相同。雨季,DIC及其δ13C主要分布在2.04~4.12 mmol·L^-1和-5.52‰^-2.87‰的范围内;旱季,水体DIC为3.33~4.61 mmol·L^-1,而δ13CDIC显著低于雨季为-15.90‰^-9.12‰。雨季,稀释效应显著降低了DIC浓度,由于水体热分层使得DIC在水柱剖面上差异显著,而旱季由于混合作用的影响,在剖面上差异较低。(2)在雨季,河流δ13CDIC较旱季明显偏正,碳酸盐岩的强烈风化输入大量HCO3-是DIC的主要来源。在旱季,DIC和δ13CDIC成反比关系,δ13CDIC在旱季变得更低,其大部分的DIC来自于土壤CO2输入和原位有机呼吸作用。旱季水体热分层消失,混合作用使得底部具有较低δ13C值的含碳水体上涌,并与表水层混合导致其δ13CDIC值低于雨季。这种季节性模式与自然河流不同,而是与湖泊的季节变化特征更为类似,说明河流拦截蓄水后逐渐湖沼化,并显著影响了DIC的循环。     

黑河上游山地青海云杉林土壤有机碳特征及其影响因素

以黑河上游祁连山中段青海云杉林为研究对象,分析了不同林区云杉林表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳的分布特征及其与气候因子、植被特征和土壤特性的关系。结果表明：祁连山中段3个林区青海云杉林表层土壤有机碳含量为寺大隆林区[(9.38±0.72)%]>西水林区[(7.81±0.43)%]>大河口林区[(6.06±0.30)%],土壤有机碳含量平均值为(7.41±0.28)%,变异系数为37.9%。土壤有机碳含量与海拔、土壤含水量、土壤全氮呈显著正相关关系,而与土壤pH值呈显著负相关关系。经主成分分析表明,海拔和土壤pH值是影响土壤有机碳含量的第一主成分,土壤全氮是第二主成分,云杉林密度是第三主成分,累计解释率为72.47%。     

滇池流域宝象河水库沉积物中有机碳的来源

通过对滇池流域宝象河水库沉积物TOC、TN、C/N、δ13C及粒度等指标的测定,分析了沉积物中有机碳的主要来源及其变化趋势。结果表明:水体中不同位置沉积物有机碳来源并不相同,距三岔河入库河口相对较近的沉积柱芯A中C/N比值介于2.93~11.73,δ13C值介于-23.66‰~-21.78‰,有机碳主要来源于水生生物,陆源输入贡献较小,有机碳含量受粒径大小影响显著;距三岔河入库河口相对较远的沉积柱芯B中,其TOC和TN含量较高,分别介于14.62~24.93 g?kg-1和2.11~3.3 g?kg-1,δ13C值变化范围为-28.36‰~-26.36‰,粒度以黏土和细粉砂为主,有机碳主要来源于水库周边陆源输入,受人类活动影响强烈。     

雅砻江上游径流及影响因素关系研究

为研究雅砻江上游径流的变化及其积雪、气温和降水对径流的影响,首先根据相关性将年径流周期分为枯水期、融雪影响期和汛期,其次,结合MODIS 8天积雪产品、研究区气温和降水数据,采用相关分析和归因分析法分析了径流与影响因素的相关性以及各影响因素对径流变化的影响程度,最后用逐步多元回归分析法得出枯水期和融雪影响期径流的预测方程。结果表明：2000-2014年间雅砻江上游径流整体呈上升趋势,冬季积雪面积的减少导致径流减少了24.89%,汛期降水增加导致径流增加了79.38%,采用相关分析和逐步多元回归方法可有效分析径流与影响因素的关系及影响程度。     

黑河上游山地土壤容重分布特征及影响因素

土壤容重不仅可用作计算土壤持水力和导水性,也是估算土壤养分和碳储量的重要变量。野外测定土壤容重一般费时费力,特别是在地形复杂的山区,因此山地土壤容重在国内外大多数清查数据库中缺失。本文以黑河上游山地为例,基于野外调查的124个土壤剖面,研究了山地土壤容重的空间分布特征及影响因素。结果表明:黑河上游山地0~10 cm和0~60 cm土壤容重分别为0.91±0.02 g·cm^-3 和1.04±0.01 g·cm^-3;不同植被类型下,高山寒漠容重最大,山地森林最小。随着土壤深度的增加,容重呈幂函数递增;随着土壤有机质含量的增加,容重呈指数递减。区域上,黑河上游从西北到东南,容重呈递减趋势,从高海拔到低海拔,容重呈先减小后增大趋势。主成分分析(PCA)和一般线性模型(GLM)表明,与土壤容重相关的环境因子中,海拔是影响土壤表层容重的第一主成分,土壤有机质含量是第二主成分,黏粒含量和大于2.0 mm砾石含量分别为第三、四主成分。第一、二、三、四主成分分别解释土壤容重空间变异的24.00%、29.40%、0.01%、6.20%。     

