Towards a general model of quick clay development

ABSTRACT Within the clear definition of a quick clay as being a soil which has a sensitivity greater than 30 and a remoulded strength less than 0.5 kPa, a general model for quick clay development is presented, based on the influences of various material properties and natural processes on the sensitivity and remoulded strength. The influences are separated according to depositional requirements and post-depositional factors and according to whether the influence is to increase the undisturbed strength or to decrease the remoulded strength. Depositional factors are the requirements for a flocculated structure and the dominance of low activity minerals. Post-depositional factors are cementation and slow load increase, which increase the undisturbed strength, and little consolidation, leaching and dispersants, which decrease the remoulded strength. The application of the model to marine, brackish water and freshwater sediments is discussed.     

干湿过程中膨胀土最大剪切模量及其预测

为了研究膨胀土在天然环境下的动力特性,本文利用装有弯曲元的三轴仪对南阳膨胀土原状样和重塑样进行了最大剪切模量的测试试验。试验包括在不同围压下的饱和原状南阳膨胀土最大剪切模量测试;将初始干密度相近的原状样和重塑样分别进行脱湿和吸湿,量测整个过程中最大剪切模量的变化,并结合孔隙比进行分析。试验结果表明:饱和南阳膨胀土的最大剪切模量随着围压增大而增大;脱湿过程中南阳膨胀土最大剪切模量与含水率关系曲线要高于吸湿过程的曲线,即最大剪切模量与含水率关系存在滞回特性,这主要是吸力作用的缘故;初始干密度相近条件下原状样的最大剪切模量比重塑样的要小,这是由于原状样内部存在较多大孔隙。本文最后对饱和土最大剪切模量公式进行改进,使之适用于非饱和原状南阳膨胀土最大剪切模量的预测。     

晋中马兰黄土的K0固结特性

静止土压力系数K₀描述土体的原位应力状态,是许多工程计算的重要参数。本文通过等应变速率K₀固结试验,研究原状和重塑马兰黄土的K₀变化规律,并探讨这种变化与内部结构的关系。结果表明：(1)原状和重塑马兰黄土的K₀均不是恒定值,根据土体结构的变化,其固结过程可分为初始阶段和稳定阶段。初始阶段K₀(以K_0i表示)随含水率的增加呈线性增长,稳定阶段K₀(以K_0s表示)随含水率的增加呈双曲线增长,且K_0s始终大于K_0i。(2)原状马兰黄土的K_0i小于重塑马兰黄土,原因在于原状马兰黄土具有很强的簇聚结构,这种竖向结构弱化了水平应力的增长;而重塑马兰黄土趋于均质,呈各向同性,进而导致较高的K_0i。(3)稳定阶段,原状马兰黄土的初始结构被破坏,与重塑马兰黄土近似,使得两者的K_0s相近。(4)相较于其他类土,原状马兰黄土的...     

Direct shear tests on Mexico City clay with reference to friction pile behaviour

Summary This paper presents results of static and cyclic direct shear tests performed on undisturbed and remoulded samples of Mexico City clays, including results of soil-on-interface tests. Experiments show that the static adhesion coefficient depends on the soils' liquidity index and that it diminishes due to the effect of repeated dynamic loads. Dynamic overstrength effects were not apparent, as has been observed when testing this clay in other apparatus. Interface strength in remoulded clays is initially less than half the strength of interfaces with undisturbed materials but it increases with time. At least in the materials tested in this research, it did not equal the strength of interfaces with undisturbed materials. Correction factors derived from experimental data can be used to modify the adhesion coefficient to account for dynamic and remoulding effects.     

A destructuration theory and its application to SANICLAY model

Many natural clays have an undisturbed shear strength in excess of the remoulded strength. Destructuration modeling provides a means to account for such sensitivity in a constitutive model. This paper extends the SANICLAY model to include destructuration. Two distinct types of destructuration are considered: isotropic and frictional. The former is a concept already presented in relation to other models and in essence constitutes a mechanism of isotropic softening of the yield surface with destructuration. The latter refers to the reduction of the critical stress ratio reflecting the effect of destructuration on the friction angle, and is believed to be a novel proposition. Both the types depend on a measure of destructuration rate expressed in terms of combined plastic volumetric and deviatoric strain rates. The SANICLAY model itself is generalized from its previous form by additional dependence of the yield surface on the third isotropic stress invariant. Such a generalization allows to obtain as particular cases simplified model versions of lower complexity including one with a single surface and associative flow rule, by simply setting accordingly parameters of the generalized version. A detailed calibration procedure of the relatively few model constants is presented, and the performance of three versions of the model, in descending order of complexity, is validated by comparison of simulations to various data for oedometric consolidation followed by triaxial undrained compression and extension tests on two structured clays. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

