上海人工冻结黏土单轴无侧限抗压强度试验研究

对3种不同含水率的上海冻结黏土进行了单轴无侧限抗压强度试验。通过对试验数据的分析可知,单轴抗压强度受温度、加载速率、含水率及干密度等因素影响;温度越低、加载速率越大,冻土强度越高。得到了抗压强度与温度的指数函数模型参数和抗压强度与加载速率的幂函数模型参数,建立了以温度、加载速率、含水率（干密度）为变量的强度模型方程。通过正交试验分析得出,各因素对冻土抗压强度的影响程度由大到小依次为温度、加载速率、含水率。     

石灰改良红层无侧限抗压强度试验研究

红层是一种特殊岩土,作为路基材料时,常会导致不均匀沉陷、翻浆冒泥等病害。为改善其力学性质,工程上通常掺入一定剂量的石灰（Ca（OH）₂）进行改良。由于降水-蒸发的周期性变化,运营期间反复干湿循环作用对路基土的工程性质造成较大影响。基于此,结合室内无侧限抗压强度试验,研究了干湿循环作用对不同掺量的石灰改良红层无侧限抗压强度的影响。结果表明：在最佳含水率下,石灰改良红层的无侧限抗压强度随石灰掺量的增加而增大;干湿循环作用对改良红层无侧限抗压强度的影响与石灰掺量有关,石灰掺量较低时,改良红层的抗压强度随干湿循环次数的增加而减小,石灰掺量较高时,改良红层的无侧限抗压强度随干湿循环次数的增加而显著增大;未改良红层塑性较大,试样均为塑性鼓胀破坏,掺入石灰后,红层强度增大,脆性增强,呈脆性剪切破坏,经历干湿循环作用后,石灰改良红层试样呈多缝锥形破坏。     

冻结水泥土无侧限抗压试验研究

城市地铁盾构进出洞及联络通道施工中常常采用水泥土预先加固辅以人工冻结法补充加固的施工工艺,为掌握冻结水泥土的力学性能及相关设计参数,开展了系列冻结水泥土无侧限抗压性能室内试验研究,研究结果表明:水泥土无侧限抗压强度随温度的降低、水泥掺入比的增加呈线性增大,随养护龄期的增加呈对数增大;水泥土的抗压强度和弹性模量随着温度的降低基本呈线性增大,在常温下随水泥掺入比呈线性增大,在-10℃下随水泥掺入比呈指数增大,并随着养护龄期的增加呈对数增大;温度、水泥掺入比和龄期三个因素中温度对水泥土抗压强度的影响最大;随水泥掺入比、龄期的增加,冻结水泥土与常温水泥土强度及弹性模量差异呈指数规律减小,最终趋于稳定比值.     

用似水灰比对水泥土无侧限抗压强度的预测

对以连云港地区的海相软土为原料的水泥土进行了一系列物理、强度试验,分析了含水量、水泥用量和龄期对水泥土强度的影响,提出了似水灰比的概念用于水泥土强度的预测。采用提出的水泥土强度预测公式,根据某一似水灰比、龄期28 d某种的水泥土室内试验强度,可以预测不同含水量、不同水泥用量和不同龄期的水泥土室内试验强度。通过比较分析发现,得出水泥土强度预测公式可以很好地应用于其他研究者已经发表的水泥土试验数据,进一步验证了所提出的强度预测公式的有效性。     

Prediction of unconfined compressive strength of carbonate rocks using artificial neural networks

