南海地球物理场特征与基底断裂体系研究

南海海域主体可划分为南海北缘、中西沙、南沙、南海海盆四块,各块具有明显不同的重磁场特征.反演得到的莫霍面总体趋势由陆向洋抬升,反映陆壳、拉伸陆壳、过渡壳、洋壳的分布.东沙高磁异常含一定的高频成份,与新生代玄武岩及中生代岩浆岩有关,而其低频成份可能反映了发育的下地壳高速层.南海海域断裂极为发育,可分为北东向断裂组、东西向断裂组、北西向断裂组和南北向断裂组.南海北缘、南缘均以北东向张性断裂与北西向张剪性、剪性断裂为主要格架,形成了"南北分带、东西分块"构造格局.     

基岩区断裂活动习性研究方法初探—以殷家汇—葛公镇断裂研究为例

对安徽省殷家汇－葛公镇断裂旁侧方解石脉进行了野外考察和显微观测。露头上可识别出多期变形事件，显微镜下也能鉴别也脉的不同期次的变形特征和变形强度，脉的形变强度表现为从早期到晚期，脉的变形形态和组构从复杂趋于简单，方解石机械双晶从多组、弯曲趋于单组、平直。压性或压剪性脉体变形以及交错揉皱为其主要特征，而张性、张剪性脉体则多表现为破裂、砾化等脆性变形形态。殷家汇－葛公镇断裂宏观和微观系统分析研究认为基岩区断裂活动期次及各期变形特征的鉴别研究提供一个实例。     

雁行构造力学解析与控震意义

用弹性稳定理论和非线性破裂准则研究雁行褶皱及其次生断裂的力学成因和规律, 得出剪切带在广义边界(拉剪、纯剪或压剪)力作用下的雁行褶皱雁列角与边界应力比值, 以及与雁列间隔的定量关系。作为应用实例, 研究了太行山东麓雁行褶皱构造的位移场、应力场、形变能分布、次生破裂状态以及破裂释放的能量。研究结果表明:雁行褶皱核部为最大主(压)应力、最大剪应力、形变能高值区。在该区容易产生与褶皱轴接近平行或成小角度斜交的压剪性破裂, 从而证明雁行褶皱的次生断裂是控制强烈地震的一种机制。      

南海地球物理场特征及基底断裂体系研究

南海海域主体可划分为南海北缘、中西沙、南沙南海海盆四块，各块具有明显不同的重磁场特征。反演得到的莫霍面总体趋势由陆向洋抬升，反映陆壳、拉伸陆壳、过渡壳、洋壳的分布。东沙高磁异常含一定的高频成份，与新生代玄武岩及中生代岩浆岩有关，而其低频成份可能反映了发育的下地壳高速层，南海海域断裂极为发育，可分为北东向断裂组、东西向断裂组、北西向断裂组和南北向断裂组，南海北缘、南缘均以北东向张性断裂与北西向张剪性、剪性断裂为主要格架，形成了、南北分带、东西分块”构造格局。     

重力构造的力学研究——铲式断层的力学分析

本文采用服从抛物线型破坏准则的滑移线场理论,对重力构造的铲式断层进行了力学研究。岩层重力滑动的坡度与岩石强度、滑动系统厚度、孔隙压力以及润滑层有关;铲式正断层自上至下由张性、张剪性、纯剪性过渡到压剪性,铲式逆断层上下一致为压剪性     

华北活动地块区南缘阜南-霍邱地区地壳活动习性初探

阜南-霍邱地区地处华北和华南活动地块区边缘构造带，通过对其进行地震地质调查和综合分析研究，发现晚更新世以来该区存在强度较弱的构造变形现象，即：小震沿着主要断裂呈线性条带状分布；研究区南部及断裂近侧的上更新统中发育共轭剪节理；1970年代，研究区固始、霍邱和阜南等地陆续发生过长度不一、宽窄不等、方向不同的地裂缝，展布与肥中断裂或王老人集断裂近乎一致。本文认为，研究区局部小震丛集、上更新统中赋存共轭剪节理、裂面充填物显微揉皱变形和现代地裂缝的生成等现象，反映出地壳能量被缓慢释放和相应断裂发生微弱活动；研究区曾发生过一次破坏性地震(江口集Ms43/4地震)。综上所述，研究区地壳晚第四纪以来具有微弱活动性，且主要表现为蠕滑活动方式。     

