塔里木盆地东部古生代中期伸展构造的发现及其地质意义

通过地震资料解释,首次在塔里木盆地东部发现了古生代中期的伸展构造。它们是一系列正断层,以及由这些正断层组合成的雁列状张扭性断层带。正断层走向近N-S;雁列状张扭性断层带分两组,走向分别是NE-SW和NW-SE,构成一个共轭体系,显示近E-W向的拉张作用。根据断层生长指数、断层断开的地层单元和断层断距变化的解析,这些伸展构造的形成时间是中志留世—中泥盆世。它们是原特提斯阿尔金早古生代碰撞造山带的碰撞后构造,是判定塔里木地块—柴达木地块碰撞造山作用结束时间的重要证据。     

用电子计算器的程序求解各种断距

断距的种类和名称繁多,在我国《构造地质学》教科书和生产实践中,主要分为两类:一类是指沿断层两侧两对应点的位移距离,称总滑距(或总断距),在断层面上沿走向和沿倾斜的分量,称为走向滑距和倾斜滑距;另一类是指断层两侧同一标志层发生位移后,两侧同层面间的垂直距离,称地层断距,两侧同层面等高走向线间的垂直距离称水平(地层)断距,两侧同层面在铅直线上的距离称铅直地层断距. 求算断距,有几种方法.目前一般是在地形地质图上用被错开的两侧同层面作走     

如何提高测井曲线解释断层的可靠性

断层在地质剖面上的表现是使地层厚度和层间距发生变化,通常情况下受正断层的影响会使地层缺失,从而导致地层的层间距（或厚度）减小;而受逆断层的影响则会造成地层重复,使层间距（或厚度）变大。因此通过研究相邻钻孔之间测片曲线存横向和纵向的形态变化规律,根据标志层的缺失与重复进而对断层位置、性质、断距大小作出准确判断。而确定断层存在的关键是要找准标志层,标志层的准确性代表了成果的可靠性。实例表明,利用常规测井曲线如视电阻率、散射伽马伽马和自然伽马曲线在煤、岩层对比中的响应规律,可识别出反映局部地段地层的沉积规律及特征,并依据其特殊标志准确的划定断层性质。     

论同沉积、继承性控煤构造--禹州煤田虎头山断层

聚煤盆地内的同沉积断层,对煤系的厚度、岩相、含煤性等均具有明显的控制作用,而这种断层的聚煤期后继承活动,不仅使之成为地质自然边界,而且直接影响到矿区规划和煤炭生产。近期研究表明,禹州煤田虎头山断层是一个同沉积、继承性大型控煤构造,它在聚煤期就已活动,具聚煤期同沉积构造性质,主要证据有岩性、沉积厚度、聚煤作用、地层断距、断裂带近旁的不协调沉积现象以及趋势面分析结果等;聚煤期后该断层又发生了继承性活动,主要表现在基岩错断、地层缺失、对地貌及新生界沉积的控制和改造、断层旁侧次级构造发育、煤层露头遭受牵引、断裂破碎带特征等。虎头山断层这一重要特征的发现,对指导煤矿建井开采、深入探讨禹州煤田煤厚变化、地质构造乃至华北板块的构造演化,均具有重要的理论意义和实际价值。     

川东-鄂西郁江逆冲断层轨迹结构及扩展过程

野外地质调查和剖面测量揭示:郁江断层带的轨迹结构整体上表现为南北分段、东西分带的后展式叠瓦状逆冲断层结构;其中,底板缓倾角逆冲断层多层次(区域尺度、露头尺度和微观尺度)的断坪、断坡轨迹,特别是沿断坡方向的破裂分解,是分支断层呈上叠后展式扩展增殖的基础。根据运动学标志,郁江逆冲断层从北西向南东逆冲,最大断距小于1km,一般断距为10～100m级;后缘高倾角正断层的累计断距与前缘逆冲断距基本对应。结合区域构造分析,郁江逆冲断层轨迹结构定型于燕山期,轨迹扩展过程表现为:上叠分支断层沿底板逆冲断层的断坡方向逐次从前缘向后缘扩展增殖,属于典型的上叠后展式逆冲扩展结构;其中,后缘正断层的形成是断层轨迹结构反馈、运动调整和断层自组织行为的必然结果;而喜马拉雅主期区域应力场的激发,只是强化和加速了后缘正断层的扩展规模和进程。     