The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of intact rocks is an important geotechnical parameter for engineering applications. Determining UCS using standard laboratory tests is a difficult, expensive and time consuming task. This is particularly true for thinly bedded, highly fractured, foliated, highly porous and weak rocks. Consequently, prediction models become an attractive alternative for engineering geologists. The objective of study is to select the explanatory variables (predictors) from a subset of mineralogical and index properties of the samples, based on all possible regression technique, and to prepare a prediction model of UCS using artificial neural networks (ANN). As a result of all possible regression, the total porosity and P-wave velocity in the solid part of the sample were determined as the inputs for the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm based ANN (LM-ANN). The performance of the LM-ANN model was compared with the multiple linear regression (REG) model. When training and testing results of the outputs of the LM-ANN and REG models were examined in terms of the favorite statistical criteria, which are the determination coefficient, adjusted determination coefficient, root mean square error and variance account factor, the results of LM-ANN model were more accurate. In addition to these statistical criteria, the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test, as an alternative to the Student’s t test, was used for comparing the homogeneities of predicted values. When all the statistics had been investigated, it was seen that the LM-ANN that has been developed, was a successful tool which was capable of UCS prediction.     

Variability of unconfined compressive strength in relation to number of test samples

Unconfined compressive strength is one of the most commonly used properties in rock engineering. Estimation or selection of an appropriate value of unconfined compressive strength for a given rock can be difficult as it can vary greatly within the same rock unit. Considering this large variability, unconfined compressive strength obtained by testing just a few samples is questionable. The purpose of this study was to investigate the variability of unconfined compressive strength for a given rock and, based on this information, determine the minimum number of samples required for obtaining a reliable value. Unconfined compressive strength values for approximately 50 NX-size (2.125 in./5.4 cm) core samples were determined for five different rock types. Statistical analyses were performed on subsets of cores to determine the minimum number of samples required to render a reliable estimate of the average strength of the entire set of cores. The results indicate that the minimum number of samples needed for strength determination depends on the statistical method used, the chosen confidence interval, and the acceptable deviation from the mean. For a 95% confidence interval and a 20% acceptable strength deviation from the mean, either 9 or 10 samples are needed to test for strength, depending on the statistical analysis used.     

Prediction of the unconfined compressive strength of compacted granular soils by using inference systems

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and artificial neural network (ANN) models have been extensively used to predict different soil properties in geotechnical applications. In this study, it was aimed to develop ANFIS and ANN models to predict the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of compacted soils. For this purpose, 84 soil samples with different grain-size distribution compacted at optimum water content were subjected to the unconfined compressive tests to determine their UCS values. Many of the test results (for 64 samples) were used to train the ANFIS and the ANN models, and the rest of the experimental results (for 20 samples) were used to predict the UCS of compacted samples. To train these models, the clay content, fine silt content, coarse silt content, fine sand content, middle sand content, coarse sand content, and gravel content of the total soil mass were used as input data for these models. The UCS values of compacted soils were output data in these models. The ANFIS model results were compared with those of the ANN model and it was seen that the ANFIS model results were very encouraging. Consequently, the results of this study have important findings indicating reliable and simple prediction tools for the UCS of compacted soils.     

Determination of unconfined compressive strength and Young's modulus of porous materials by indentation tests

The formation of a compacted zone under the indenter seems to be the major factor controlling the indentation process in porous rocks. In the case of very porous materials, where the pore structure fails and deformation (by structural collapse) proceeds with almost no increase in the applied load and with very limited damage to the surrounding material, no chipping is observed. The extent of the compacted zone is controlled by the porosity of the material and by the strength of its porous structure. This paper presents an interpretation model developed by the authors to obtain the uniaxial compressive strength of porous materials from the results of indentation tests. It is based on the model proposed by Wilson et al. (Int. J. Mech. Sci., 17, 1975, 457) for the interpretation of indentation tests on compressible foams and on an estimation by the authors of the extent of the compacted zone under the indenter. The results of indentation tests can also be used to obtain the Young's modulus of the material with a model proposed by Gill et al. (Proceedings of the 13th Canadian Symposium on Rock Mechanics, 1980, 1103). Uniaxial compression and indentation tests have been performed on artificial porous materials showing porosities varying between 44 and 68%. The uniaxial compressive strength values obtained from both types of test show a very good agreement. For the Young's modulus, the values obtained from the two types of test are different but the variation of the moduli with porosity is the same. Finally, a parameter called permanent penetration modulus is proposed as a means of characterizing the uniaxial compressive strength of porous materials.     