上海粉土液化特性及孔压模型的试验研究

根据循环三轴试验,分析了上海原状及重塑粉土的液化特性,提出了原状粉土的孔压上升模型,并与细砂的液化特性和孔模型进行了对比。     

原状膨胀土剪切力学特性的应变速率效应

为研究应变速率对原状膨胀土力学性状的影响,通过GDS三轴试验系统进行了不同速率和围压下的固结不排水三轴剪切试验,分析了应力−应变曲线、孔隙水压力、剪切强度以及破坏模式随应变速率的变化规律。结果表明：不同应变速率下,膨胀土应力−应变曲线均呈应变硬化型。随着应变速率的增加,不排水剪切强度单调递增,引入应变速率参数ρ_0.9后发现,不排水强度增长率为14.3%～23.2%,平均值为18.4%。低围压下,应变速率对孔隙水压力影响较小,随着围压的增大,孔隙水压力的发展趋势由软化型转变为硬化型,孔隙水压力峰值随应变速率的增大而减小。原状膨胀土应变速率效应与其多裂隙性密切相关,破坏形式表现为小应变速率下主剪切带与次剪切带共存,大应变速率下仅有主剪切带,裂隙或多剪切带的出现强化了膨胀土强度的应变速率效应。     

吹填软土邓肯-张模型与应变硬化指数理论研究

天津滨海新区正在进行大规模吹填造陆工程,由于吹填土成分主要以细粒为主,固结不充分,工后沉降问题成为亟需解决的问题。通过吹填软土重塑样的三轴固结剪切试验,以试验所得的应力应变关系曲线为基础,比较研究了邓肯一张模型和应变硬化指数理论。结果表明：两种模型各有特点,邓肯张模型能够准确预测应力应变曲线的始末段,而应变硬化指数理论参数能够反映吹填重塑土的应变硬化能力。     

黄河三角洲粉土循环剪切特性的试验研究

利用土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,对黄河三角洲埕北海域原状粉土试样进行了循环三轴和循环扭剪试验,以此探讨了原状海底粉土的动力变形与强度特性,确定了最大动剪切模量及动力变形参数随剪应变的变化规律。基于循环三轴试验结果,建立了残余孔隙水压力发展变化规律的双曲线经验模式,对动强度关于循环次数的依赖性提出了经验关系,确定了有关试验参数及其关于固结应力比的依赖性。与循环三轴试验结果相对比,认为在土工抗震设计中采用循环三轴试验结果稍偏于保守。     

Creep behaviour of intact and remoulded fibrous peat

This paper presents the creep behaviour of intact and remoulded specimens of fibrous peat obtained from a field site near Anzac, Alberta, Canada. The creep behaviour was investigated by means of long-term drained and undrained triaxial tests. The development of volumetric, axial, and undrained axial strain and strain rate during drained and undrained creep tests under variable stress conditions is presented. The stress _– strain _– strain rate (p′–ε _v–\(\dot{\varepsilon }_{\text{v}}\)) relationship is found to be unique for different stress and loading durations. The p′–ε _v–\(\dot{\varepsilon }_{\text{v}}\) relationship is analysed and represented by creep isotaches. The applicability of different creep models developed for normally consolidated clay is discussed and applied to define the development of creep strain in fibrous peat under varying isotropic and deviator stresses. The secondary consolidation coefficient for evaluating the volumetric strain rate of peat is found to be applicable with some limits. The drained creep behaviour of remoulded peat specimens differs from the behaviour shown by Shelby tube specimens, whereas the undrained creep behaviour in remoulded and Shelby tube specimens is similar.     

The loess of north-central China: Geotechnical properties and their relation to slope stability

Loess is an aeolian deposit consisting of predominantly silt-sized quartz particles, and containing variable amounts of clay-sized minerals. Loess is generally classified as a water-softening material, because upon wetting the loess fabric rapidly weakens or collapses. The strain hardening of Malan loess and the brittle failure of Lishi and Wucheng loess are in strong contrast to the failure behaviour of these loess deposits in a remoulded state. From tests carried out on samples with varying moisture contents, using a modified Bromhead ring shear apparatus, it was found that the effective apparent cohesion gradually increases and the effective internal friction angle decreases with an increase in moisture content. When the moisture content reaches a material-specific threshold, the effective cohesion decreases rapidly and the effective internal friction angle stabilises at a residual value.