西江水体有机碳含量变化及悬浮物碳同位素的意义

以西江马口断面水体为研究对象,讨论其有机碳含量、悬浮物同位素组成(δ¹³C、Δ¹⁴C)与环境之间的关系。西江马口断面有机碳含量呈现季节性变化,其中颗粒有机碳(POC)含量范围介于0.13~4.98mg/L之间,溶解有机碳(DOC)含量范围介于0.98~4.17mg/L之间,DOC/POC比值为1.34,远低于世界多数河流之比值。近年来马口断面悬浮物POCδ¹³C的变化范围介于-21.3‰~-26.1‰之间,随时间出现整体性漂移现象,表明流域生态环境整体改善。POCΔ¹⁴C变化范围介于-132‰~-425‰之间,与取样期间的流域降水过程及土壤的侵蚀相关。     

北疆地区的水化学组成特征及其影响因素

流域尺度上的水化学组成特征和来源会受到何种因素的影响和限制,是研究区乃至全球环境变化的焦点问题,需要综合考虑不同地表要素和环境下的天然水体来揭示其答案。本文选择北疆地区的三大水系（伊犁水系、准噶尔水系、额尔齐斯水系）开展水化学组成研究,以期认识中亚造山带中部干旱环境下典型水系的水化学组成特征、成因及其影响因素。本研究利用已采集的北疆三大水系天然水样品及其水化学组成分析数据,同时系统收集了北疆及其周边地区文献资料,并与其他中纬度地区和国际典型气候带地区进行了综合对比。综合数据分析结果表明,北疆水系的河流溶解性固体总浓度（TDS值）普遍高于中国季风区和湿润地区河流,也高于世界平均水平;水体的主要阴阳离子分别以Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-占主导地位;主量离子间相对浓度与中国东部季风区河流类似,也与世界大部分以碳酸盐岩风化为主导的河流相似。岩石风化作用在水化学成因上对北疆大部分地区都占据主导地位;进一步定量的结果发现,不同来源对天然水溶质贡献量大小的顺序为：蒸发岩溶解>碳酸盐岩风化>硅酸盐岩风化>大气降水,证明了蒸发岩溶解和碳酸盐岩风化的主导地位。对比硅酸盐岩风化与碳酸盐岩风化,北疆水系的中低地形区硅酸盐岩影响更大,海拔较高的山地地区则碳酸盐岩影响更大。区域降水、水热组合、径流、岩性等因素都对水化学过程产生重要的影响,但与温度的关系不明显,与流域物理侵蚀过程及其季节变化等的关系尚不明确,需要开展进一步的研究工作。     

珠江流域东江至虎门出口的河流有机碳来源与输运特征（英文）

Transport of organic carbon via rivers to estuary is a significant geochemical process in the global carbon cycle.This paper presents bulk total organic carbon(TOC) from the Dongjiang catchment to the adjacent Humen outlet,and discusses the applicability of δ13C and ratio of carbon to nitrogen(C/N) as indicators for sources of organic matter in the surface sediments.Survey results showed that organic carbon concentration in summer were higher than in the winter.An elevated trend of TOC occurred along the river to the Humen outlet in both surveys,and the highest mean values of dissolved and particular organic carbon(DOC~279 μmol L–1 and POC~163 μmol L–1) were observed in the urban deltaic region in summer flood flow.Winter samples had a wide range of δ13C and C/N(δ13C –24.6‰ to –30.0‰,C/N 4–13),and summer ones varied slightly(δ13C –24.2‰ to –27.6‰,C/N 6–18).As results suggest that POC in the three zones of upstream-delta-outlet dominantly came from riverbank soil,phytoplankton and agricultural C3 plants in winter,whereas main sources were from the riverbank and mangrove soil in summer.Moreover,anthropogenic sewage inputs had 11% and 7% contribution to POC in the deltaic and outlet.Transport accompanied with seasonal freshwater variation,phytoplankton production and degradation,and removal behavior caused variation of organic carbon concentration.The results also discovered that TOC export bulk in Dongjiang was approximately one quarter of Humen flux in the dry flow,and anthropogenic activity significantly impacted the river export contribution.     