含裂隙膨胀土无侧限抗压强度特征试验研究

膨胀土易发育大量裂隙,对其工程性质影响显著。引入一种膨胀土试样预制裂隙方法,对特定裂隙形态下膨胀土试样开展无侧限抗压试验,研究了膨胀土强度特征受裂隙形态的影响,并揭示了裂隙的作用机制。研究结果表明：（1）裂隙形态显著影响试样破坏模式,垂直于受力方向裂隙越宽,破坏模式由剪切-拉伸破坏向张拉破坏转变;平行于受力方向裂隙条数...     

冻结粉质黏土三轴抗压强度和变形特性试验研究

通过对-6℃冻结粉质黏土在1～9 MPa的围压范围内进行一系列的三轴压缩试验,分析了冻土的变形和强度特性.结果表明：不同围压下,冻结粉质黏土的应力-应变曲线形态基本相似,而软化程度及初始阶段的硬化速率则有所不同.根据摩尔-库仑准则,得到广义黏聚力和广义内摩擦角随围压的变化规律,同时基于包络线理论建立非线性强度准则,以描述冻结粉质黏土强度随围压先增大后减小的变化规律.     

Optimized neural network using beetle antennae search for predicting the unconfined compressive strength of jet grouting coalcretes

This investigation studied the coalcrete, a new supporting material produced by jet grouting (JG) for supporting surrounding coal seams. For support design, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the coalcrete is an essential parameter to evaluate the jet grouting effect in coal mines. In this study, an intelligent technique was proposed for predicting the UCS of the coalcrete by combining back propagation neural network (BPNN) and beetle antennae search (BAS). The architecture of BPNN was first tuned by BAS, and then, the optimized BPNN-BAS model was subsequently used for nonlinear relationship modeling. Several crucial influencing variables including water-cement ratio, coal-grout ratio, and curing time were selected as the inputs. By combining these variables, 360 coalcrete samples were prepared in a controlled laboratory environment and tested for establishing the dataset. The results demonstrate that BAS can tune the BPNN architecture more efficiently compared with random selection. Moreover, in comparison with multiple regression (MLR) and logistic regression (LR), and support vector machine (SVM), the optimized BPNN-BAS model is more reliable and accurate for predicting coalcrete strength. Sensitivity analysis (SA) was used to obtain the variable importance, and the results demonstrate that curing time affects the UCS of the coalcrete most strongly, followed by water-cement ratio and coal-grout ratio. The success of this study provides an accurate and brief approach to coalcrete strength prediction.     

矿渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物固化淤泥质黏土的抗压强度试验研究EI北大核心CSCD

为解决水泥固化淤泥质黏土早期强度不足及制备水泥时高污染、高能耗及高成本等问题,采用一步法制备矿渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物用以固化淤泥质黏土,研究硅铝原材料之比、固体激发剂与原材料比及水灰比对固化黏土抗压强度的影响规律,并采用电镜扫描和X射线能谱分析等试验方法进行微观分析,揭示其固化机制。试验结果表明:当硅铝原材料为90%矿渣和10%粉煤灰,碱性激发剂占硅铝原材料质量比为0.15,水灰比为0.7时,其14 d的无侧限抗压强度达到1.5 MPa。矿渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物主要产物有无定型的水化硅酸钙、水化铝酸钙凝胶,是固化黏土抗压强度提升的主要原因。研究结果为地质聚合物在淤泥质黏土加固中应用奠定一定的理论基础。     

Correlation of Schmidt hardness with unconfined compressive strength and Young''s modulus in gypsum from Sivas (Turkey)