东西非正向对挤对剪格局及对剪破裂与汶川8级大震

本文循着汶川8级地震的发生与发展过程,结合长期积累的基础工作,对该地震及其必然性做出了解读性认识。认为东、西非正向对挤对剪格局的形成,构造解缚活化,对剪破裂,是该地震发生的根本。即地震发生于早期具有深成、分划而又具推覆右旋性的“龙门山”大边界构造,也即“南北带”大边界构造的中段上。“新构造运动”时期以来,由于应力作用方式的转变,由正向于构造带的北西向转为东西向,以及介质硬化和脆性破裂的取舍而形成了“岷山-龙门山联合前缘断块”,在东、西对峙的块体非正向的对剪作用下,构造解缚,断块活化,右旋活动加剧,长期积累的应变因对剪性破裂,突然释放而发生地震。是构造条件与应力作用方式适合条件的有机统一;还进一步认为,在这一机制中,东侧块体的让位性运动与“不均衡”作用及其深源控制应是主导,相应西侧“联合断块”沿滑脱面或薄弱界面作对剪性“弹性回跳”破裂而引发地震的机理与解释更为合理。这既符合地震发生的基本事实,体现了中国“南北地震带”的本色,也解释了岷山-龙门山一线在地质构造与地震活动间的紧密联系、不可分割的关系,为对该区地震活动机理的认识以及地震监测工作,提供战略性依据。而“对剪”、“回跳”破裂机制又具有普遍指导意义,且在“南北带”的两端有对称性。更可慰的是,这一地震为揭开地震活动之谜提供了一个好的“范例”。如能及早将这些基本认识和思路付诸于事件发生之前,对这一大震的潜在危险做出评估不是不可能的。看来在地震监测已进入现代化的今天,重点的基础评价工作,尤以多观点的。碰撞”仍不可少缺,本文又是讨论性的尝试。     

临潼-长安断裂活动性研究

临潼—长安断裂是渭河盆地内部骊山凸起和西安凹陷之间一条重要的分界性断裂,前人研究表明该断裂在全新世有强烈活动。通过对该地区钻孔资料的收集整理、跨断裂阶地测量分析以及晚更新世古土壤标志层错距的量测,分析了早更新世后期以来断裂的活动性特征,认为临潼-长安断裂在中更新统以前有过强烈活动,中更新世以来断裂活动性明显减弱,活动形式表现为张裂或小的位错。     

湖北麻城1932年6级地震的孕震构造模式

麻城—团风断裂是一条区域性深断裂,发育于其主干断裂上盘的次生黄土岗狭长断块内部的剪性闭锁构造——鹰山尖四道河断裂,在主干断裂逆向左行错动活动中,贮存大量弹性位能,终致暴发地震。以此方式促其闭锁构造向一端发展,这是麻城黄土岗地震的基本孕震构造模式——岩石破裂型地震。     

外剪-内框装配式混合结构体系适用高度的研究

提出了外剪-内框装配式混合结构体系的概念,介绍了这种新型结构体系的优点及适用范围。以1梯6户的塔式住宅为例,分别建立18层、25层和33层计算模型,研究该结构体系在不同抗震设防烈度情况下的楼层刚度、楼层受剪承载力比、地震作用下的结构剪重比、楼层位移比、楼层位移角等力学及抗震性能性能指标。经分析,外剪-内框装配式混合结构在塔式住宅应用上受力性能合理,结构控制指标符合规范要求,在抗震烈度6度和7度区33层以下住宅可以广泛应用。     

Recent trends of extreme precipitation indices in the Iberian Peninsula using observations and WRF model results