The frequent failure of loess slopes in the western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau is closely related to progressive weathering along zones in these slopes, which causes a dramatic decrease in strength from the peak strength condition. Progressive weathering is common in the loess slopes in the western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau. During the process shear strength reduction along potential slip surfaces may be achieved by leaching of readily soluble salts, destruction of cementation bonds, and redistribution of particles. Localized collapse of the loess fabric causes internal deformation and consequently peak strength conditions are concentrated on a progressively smaller area of the failure plane. Therefore, the mode of failure of loess slopes is generally determined by brittle failure of the undisturbed, and unweathered, central parts of the slopes. It is important that both the weathered and unweathered strength of the loessmaterials in this area be established in order to analyze the stability of existing loessslopes, many of which are steepand lie directly above domestic and industrial urban areas.     

考虑中主应力变化的原状黄土变形特性研究

为研究在高围压条件下考虑中主应力变化的原状黄土变形特性,利用西安理工大学真三轴仪对原状黄土进行了控制固结围压和中主应力b值的等b等p(p为球应力)剪切试验,试验给出了高围压条件下各主应变之间的关系,得到了不同高围压条件下的破坏应变与不同b值阶段的影响规律。结果表明：高围压条件下,所有b值阶段的ε₃均为膨胀变形;b=0.2为中主应变变形临界点,0≤b<0.2为中主应变膨胀变形,0.22)、小主应变的b值敏感度K(ε₃)和广义应变的b值敏感度K(ε_s)在b值为0～0.7之间均增长,0.7～0.9之间受b值变化影响减弱,0.9～1.0受b值变化影响最大。K(ε_v)基本在0～5范围内,说明在不同中主应力阶段破坏体应变受b值变化的影响程度较小。     

天水黄土结构性变化诱发滑坡敏感性分析

黄土高原地区黄土滑坡频频发生,尤其是近年来极端气候条件增多,集中强降雨导致甘肃天水地区黄土滑坡群发.2013年8月,在经历一周持续降雨之后,天水地区产生了大量的黄土滑坡以及黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡.黄土地区滑坡发生后一些滑坡的复活往往与黄土的结构性存在紧密联系.选取天水花南村滑坡后壁黄土为研究对象,利用GDS三轴仪对滑坡区黄土原状样和重塑样进行了固结不排水三轴压缩试验.试验结果表明,原状黄土表现出明显的应变软化特征,而重塑黄土的应变软化现象急剧减小,二者的孔隙水压力变化特征也有差异.同时基于三轴试验结果,绘制了原状黄土和重塑黄土的应力路径图,应力路径图再次证实了重塑样应变软化减小的现象.孔隙水压力随轴向应变变化图中可见,剪切初始阶段,重塑样的孔隙水压力增加较原状样更为迅速,对于滑坡的诱发更加敏感.     

结构性软土力学特性试验研究

选取广州南沙典型软土为研究对象,进行了剪切、无侧限抗压、固结等室内试验.从强度和变形两方面对试样的结构性进行了研究,分析了原状土和重塑土的变形特性、强度特性和固结特性,揭示了所研究的区域性软土的结构性特征以及这一特征对软土工程性质的影响.试验结果表明:结构性软士经扰动后强度明显降低,压缩性增加;原状土的同结特性与结构屈服压力有关,压缩曲线呈现3阶段特征.在同一级荷载下扰动后的土体变形规律较原状土有更明显的主次固结划分界限.结构屈服压力是变形规律的控制因素之一,可以通过压缩系数-固结压力曲线近似确定.试验结果还表明,当崮结压力较大时,原状土的结构被完伞破坏,此时结构性对土体力学特性的影响可被削弱,甚至消失.     

不同黏结剂配比条件下型煤力学及渗透特性试验研究

利用含瓦斯煤热-流-固耦合三轴伺服渗流装置,为使得型煤力学及渗透特性更接近原煤,选取水泥作为黏结剂,进行了不同黏结剂配比条件下的型煤和原煤三轴压缩试验对比研究。基于欧式距离的相似性度量方法对能反映型煤的力学及渗透特性的特征值指标进行定量评价。结果表明：随黏结剂含量的增加,型煤的峰值主应力差、弹性模量近乎呈正指数函数递增趋势,泊松比呈负指数函数递减趋势;随着黏结剂含量的增加,型煤的初始渗透率、最小渗透率基本呈负指数函数递减趋势,且其渗透率变化率随黏结剂含量的增加越来越小,表现为渗透率-轴向应变曲线越来越平缓;基于欧式距离的相似性度量方法得出水泥黏结剂配比为IV型的型煤在力学及渗透特性方面与原煤最为接近,可以作为模拟原煤的相似材料。     