印度河上游Bagrot山谷降水稳定同位素变化及与水汽来源的关系

利用2015年8月至2016年7月在印度河上游流域Bagrot山谷降水稳定同位素（δ18O和δD）观测结果以及当地气象资料,利用同位素示踪及统计分析方法,并结合HYSPLIT模型,对研究区降水稳定同位素变化特征、大气水线以及水汽来源进行了分析。结果表明,观测期间Bagrot山谷降水稳定同位素的季节变化明显,δ18O与δD秋冬季偏低,春夏季偏高,且与气温变化一致,存在显著的温度效应,而降水量效应不明显。而且发现,研究区局地大气水线截距和斜率均低于全球的,反映了降水过程中云下二次蒸发作用较为强烈,特别是,不同的降水形态导致该研究区局地大气水线的斜率和截距不同。当液态降水（降雨）发生时,由于在较为干旱的气候环境下,雨滴在降落的过程中受到二次蒸发相对较强,使得局地大气水线的斜率和截距偏低;而当固态降水（降雪）发生时,由于温度较低,受再循环水汽和二次蒸发的影响较小,导致局地大气水线的斜率和截距均偏高。Bagrot山谷及其周边地区,从南到北局地大气水线的斜率相差不大,而其截距总体上随着纬度升高而降低,可能与云下二次蒸发导致稳定同位素发生的不平衡分馏逐渐强烈有关。通过Bagrot山谷站点降水稳定同位素观测结果并结合HYSPLIT模型的后向追踪,研究还发现,研究区全年主要受西风环流以及局地环流的影响。但与研究区以北的临近站点（慕士塔格、和田等）相比有所不同,由于Bagrot山谷位置更靠南,其仍然偶尔受到来自南方的海洋性水汽影响。这一研究结果可能对该地区树轮稳定同位素记录的解译具有一定的指示意义。     

Channel characteristics and formation mechanism of Ganjiang River

1 General Situation of the Drainage BasinGanjiang as one of the eight major tributaries of Yangtze River, runs through the entire Jiangxi Province and holds a very important position. It consists of 46 counties and cities, representing 54% of the province total land area and 55.4% of its total population. The output value of industry and agriculture accounts for 58.3%. Different calculation results exist concerning both the length and drainage area of Ganjiang River. According to Dictiona…     

赣江入湖三角洲上的网状河流体系研究

中国南方的冲积河流有许多属于分汊河流，这已被许多研究者进行过比较深入的分析研究，但赣江在其入湖三角洲上的多河道体系与分汊河道有着明显的不同，它的形成是河流自发调整的结果，而不象分汊河流那样由节点控制。它具有网状河流所具有的地貌和沉积物特征，属于典型的网状河流体系。虽然是低含沙河流，但由于其水动力较弱及汛期基准面的上升，洪泛频繁，可输入河间地以大量的泥沙并在低能环境中发生沉积，使河道及河间地能够协调加积升高，并维持多河道体系的稳定性。     

赣江下游地区的风成沉积物

经C¹⁴测年,认为赣江下游广泛分布的"莲塘组"和"湖口组"沙质沉积物,并不是分别形成于晚更新世早期和晚期,而是不早于30kaBP,一直沿用的关于"莲塘组"和"湖口组"的划分方案值得商榷。以新建县厚田地区为工作重点,通过对沉积物的沉积结构、形组分析、电镜扫描等室内分析和野外沉积构造调查,将"莲塘组"划分为上下两段,确认"莲塘组"上段和"湖口组"均为风成沉积,并指出风成沉积与河流沉积在沉积结构和构造方面的重大差异。     

Spatial Patterns of Forest Ecosystem Services and Influencing Factors in the Ganjiang River Basin

As the major component of terrestrial ecosystems, forests play an irreplaceable role in providing ecosystem services and products (e.g. biodiversity, carbon sequestration, water yield and timber). Spatially quantifying ecosystem services and interactions will shed light on sustainable forest management. Main forest ecosystem services including carbon storage, water yield, soil retention and wood volume in the Ganjiang River Basin (GRB) were evaluated and mapped through the integrated use of InVEST3.1.0, CASA modeling and ArcGIS10.2, and relationships between forest ecosystem services and natural or social-economic factors were quantified and discussed based on ArcGIS10.2 and SPSS19.0. Results showed that the spatial pattern of the four ecosystem services is heterogeneous. Forests dominated by broad-leaved forest and bamboo forest in mountainous regions around the GRB provided the largest carbon storage and wood volume services, while forests dominated by Masson pine plantations or Chinese fir plantations in the northeast provided the largest water yield service. The spatial pattern of the soil retention service is more discrete than others, and forests in the southwestern regions showed larger soil erosion modulus than in the northeastern regions. Ecosystem services are closely related to the environmental process and human activities. With altitude or slope increases, the carbon storage and wood volume of forests increased and water yield depth and soil retention decreased. When the regional total population decreased or GDP per capita increased, carbon storage and wood volume increased. Further research into the interactions between environmental factors and ecosystem services is needed in order to understand environmental constraints when dealing with ecological problems.     