Spatial and temporal distributions of the trends of extreme precipitation indices were analysed between 1986 and 2005, over the Iberian Peninsula (IP). The knowledge of the patterns of extreme precipitation is important for impacts assessment, development of adaptation and mitigation strategies. As such, there is a growing need for a more detailed knowledge of precipitation climate change.This analysis was performed for Portuguese and Spanish observational datasets and results performed by the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model forced by the ERA-Interim reanalysis. Extreme precipitation indices recommended by the Expert Team for Climate Change Detection Monitoring and Indices were computed, by year and season. Then, annual and seasonal trends of the indices were estimated by Theil-Sen method and their significance was tested by the Mann-Kendal test. Additionally, a second simulation forced by the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM), was considered. This second modelling configuration was created in order to assess its performance when simulating extremes of precipitation.The annual trends estimated for the 1986–2005, from the observational datasets and from the ERA-driven simulation reveal: 1) negative statistically significant trends of the CWD index in the Galicia and in the centre of the IP; 2) positive statistically significant trends of the CDD index over the south of the IP and negative statistically significant trends in Galicia, north and centre of Portugal; 3) positive statistically significant trends of the R75p index in some regions of the north of the IP; 4) positive statistically significant trends in the R95pTOT index in the Central Mountains Chain, Leon Mountains and in the north of Portugal.Seasonally, negative statistically significant trends of the CWD index were found in Galicia, in winter and in the south of the IP, in summer. Positive statistically significant trends of the CWD index were identified in the Leon Mountains, in spring, and in Galicia, in autumn. For the CDD index, negative statistically significant trends were seen in Valencia, in the spring, and, in Galicia and Portugal (north and centre), in summer. Positive statistically significant trends of the CDD index were found: in the east of the IP, in the winter; in the Cantabrian Mountain, in the spring; and, in the south of the IP, in summer. Regarding to the R75p index, negative statistically significant trends were found in Galicia, in winter and positive statistically significant trends in the north of Portugal, in spring and in the Central Mountains Chain and north of Portugal, in autumn. For the R95pTOT index, negative statistically significant trends were found over the Sierra Cuenca and Sierra Cazorla, in winter and positive statistically significant trends were found over the Sierra Cebollera, in winter and in Castile-la Mancha region, in spring.The results of the annual and seasonal trends of the extreme precipitation indices performed for observational datasets and the simulation forced by ERA-Interim, are similar. The results obtained for the simulation forced by MPI-ESM are not satisfactory, and can be a source of criticism for the use of simulation forced by MPI-ESM in this type of climate change studies. Even for the relatively short period used, the WRF model, when properly forced is a useful tool due to the similar results of Portuguese and Spanish observational datasets and the simulation forced by ERA-Interim.     

大通湖及东洞庭湖区生物体重金属的水平及其生态评价

于2005年11月采集了大通湖及东洞庭湖区湖水和水生生物样品,并测定了水和水生生物样品中重金属(Cd、Pb、Hg、As)的含量,并对湖区生物体重金属进行了污染评价.研究结果表明,大通湖及东洞庭湖区湖水中重金属含量较小,绝大部分采样点水质都属于国家Ⅰ类水标准;水生生物体内CD、Pb含量为虾＞螺＞鱼,Hg的含量为鱼＞螺＞虾,As的含量为螺＞虾＞鱼;而鱼类重金属含量则为底栖鱼类＞中上层鱼类,肉食性鱼类＞植食性鱼类.大通湖及东洞庭湖区生物体中CD、Pb的污染指数为虾＞螺＞鱼,Hg的污染指数则为鱼＞螺＞虾,As的污染指数则为螺＞虾＞鱼.     

淮河流域焦岗湖水质参数时空变化及影响因素

焦岗湖是淮河左岸一个天然湖泊,集防洪、灌溉、养殖、旅游等多种功能于一体.利用焦岗湖4个季节水质监测数据,运用Kriging方法,分析焦岗湖水质参数的时空变化及影响因素.结果表明:由于受水文季节变化过程及人类活动等综合影响,焦岗湖水质参数在时间及空间上均存在一定差异.从时间变化来看,夏季透明度较低、秋季较高;溶解氧浓度在春、冬季显著高于夏、秋季;总氮、总磷浓度与高锰酸盐指数均表现为夏季最高、秋季最低.从空间变化来看,4个季节的透明度空间差异较为显著;溶解氧浓度在春、冬季空间分布较为均匀,夏季呈现中心高周围低的变化趋势,秋季则表现为西高东低;总磷浓度春季分布较为均匀,夏、秋及冬季则呈西高东低之势;高锰酸盐指数在春、秋季节呈现东高西低之势,夏季高浓度主要集中在湖区北部,冬季浓度变化不大.     