长江入海口原状土动剪切模量预测方法探究

为探究同一类原状土在各应变范围内动剪切模量G随土层深度H的变化规律,对长江入海口处同一钻孔自地表至基岩深度范围内原状粉质黏土与粉土展开系列共振柱试验。试验发现：原状粉质黏土与粉土在各应变范围内G均随H的增加而规律性增加,最大动剪切模量Gmax随H的增加而线性上升;G衰减关系随H的增加呈现规律性降低。试验结果表明：原状土G与土层深度H存在一定相关,据此提出了分别基于土层深度H和Hardin模型的G预测方法,用以预测各类原状土在不同深度下的Gmax及其在各应变范围内的G。通过3种预测方法的对比分析,得出基于土层深度H的G预测方法最具优势,并且通过对渤海海域原状土数据的重新处理进一步验证了该方法的适用性。     

土体直剪力学特性颗粒尺度效应理论与试验研究

土体是一种颗粒物质,其强度与变形特性具有显著的颗粒尺度效应。根据土体颗粒间的连结性状和微重比,将土颗粒划分为基体颗粒与加强颗粒。构建了反映土体内部材料信息和颗粒特征信息的土体胞元,基于应变梯度理论建立可以描述土体颗粒尺度效应的土体胞元模型。设计一系列饱和重塑土的直接快剪试验以研究土体直剪力学特性的颗粒尺度效应,并定量计算了土体胞元模型的应变梯度和內禀尺度等微细观计算参数。试验结果表明,土体的剪切屈服应力随加强颗粒体积比和平均应变梯度的增加而增加,且与加强颗粒体积比呈近似线性关系,与平均应变梯度呈抛物线关系;加强颗粒粒径对土体的剪切屈服应力影响不明显。土体剪切屈服应力的试验结果与土体胞元模型的预测结果一致。     

磐安结构性黄土动阻尼特征及其演化规律研究

地震作用往往会导致结构性黄土动强度的衰减,引发黄土滑坡、振陷等一系列地质灾害,而强度的衰减与其阻尼特性密切相关,因而结构性黄土的动态阻尼特征及其演化规律问题是岩土工程抗震的重要研究课题之一。为此,以天水磐安结构性黄土为研究对象,开展了天然、饱和条件下原状黄土和重塑黄土的动力学特性试验。在试验基础上,分析并比较了黄土的动模量、动阻尼响应特征及其演化规律。研究表明:天然、饱和条件下原状黄土和重塑黄土的动应力随动应变的增大而增大,动模量随动应变的增大而减小,动阻尼比随着动应变的增大而增大;受黄土结构性的影响,原状黄土的最大动模量比重塑黄土的稍大,原状、重塑黄土的最大动模量比饱和原状、饱合重塑黄土的稍大;黄土结构性较强时需要考虑试样固结应力对阻尼比的影响,饱和重塑黄土可以忽略试样固结应力对阻尼比的影响。     

Effect of cyclic loading on monotonic shear strength of fine-grained soils

In this study the effect of cyclic loads on monotonic shear strength has been studied on torsional apparatus. Tests have been conducted on both reconstituted and undisturbed fine-grained hollow soil specimens. The plasticity index of soils is in the range from 2 to 33 for reconstituted specimens, prepared by dry pluviation, and from 5 to 13 for undisturbed soil specimens. The existence of a critical shear strain level, called yield shear strain, where softening starts, is determined from cyclic tests. The level of cyclic yield strain is ± 0.75% for the reconstituted soil specimens and ± 0.5% for the undisturbed soils. If soil undergoes a cyclic shear strain level below the cyclic yield strain, reduction of monotonic strength of reconstituted and undisturbed specimens is limited, but when cyclic shear strain level is larger than yield strain monotonic strength decreases down to 40% of its initial strength.     

卸荷损伤原状膨胀土剪切力学特性试验研究

通过GDS三轴试验系统对经历3种卸荷速率损伤后的原状南阳膨胀土样进行再加荷不排水三轴伸长剪切试验,同时考虑了超固结比与固结状态的影响。试验结果表明,膨胀土再加荷剪切力学特性与初始卸荷速率有关。在相同的轴向应变下,初始卸荷速率越小,其偏应力单调越小。在主应力方向改变前后,其应力?应变关系曲线斜率显著变化。相同固结方式与超固结比状态下,孔隙水压力均表现为先增大后减小趋势,孔隙水压力峰值应变随卸荷速率增大而减小。无论是等压固结还是K0固结,初始卸荷速率越大,不排水剪切强度越大。膨胀土样经历了初始卸荷损伤后,再加荷常规三轴伸长试验所得剪切强度均低于无损伤时的强度。以膨胀土破坏强度所得损伤度SD低估了卸荷速率对膨胀土的损伤程度,建议采用孔隙水压力峰值强度进行膨胀土边坡设计计算。原状膨胀土力学性状随卸荷速率损伤的演化规律受卸荷阶段轴向应变大小及裂隙性综合影响。