输沙量、侵蚀量与泥沙输移比的流域尺度关系——以赣江流域为例

输沙量、侵蚀量与泥沙输移比的流域尺度转换研究是当前流域侵蚀产沙研究领域的前沿课题,旨在通过尺度转换理论将坡面小区试验研究成果转换到流域的更大范围。以赣江流域实测输沙量和计算侵蚀量与泥沙输移比数据为基础,探讨了该流域3个变量的流域尺度关系,进而研究分析了3个变量尺度转换的可能性。3个变量与流域面积的关系散点图和相关方程都反映了这3者与流域面积不存在明显的相关关系,相悖于前人反比关系的结论。文章还阐述了流域面积的内涵及输沙量、侵蚀量和输移比的影响因素与流域面积的关系,发现3个变量的影响因素与流域面积不存在尺度效应。由此推断在赣江流域输沙量、侵蚀量和泥沙输移比实现尺度转换存在的可能性不大。这一研究结论是否成立或是否具有普遍性意义还有待于更多流域的研究成果来进一步证实。     

三峡库区梁滩河流域水化学与硝酸盐污染

运用水化学和水质分析技术,测定了三峡库区梁滩河流域地表水体和地下水体中的水化学组成和硝酸盐氮含量,揭示了梁滩河流域地表水和地下水水体的水化学组成和硝酸盐污染的空间分布规律、来源及循环过程。结果表明:梁滩河流域地表水的硝酸盐污染表现为沿着地表径流从上游到下游呈现出加重的趋势,这种污染趋势与养殖业、生活和工农业废污水的沿程直接排放有着直接关系;而地下水硝酸盐污染呈现出流域上游和下游较轻、而中游东侧支流区域较重的空间分布特征,这种空间分布特征与地表水体中氨氮和有机氮的含量、地表水与地下水之间的补给排泄关系、厚层土壤包气带的存在以及土地利用状况等因素有着密切的关系。     

Dynamical variations in groundwater chemistry influenced by intermittent water delivery at the lower reaches of the Tarim River

The water of Bosten Lake was released to lower reaches of the Tarim River for 5 times from 2000 to 2002. The changes of total dissolved solid (TDS) and the major ions (SO2-4, Cl-, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO-3) were analyzed during this period. It was found out that TDS and the concentrations of the major ions initially and quickly increased and then decreased, but finally increased again. These changes were different at different distances from the river, which indicated that the groundwater changes relied on the distance from the river. In addition, the salt in groundwater was only diluted but not removed by the water. It was suggested that ecological measures should be sought to really promote the quality of the groundwater at the lower reaches of the Tarim River.     

塔里木河下游地下水化学特征对生态输水的动态响应

1IntroductionAs an indispensable part of water resource, groundwater plays an important role in ecological environment. Especially in arid and semi-arid area, the changes of groundwater chemistry even determine the ecological process (Ji, 2001; Murgai, 20…     

生态需水研究:以东辽河流域坡面系统为例

The ecological water demand (EWD) is the least water amount required to maintain the structure and the function of the special eco-system and the temporal scale of a study on the EWD must be a season‘s time. Based on GIS and RS with the source information of hydrological data of 46 hydrological gauges covering 52 years and the digital images of Landsat TM in 1986, 1996 and 2000, the landscape patterns, precipitation and runoff in the East Liaohe River Basin were analyzed. With the result of the above analysis, the spatial and temporal changes of the ecological water demand in the slope systems (EWDSS) of the East Liaohe River Basin (ELRB) were derived. Landscapes in the ELRB are dispersed and strongly disturbed by human actions. The hydrological regime in ELRB has distinct spatial variations. The average annual EWDSS in the ELRB is 504.72 mm (324.08-618.89 mm), and the average EWDSS in the growth season (from May to September) is 88.29% of the year‘s total EWDSS .The ultimate guaranteeing ratio of the EWDSS in ELRB is 90%. The scarce EWDSS area in the whole year and in the growth season are 60.47% and 74.01% of the entire basin respectively. The trend of scarce EWDSS area is most serious according to the quantity and area of scarce EWDSS regions.     

长江上游山区聚落与水土保持的耦合机制

运用地理学、生态学和物理学的理论,从全新的角度对长江上游山区聚落形成的环境机制进行了系统的分析,提出山区聚落与水土保持之间存在的内在联系：1．山区聚落场所地处山体的自然截流部位,山区耕地的数量和质量是人类聚落对山地坡面过程中水、土资源截流效果的指示器,截留的规模决定聚落规模;2．小流域综合治理是一个完整的截流或节流体系,水土保持的本质就是对山地坡面过程截留;3．通过水土保持,人类获得赖以生存的物质和能量。因此,水土保持是山区聚落生态建设的基础工程,是链接人口、资源与环境协调发展的纽带,沟通人文聚落与自然环境和谐共处的桥梁。