富营养化湖泊围隔中重建水生植被及其生态效应

水体富营养化导致水生植被衰退、蓝藻水华暴发、水质恶化和水生生态系统崩溃.恢复水生植被被认为是改善受损水体水质和提高其生态系统稳定性的重要手段.本研究通过构建大型围隔,根据水生植物的耐污程度及其对水质和底质等条件的需求,选取几种适宜的水生植物在围隔内进行移栽与群落构建,并以不移栽水生植物的围隔和围隔外水体作为对照.实验期间(2011年4月至2012年6月),围隔内移栽的几种水生植物全部存活,并建立了相对稳定的群落.同时还跟踪监测了3个处理组的水质情况,结果显示,移栽水生植物的围隔内水质明显优于围隔外,与未移栽水生植物围隔相比,也有很大程度的改善,其中移栽水生植物围隔内水体的总氮、铵态氮、总磷、水下消光系数相比于围隔外水体分别低30.55%、44.09%、36.04%和42.13%,相比于未移栽水生植物围隔内水体分别低5.96%、13.40%、6.70%和7.60%,透明度分别比围隔外水体和未移栽水生植物围隔水体高74.59%和8.70%,浮游植物生物量也大大低于围隔外,而浮游动物生物量却明显高于后者.此外,实验后移栽水生植物围隔内沉积物氮、磷含量及其间隙水总氮、总磷、铵态氮浓度明显低于围隔外和未移栽水生植物围隔.研究表明,在富营养化浅水湖泊中通过建立围隔进行合理的群落配置,进而逐步恢复水生植物是完全可行的,而水生植物恢复后加强对其管理和维护至关重要.     

三峡水库长江干流及其支流枯水期浮游植物多样性与水质

2010年4月对长江干流和26条支流未淹没区与回水区的浮游植物进行调查.结果表明,硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻共占浮游植物种类的93.33%～93.88%.干流优势种类有1门1种、未淹没区有3门6种、回水区有5门6种,出现率分别为15.38%、9.23%和25.00%.回水区现存量平均值最高、未淹没区其次、干流最低.现存量组成在干流、未淹没区和回水区之间有差异,绿藻所占比例干流最高,硅藻所占比例未淹没区最高,隐藻、蓝藻和甲藻所占比例均在回水区最高.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)和Pielou均匀性指数(J),未淹没区最高、干流次之、回水区最低.17条支流回水区H’和8条支流回水区J均低于未淹没区.水质评价显示,轻或无污染断面(采样点)的比例,干流为76.92%,未淹没区为84.62%,回水区为47.06%.19条(73.08%)支流回水区出现中污染或重污染,7条(26.92%)支流未淹没区出现中污染或重污染.三峡工程蓄水对回水区浮游植物与水质影响比长江干流更大.     

The impacts of human activities on the water–land environment of the Shiyang River basin,an arid region in northwest China / Les impacts des activités humaines sur l’environnement pédo-hydrologique du bassin de la Rivière Shiyang,une région aride du nord-ouest de la Chine

Abstract

Abstract The Shiyang River basin is a typical interior river basin that faces water shortage and environmental deterioration in the arid northwest of China. Due to its arid climate, limited water resources and some inappropriate water-related human activities, the area has developed serious loss of vegetation, and gradual soil salinization and desertification, which have greatly impeded the sustainable development of agriculture and life in this region. In this paper, the impacts of human activities on the water–soil environment in Shiyang River basin are analysed in terms of precipitation, runoff in branches of the river, inflow into lower reaches, water conveyance efficiency of the canal system and irrigation water use efficiency in the field, replenishment and exploitation of groundwater resources, soil salinization, vegetation cover and the speed of desertification. The results show that human activities and global climate change have no significant influence on the precipitation, but the total annual runoff in eight branch rivers showed a significant decrease over the years. The proportion of water use in the upper and middle reaches compared to the lower reach was increased from 1:0.57 in the 1960s, to 1:0.27 in the 1970s and 1:0.09 in the 1990s. A reduction of about 74% in the river inflow to the lower reaches and a 15-m drop in the groundwater table have occurred during the last four decades. Strategies for improving the water–soil environment of the basin, such as the protection of the water resources of the Qilian Mountains, sustainable use of water resources, maintenance of the balance between land and water resources, development of water-saving agriculture, diverting of water from other rivers and control of soil desertification, are proposed. The objective of this paper is to provide guidelines for reconstruction of the sustainable water management and development of agriculture in this region.     