This study aims to express the relationships between Schmidt rebound number (N) with unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and Young's modulus (E_t) of the gypsum by empirical equations. As known, the Schmidt hammer has been used worldwide as an index test for a quick rock strength and deformability characterisation due to its rapidity and easiness in execution, simplicity, portability, low cost and nondestructiveness. In this study, gypsum samples have been collected from various locations in the Miocene-aged gypsum of Sivas Basin and tested. The tests include the determination of Schmidt hammer rebound number (N), tangent Young's modulus (E_t) and unconfined compressive strength. Finally, obtained parameters were correlated and regression equations were established among Schmidt hammer rebound hardness, tangent Young's modulus and unconfined compressive strength, presenting high coefficients of correlation. It appears that there is a possibility of estimating unconfined compressive strength and Young's modulus of gypsum, from their Schmidt hammer rebound number by using the proposed empirical relationships of UCS=exp(0.818+0.059N) and E_t=exp(1.146+0.054N). However, the equations must be used only for the gypsum with an acceptable accuracy, especially at the preliminary stage of designing a structure. Finally, by using the obtained Schmidt hammer rebound number from this study, unconfined compressive strength was calculated and compared with the calculated value from different empirical equations proposed by different authors. It can be said that it is impossible to obtain only one relation for all types of the rocks.     

粉质黏土强度指标的水化学敏感性研究

通过对重塑粉质黏土的液、塑限和固结慢速直剪试验,探讨了粉质黏土液限、塑性指数及抗剪强度与不同浓度NaCl孔隙溶液的关系。试验结果表明,随着孔隙溶液浓度增加,液限随之减小,塑性指数表现出粉土的性质;不同竖向正应力下的强度随浓度变化表现出较大的差异,正应力较低时,强度不断减小,而正应力较高时,则强度不断增大,正应力介于二者之间强度则先降后升;内摩擦角随浓度增加而增大,最终趋于稳定;黏聚力先迅速减小后逐渐回升,且均为负值。其性质变化主要是因为扩散双电层、颗粒间作用力以及孔隙比发生了改变。基于Terzaghi的有效应力原理,对饱和粉质黏土固结慢速直剪试验测得的负值黏聚力进行了分析和讨论,认为渗透压力对黏聚力起了非常重要的作用,从而使黏聚力成为负值。     

Relationship among fatigue strength,mean grain size and compressive strength of a rock

Fatigue tests carried on three sets of samples having different mean grain sizes revealed that fatigue strength is a function of mean grain size of the rock. Samples having smaller grain size show higher value of fatigue strength. Graywacke samples from Flagstaff formation having mean grain sizes of 1.79 mm, 1.35 mm and 0.93 mm showed fatigue strengths of 87%, 88.25% and 89.1% respectively. Since the mean uniaxial compressive strength also varied with varying grain size, i. e. higher mean strength value for samples having finer grain size; the fatigue strength of a rock also shows a converse relation with mean uniaxial compressive strength.     

Numerical study of the biaxial compressive strength of high strength concrete based on a yield design micromechanical approach

This paper presents a numerical study of high strength concrete microstructure effects on its uniaxial and biaxial compressive strengths. Concrete is first represented as a set of angular aggregates interacting within a cement paste matrix. Then, a yield design kinematic approach is conducted at the mesoscopic scale in order to determine the concrete compressive strength for a given loading path. The proposed model, having a low computational cost, is able to capture the main microstructure effects already observed in literature on concrete uniaxial compressive strength, in particular, the aggregates volume fraction and maximal size effects. Finally, the proposed model also predicts the biaxial failure envelope of high strength concrete and confirms some experimental trends observed in literature.     

Statistical prediction formula for compressive strength of a rock

SummaryStatistical Prediction Formula for Compressive Strength of a Rock Compressive strength of a rock, amongst its other mechanical properties, is known to be related to its water absorbing capacity which is thus appropriately termed its quality index. Mapping of foundation areas and the acceptance of stones in masonry could be based on this relationship. However, the existing literature on rock mechanics does not give any prediction formula for compressive strength of a rock in terms of its quality index. Such prediction formulae for the basalt and the sandstone rocks at two sites have been developed and presented in this paper. The 95% confidence belts for the estimated compressive strengths have also been worked out. The locus of the lower confidence limit for the estimated compressive strength enables determination of the maximum permissible quality index.