塔里木北部库车地区的断层系统及其对油气的控制作用

库车地区发育逆冲推覆断层系、纵向走滑断层系、块断正断层系和横向走滑一逆冲断层系.沿非能干层的顺层滑脱断层极大地增强了非能干层的封盖能力.库车组沉积期末一西域组沉积期是逆冲推覆断层的主要活动期,也是气源岩的生排气和沿断层运移的高峰期;逆冲推覆断层在静止期起封闭作用.稍晚形成的纵向走滑断层和块断正断层因开启而成为油气运移的通道.库车地区北部,纵向走滑断层和块断正断层破坏油气藏;南部的塔北隆起,古近系膏盐岩层下发育的纵向走滑正断层控制了晚期次生油气藏的形成和分布.持续活动的横向走滑断裂主要起调节作用,造成东西方向地质的分段性和油气横向分布的差异性.库车地区"封存箱"的实质是断层构造封存,"封存箱"的顶、底板为非能十层及沿其发育的顺层断层,侧板为压（扭）性高角度逆冲断层和走滑断层.     

鄂西白垩纪远安盆地的变形带构造

鄂西白垩纪远安盆地中大量发育变形带及其密切相关的断层,主要分为两期,早期为带有正断性质的北北东向组变形带及简单的正断层,形成在同沉积或早成岩阶段,而晚期为带走滑性质的北-南向组和北东向组变形带及复活断层,形成在白垩纪以后.根据实测的共轭变形带和断层滑动数据,古应力分析的结果表明,早期为北西西-南东东向拉张的伸展状态,而...     

犁式正断层特征及其在找矿预测中的作用:以黔东松桃西溪堡大型锰矿床为例

犁式正断层是在局部或区域张应力体制下形成,产生于伸展体制下有韧性岩石垫底的脆性岩石中。犁式正断层在平面上呈弯曲状,断层两侧发育次级断层,具分支复合特征;在剖面上,随深度增加,断层倾角逐渐变缓,并且形成分支产状较陡的次级断层,断距逐渐变大。黔东松桃西溪堡大型锰矿床发育的F1断层为犁式正断层,其发生伸展作用的时间应与早白垩世区域挤压构造体制向伸展构造体制转换的时间一致。整个F1断层及其分支断层造成含锰岩系呈阶梯状下降拉伸,造成含锰岩系的不连续,越往深部,断层滑脱面越趋于平缓,拉空带宽度愈加增加。该断层及其次级断层将含锰岩系破坏并断切为几个部分,影响了含锰岩系的连续性,形成矿体-拉空带-矿体这种空间组合形态。F1断层上盘的下降,造成了上盘含锰岩系的埋深加大。因此,在找矿预测中,应充分考虑断层断距差异,合理圈出拉空带,从而避免在探矿过程中打到拉空带。     

倒转构造及其在四川构造地质研究中的意义

倒转构造是指早期的张性构造后经挤压作用改造而形成的一类压性构造.倒转构造的特征与先存的张性构造休戚相关.本文介绍了阶梯状正断层组合、地垒-地堑组合、简单犁式正断层及其相关断层组合和断坪-断坡状犁式正断层及其相关断层组合等四种倒转构造的特征,并在此基础上提出倒转构造对四川构造地质研究的意义.     

黔东及毗邻地区南华纪锰矿成矿期与成矿后构造专项填图方法研究

黔东及毗邻地区南华纪锰矿成矿期构造主要为同沉积断层,该类型断层在成矿期十分发育,控制和形成了南华纪早期不同序次的次级裂谷盆地,同沉积断层的垂向发育形成了锰矿成矿通道,同沉积断层可作为古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床关键地质找矿标志,本文阐述了其主要判别特征。南华纪锰矿形成后,历经加里东运动、印支运动及燕山运动等构造运动,总体来说,该区构造格局主要是受到燕山运动影响形成。本文也讨论了研究区成矿后广泛发育且比较典型,对锰矿层保存与破坏有着较大影响的犁式正断层及其判别特征。     

Distributions of cumulative displacement and seismic slip on a single normal fault surface

Displacement profiles (normalized displacement vs normalized distance from the point of maximum displacement) have been plotted for 34 horizontal radii from 25 normal faults with maximum displacements ranging from 1.0 to 37.5 m. The composite displacement profile for these faults, when corrected for systematic inaccuracies of the data, is significantly different from the theoretical slip profile for a single seismic slip event. The integration of slip displacement profiles of many slip events on a growing fault shows that a steady-state displacement profile will be established. This theoretical displacement profile is similar to the composite profile derived from the fault data. Analysis of displacement data from 488 fault traces, which do not necessarily pass through the point of maximum displacement of their respective faults, shows that although displacement measurements are strongly influenced by ductile drag the theoretical distribution can still be identified in the data. Although the slip distribution on a fault during a single slip event, or during a period of stable sliding, is not simply related to the distribution of cumulative displacement on the fault, a knowledge of both characteristics places firm constraints on fault growth models.     