Spatiotemporal variations of internal P-loading and the related mechanisms in the large shallow Lake Chaohu

Spatiotemporal variations of P species and adsorption behavior in water column, interstitial water, and sediments were investigated in the large shallow eutrophic Lake Chaohu. Ortho-phosphate (Ortho-P) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were significantly higher in the western part than in the eastern part of the lake, due to different nutrient inputs from the surrounding rivers. Moreover, paniculate phosphorus (PP) concentration was in a similar spatial pattern to Ortho-P and TP concentrations, and also showed significantly positive correlation with the biomass of Microcystis, indicating more uptake and store of phosphorus by Microcystis than by other algae. Increase of pH and intensive utilization of P by phytoplankton were the main factors promoting P (especially Fe-P) release from the sediment to interstitial water during the cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Chaohu. Spatial dynamics in TP concentration, P species and adsorption behavior of the sediment, coupled with the statistical analyses, suggested that the spatial heterogeneity of P contents in the sediment was influenced by various factors, e.g. human activities, soil geochemistry and mineral composition. In spite of similar TP contents in the sediments, increase in proportion of Fe-P concentration in the sediment may result in a high risk of P release.     

Bioassessment Techniques for Monitoring of Eutrophication and Nutrient Limitation in Coastal Ecosystems

Bioassesment by the use of the macroalga, Ulva lactuca L., was carried out in the Limfjord, Denmark, to assess the significance of nitrogen and phosphorus as limiting factors for primary production during 1985, 1993, 1994 and 1995 and for the detection of changes in eutrophication levels.

Minimum and critical tissue concentrations for nitrogen and phosphorus in macroalgae were identified. The concentrations of nitrogen were generally below the critical concentration level in June–October in 1985, 1993, and 1995 but in 1994 nitrogen was only limiting for primary production in short periods. Only in early spring in 1985 and 1993 were the tissue concentrations of phosphorus below the critical concentration level, whereas in 1994 up to 3–4 months showed phosphorus limited growth, indicating that significant changes in limitation patterns can occur between different years.

It was concluded that the use of biomonitoring techniques is well suited as a bioassessment method for direct detection and for providing a time-integrated measure of nutrient availability in coastal waters, and thus for assessing ecosystem health with regard to eutrophication. It is recommended that biomonitors and the concept of critical tissue concentrations should be used in environmental management and incorporated in future monitoring programmes.     

EARTHQUAKE LOCATION AND VELOCITY STRUCTURE IN YIBIN AREA,SICHUAN

Small earthquakes have been recorded in Yibin area, Sichuan Province since 1970, the frequency and intensity of seismicity have shown an increasing trend in recent ten years, and the earthquakes are distributed mainly in Changning, Gongxian and Junlian areas. Based on the seismic data from January 2008 to May 2015 recorded by Sichuan and Yunnan regional networks and Yibin local network, seismicity analysis, precise location and velocity structure inversion for earthquakes in Yibin area are carried out, the three-dimensional spatial distribution of seismic activity and the velocity structure at different depths in this region are investigated, trying to analyze the seismic activity law and seismogenic mechanism in Yibin area. The earthquake relocation result shows that the spatial cluster distribution of earthquakes is more obvious in Yinbin area, the earthquakes are concentrated in Changning-Gongxian and Gongxian-Junlian regions. The seismic activity presents two dominant directions of NW and NE in Changning-Gongxian region, and shows asymmetric conjugate distribution, the long axes of NW-trending and NE-trending seismic concentration area are about 30km and 12km respectively, and the short axes are about 5km. There is a seismic sparse segment near Gongxian, the frequency and intensity of seismicity in the southeast side are obviously higher than that in the northwest side, and the earthquakes with larger magnitude are relatively deep, the focal depth is gradually shallower with the distance away from Gongxian. Seismic activity is sparse in the west and dense in the east in Gongxian-Junlian region, the predominant direction of earthquakes in the seismic dense area of the eastern segment is NE. Seismic activity extends in opposite direction in the easternmost part of the two earthquake concentrated area. The P-wave velocity structure at different depths in the study area is obtained using joint inversion method of source and velocity structure. In view of the predominant focal depth in this region, this paper mainly analyzes the velocity structure of the upper crust within 10km. Within this study area, the P-wave velocity of earthquake concentration areas is relatively high within 10km of the predominant focal depth, especially in the northwest of Gongxian and eastern Junlian area, the P-wave velocity on the southeast of Gongxian increases gradually with depth, especially at 6km depth. These high-velocity zones are generally related to brittle and hard rocks, where the stress is often concentrated. Comparing earthquake distribution and velocity structure, seismic activity in this area mainly occurs in high-low velocity transition areas, the inhomogeneity of velocity structure may be one of the factors controlling earthquake distribution. The transition zone of high and low velocity anomalies is not only the place where stress concentrates, but also the place where the medium is relatively fragile, such environment has the medium condition of accumulating a large amount of strain energy and is prone to fracture and release stress.