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ZusammenfassungStatistische Formeln zur Abschätzung der Druckfestigkeit eines Gesteins Die Druckfestigkeit eines Gesteins kann, wie bekannt, neben anderen Eigenschaften, auch zum Wasseraufnahmevermögen in Beziehung gesetzt werden, weshalb es als Quality Index bezeichnet wird. Planungsunterlagen und die Entscheidungen über die Verwendungsfähigkeit als Baustoff könnten auf dieser Beziehung basieren. In der Literatur findet sich jedoch keine Formel für die Abschätzung der Druckfestigkeit von Gesteinen in Abhängigkeit vom Quality Index. Solche Formeln wurden für einen Basalt und einen Sandstein entwickelt. Ebenso wurden die 95%-Vertrauensbereiche für die geschätzten Druckfestigkeiten ermittelt. Der Verlauf der unteren Vertrauensgrenze ermöglicht die Bestimmung des höchstzulässigen Quality Index.

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RésuméFormule pour la prédiction statistique de la résistance de compression d'une roche On sait que la résistance de compression d'une roche, entre ses autres qualités mécaniques, est allié à sa capacité d'absorption d'eau qui est désignée convenablement son indice de qualité.On peut fonder la formation d'une carte des régions de fondation et l'acceptation des pierres en maçonnerie sur cette relation. Pourtant, la littérature existante sur la mécanique des roches ne présente pas la formule de prédiction pour la résistance de compression d'une roche au moyen de son indice de qualité. On a développé telle formule pour les roches basalte et grès en deux sites laquelle se présente ici.De même façon on a calculé les zones de confidence de 95% pour les résistances de compression estimées.Le lieu de limite inférique de confidence pour la résistance de compression estimée facilite la détermination de l'indice de qualité maximum possible.

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With 2 Figures     

Strain rate effect on the compressive strength of frozen sand

Cylindrical specimens of fine Ottawa sand (A.S.T.M. designation C-109), compacted at the optimum moisture content and saturated before unidirectional freezing, have been tested in uniaxial compression at a cold room temperature of —5.5°C and strain rates between 10⁻⁷ and 10⁻² s⁻¹. The results agree with an extrapolation of data obtained by Sayles and Epanchin [1], but are much higher than those obtained by both Goughnour and Andersland [2] and Perkins and Ruedrich [3] at strain rates below 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹. There is evidence that this may be due to variation in total moisture (ice) content, the conditions under which the specimens were frozen (closed system or an open system) and to the end effects at the platen—specimen interface.     

击实黏土抗拉强度研究

对具有不同干密度和含水率的击实黏土试样进行直接拉伸试验、直接剪切试验,并量测试样的基质吸力,分析了含水率、干密度对土体抗拉强度的影响以及抗拉强度与抗剪强度参数、基质吸力之间的关系,讨论了击实黏土抗拉强度的形成机理。研究结果表明,在试验所涉及的含水率和干密度范围内,击实黏土的抗拉强度随干密度的增加而增加,随含水率的增大而减小,它们之间具有很好的线性关系;击实黏土的抗拉强度与基质吸力、黏聚力都具有明显的正相关关系,但这三者并不相等,在数值上基质吸力最大,黏聚力其次,抗拉强度最小;击实黏土的抗拉强度与其内摩擦角之间没有明显的相关性;击实黏土的抗拉强度主要来源于土粒间的联结,其次来源于土粒之间的咬合作用。     

非饱和红黏土的强度特性研究

红黏土是一种富含胶结作用物质的塑性黏土,与普通黏性土相比,红黏土的强度特性更为复杂。通过直剪仪对不同含水率和不同含丙三醇溶液的重塑红黏土进行了抗剪强度试验,发现红黏土的强度、黏聚力随着溶液含量的增加出现了“双峰”值现象,且内摩擦角基本保持不变,用丙三醇溶液替代水溶液配制的土样其强度有了明显的降低。结合核磁共振仪对红黏土试样的孔径分布研究情况,基于Bishop提出非饱和土的有效应力原理,探讨了非饱和红黏土的强度随含水率变化出现“双峰”现象的影响机制,认为红黏土本身孔径大小分布特征起了非常重要的作用。