琼东南盆地断裂活动性定量计算及其发育演化模式

在地震剖面解释的基础上,运用断层活动速率法和位移-距离法对琼东南盆地主要断裂系统的活动性进行了定量计 算。结果表明,断裂的活动性与盆地的演化阶段相对应,同时可以在同裂陷阶段划分出始新世-早渐新世裂陷幕和晚渐新 世断坳转换幕,这两幕裂陷控制了盆地深部的基本构造格局。单条断层在早渐新世至晚渐新世期间断裂主要活动中心存在 由东向西迁移的过程,盆地断裂系统活动中心在晚渐新世至早中新世也存在由东向西迁移的过程,盆地内规模较大的复合 断裂带具有区段式活动的特征。将盆地内断裂系统发育模式总结为两种：以6号和11号断裂带为代表的简单生长模型,断裂 系统发育演化过程中表现为单一区段断层独立生长的特征,断层简单地由中间向两侧生长,断层位移距离曲线自始至终为 半椭圆型,且最大位移大致位于断层中部;以2号和5号断裂带为代表的生长连通型生长模式,断裂带由多条区段式活动的 断层生长连接形成,其生长发育过程表现为沿断层面纵向上最大滑移量由各个区段的中心向各个区段交汇处迁移,由此各 个区段断端破裂扩展,最终相互连接而形成一条大型断裂带。     

断层内部结构及其对封闭性的影响

先前的研究多考虑断层封堵和开启的2种极端状态,近来的研究认为,在多数情况下断层处于2种之间的状态,只有在静止期具有封闭能力的断层,才有可能对油气起封堵作用。分析断层对流体运移的影响,需要分析断层在演化过程中的内部结构特征。断层可以划分出破碎带、诱导裂缝带和围岩3部分,断层岩和伴生裂缝构成破碎带的主体部分。常见的断层岩包括断层角砾岩、断层泥和部分碎裂岩,它们充填在断层裂缝空间中,断层内部结构受断层形成时的构造应力性质、断层活动强度和围岩岩性因素的控制。从动态角度看,随着断距增加,断层活动伴随着裂缝的发育和岩石的破碎混杂,可用泥质源岩层厚度和断距的比值来划分不同的发育阶段。断层活动期为油气运移通道,在静止时表现出差异性的封闭,通常用断层渗透率和排替压力2个参数来定量评价断层的封闭程度。断层岩渗透率主要受断距、泥质含量、埋深等因素的控制;断层排替压力的预测方法有2种:一种是从断层岩成岩角度分析的"等效埋深法",另一种是分析实测排替压力与主控地质因素的"拟合法"。通过简化的断层模型,建立了渗透率、排替压力与主控因素的预测关系。和储层类似,流体在断层中的运移遵循多孔介质的渗流特征。利用断层两侧的流体压力和油气柱高度并不能直接评价封闭性能,还必须考虑油气充注史和流体压力变化历史。     

From surface fault traces to a fault growth model: The Vogar Fissure Swarm of the Reykjanes Peninsula,Southwest Iceland

The Vogar Fissure Swarm is one of four en-echelon fracture swarms that connect the Reykjanes Ridge to the South Iceland Seismic Zone and the Western Volcanic Zone. Occurring in an area of flat topography, this fissure swarm is clearly visible at the surface, where it can be seen to affect recent postglacial lavas. Using remote sensing methods to identify and measure all the faults and fractures in the swarm, combined with additional field observations and measurements, we measured 478 individual fractures, 33% of them being faults and 67% being fissures. The fracture lengths show roughly log-normal distributions. Most of the individual fractures belong to 68 main composite fractures, seven of which are longer than 2500 m and correspond to the main fault scarps of the fissure swarm. We showed that these main faults are distributed along five, equally spaced zones, ∼500 m apart and a few kilometers long. We drawn 71 across-strike profiles to characterize the shape of the fault scarps, and 5 along-strike profiles to characterize the evolution of vertical throw along the main faults. Each fault consists of a coalescence of individual segments of approximately equal length. Fault throws are never larger than 10 m and are smallest at the junctions between individual segments. Analyses of along-strike throw profiles allowed us to determine the early stages of growth after coalescence. The earliest stage is characterized by an increase in the throw of the central parts of segments. This is followed by a second stage during which the throw increases at the junctions between segments, progressively erasing these small-throw zones.     

东海西湖凹陷平湖斜坡带断裂系统特征及成因机制探讨

综合运用地震剖面解释结果和构造编图成果,对东海西湖凹陷平湖斜坡带断裂系统按发育规模和形成期次进行分类,分析了断裂系统的平、剖面展布特征,采用古落差法和活动速率法研究了断裂运动学特征,结合区域应力场特征探讨了其成因机制。结果表明,平湖斜坡带断裂系统可划分为4个断裂带,由北至南依次为孔雀亭同向断裂带、武云亭反向断裂带、平湖同向断裂带和平南堑式断裂带。平湖斜坡带以发育多米诺、地堑、梳妆、正牵引等伸展构造样式为主,局部(如平湖同向断裂带)见微弱反转构造。断裂运动学特征研究表明,断裂活动高峰期具有分带性,平湖同向断裂带断层活动性最强,孔雀亭同向断裂带和武云亭反向断裂带次之,平南堑式断裂带最弱。平湖斜坡带断裂系统的发生、发展是应力集中与断层间相互影响共同作用的结果,是对东海陆架盆地构造演化过程的局部响应。     

Geometry and segmentation of an evaporite-detached normal fault array: 3D seismic analysis of the southern Bremstein Fault Complex,offshore mid-Norway

The Halten Terrace, offshore mid-Norway, is underlain by a Triassic evaporitic package that is rheologically weak, and led to decoupling of fault systems during Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rifting. We use 2D and 3D reflection seismic data, constrained by wells, from the southern Bremstein Fault Complex of the Halten Terrace to map faults and key stratigraphic horizons, and analyse throw variations along faults, allowing us to constrain patterns of fault segmentation and linkage within the complex. The Bremstein Fault Complex has an overall tilted monoclinal geometry with localised fault systems at base salt level associated with overlying, highly distributed systems of normal faults. Vertical strain partitioning across the evaporite package means that sub-evaporite and supra-evaporite fault populations acted as semi-independent fault systems. Supra-evaporite faults are partly gravity-driven, and controlled by sub-evaporite faulting and consequent tilting of the evaporitic package. This behaviour leads to a wide variety of possible vertical linkage patterns of faults across the evaporite package. A greater variety of lateral segment linkage patterns occurs in evaporite-detached normal fault systems than in normal fault systems developed in the absence of evaporite units. Segment boundary styles can also be modified by migration of evaporite. Some segment boundaries are associated with a footwall anticline and hanging-wall syncline, in contrast to the footwall synclines and hanging-wall anticlines widely described in studies of normal fault systems.     

Scaling properties within the Gulf of Corinth, Greece; comparison between offshore and onshore active faults

The Gulf of Corinth, Greece, is a 110-km-long by 30-km-wide active graben displaying strong seismicity hosted both on north and south dipping normal faults. This complex fault pattern consists of two fault populations, offshore and onshore. The offshore fault population is investigated by densely arranged seismic reflection profiles during the last 20 years, whereas the onshore fault population displays spectacular and well exposed faults, delineated by high accuracy mapping. We analyzed fault length and throw, in order to study the scaling properties of 136 well-determined offshore and onshore faults and the comparison between the two datasets. We examined the statistical properties on both fault populations, in order to describe the role of segmentation in the growth of faults and the different stages of the evolution of the fault networks.Our results on power law relationships associated with the scaling properties of the fault zones in the Gulf of Corinth, suggest that both fault populations are bi-fractal, providing the initiation of a sature state in deformation. In addition, the vertical throw of faults shows that both fault populations have similar properties but different distributions below and above 5 km, respectively. Displacement–length ratios, show that faults larger than 9 km appear to accumulate throw without any dramatic change to their length. These observations combined with other geophysical studies within the Gulf, suggest that the characteristic fault lengths of 5 km and 9 km can be correlated to the crustal mechanical structure and the seismicity of the Gulf.     

The influence of pre-existing structure on the growth of syn-sedimentary normal faults in a deltaic setting,Niger Delta

Three dimensional seismic-reflection data from the western Niger Delta were used to investigate the segmentation and linkage of a syn-sedimentary normal fault array and to estimate the influence of a pre-existing normal fault on the geometry and growth of younger faults. The nucleation, growth and linkage of a regional (seaward-dipping) deltaic fault system were analyzed on reflectivity time-/horizon slices and vertical seismic sections. In the deep subsurface, a master fault that consists of two segments (northwestern, NW, and southeastern, SE) grew through time into a single fault by lateral tip propagation reaching a final length of about 15 km. After attaining this length, displacement along the fault system developed non-uniformly through time. The analysis of the hanging-wall sediments of the deep-seated master fault shows two different processes of vertical linkage above the NW and SE segment. The SE segment links vertically to several younger faults contemporaneously with displacement accumulation on the master fault; in contrast, fault linkage above the NW segment occurred only after an interval of master-fault inactivity connecting the deep-seated structure upwards to a single syn-sedimentary normal fault. The observed differences in fault development suggest that although multi-segment deltaic faults form single fault systems after segment linkage, individual pre-linkage characteristics can be preserved, supporting a possibly diverse upward growth and connection to younger faults in the overburden. The geological interpretations presented highlight the influence of large deep-rooted structures on the development, location and geometry of shallow deltaic faults, documenting the influence of an older structural grain on delta tectonics.     

斜坡区断层圈闭发育部位及其形成时期识别方法及应用——以冀中坳陷文安斜坡为例

断层圈闭是斜坡区重要的构造圈闭类型,为了识别斜坡区断层圈闭发育部位及其形成时期,基于断层生长机制,分析斜坡区顺向断层圈闭和反向断层圈闭形成演化过程。结果表明：顺向断层圈闭形成于断层"硬连接"阶段,发育在断层下降盘分段生长部位;反向断层圈闭形成于断层开始活动时期,发育在断层上升盘位移最大部位。在此基础上,充分利用详细三维地震资料,结合断距-距离曲线、相干体切片、断层分段生长时期定量表征以及断距回剥等技术,建立了斜坡区断层圈闭发育部位及形成时期的识别方法,并将该方法应用于冀中坳陷文安斜坡典型断层圈闭发育部位及形成时期的识别,研究结果与实际油气分布吻合关系较好。     

3D seismic analysis of gravity-driven and basement influenced normal fault growth in the deepwater Otway Basin,Australia

We use three-dimensional (3D) seismic reflection data to analyse the structural style and growth of a normal fault array located at the present-day shelf-edge break and into the deepwater province of the Otway Basin, southern Australia. The Otway Basin is a Late Jurassic to Cenozoic, rift-to-passive margin basin. The seismic reflection data images a NW-SE (128–308) striking, normal fault array, located within Upper Cretaceous clastic sediments and which consists of ten fault segments. The fault array contains two hard-linked fault assemblages, separated by only 2 km in the dip direction. The gravity-driven, down-dip fault assemblage is entirely contained within the 3D seismic survey, is located over a basement plateau and displays growth commencing and terminating during the Campanian-Maastrichtian, with up to 1.45 km of accumulated throw (vertical displacement). The up-dip normal fault assemblage penetrates deeper than the base of the seismic survey, but is interpreted to be partially linked along strike at depth to major basement-involved normal faults that can be observed on regional 2D seismic lines. This fault assemblage displays growth initiating in the Turonian-Santonian and has accumulated up to 1.74 km of throw.Our detailed analysis of the 3D seismic data constraints post-Cenomanian fault growth of both fault assemblages into four evolutionary stages: [1] Turonian-Santonian basement reactivation during crustal extension between Australia and Antarctica. This either caused the upward propagation of basement-involved normal faults or the nucleation of a vertically isolated normal fault array in shallow cover sediments directly above the reactivated basement-involved faults; [2] continued Campanian-Maastrichtian crustal extension and sediment loading eventually created gravitational instability on the basement plateau, nucleating a second, vertically isolated normal fault array in the cover sediments; [3] eventual hard-linkage of fault segments in both fault arrays to form two along-strike, NW-SE striking fault assemblages, and; [4] termination of fault growth in the latest Maastrichtian. We document high variability of throw along-strike and down-dip for both fault assemblages, thereby providing evidence for lateral and vertical segment linkage. Our results highlight the complexities involved in the growth of both gravity-driven normal fault arrays (such as those present in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Mexico) and basement-linked normal fault arrays (such as those present in the North Sea and Suez Rift) with the interaction of an underlying and reactivating basement framework. This study provides an excellent example of spatial variability in growth of two normal fault assemblages over relatively short spatial scales (∼2 km separation down-dip).