空间尘埃等离子体电磁散射特性研究

基于尘埃等离子体Mie-Debye散射模型,研究平衡态下尘埃等离子体中带电尘埃的电磁散射特性.根据输运理论计算高层大气环境中尘埃等离子体层的电磁散射场,给出电磁波垂直入射时尘埃等离子体层的反射函数,同时分析不同浓度、不同粒径分布状态下尘埃等离子体层对电磁波传播的影响.结果表明:尘埃粒子尺度对其电磁散射特性影响非常大;在对数正态分布情况下,当入射波长远大于Debye半径时,尘埃等离子体的散射主要表现为Debye散射,而入射波长远小于Debye半径时,Mie散射占主要部分;并且尘埃等离子体层对电磁波的衰减随尘埃粒子浓度以及尘埃粒子半径的增大而明显增强.     

空间尘埃等离子体中的重力波特性

建立尘埃等离子体中重力波的基本方程,推导尘埃等离子体中重力波的色散关系,分析地球极区中间层顶处尘埃等离子体层中的重力波特性,研究了重力波在电子密度垂直分层的尘埃等离子体中的反射. 结果表明尘埃等离子体改变了通常大气中的重力内波的色散关系,限制了小水平波数重力内波的传播,改变了波的能量特性,减小了重力波在不均匀大气中垂直向上传播时振幅的增长;在尘埃等离子体中传播时重力波可被电子密度垂直分层的结构反射而导致波能量的集中, 它产生的湍动所导致的空间电子密度的不均匀性分布是极区上空PMSEs的可能机制.     

Effect of rock fragment embedding on the aeolian deposition of dust on stone‐covered surfaces

Many stone‐covered surfaces on Earth are subject to aeolian deposition of atmospheric dust. This study investigates how the deposition of dust is affected when rock fragments become gradually more embedded in the ground or, inversely, become more concentrated on the surface. Experiments were executed in an aeolian dust wind tunnel with eight different types of pebbles. The following parameters were measured: dust deposition on the pebbles, dust deposition between and underneath pebbles, total dust deposition (pebbles + inter‐pebble space), and the fraction, of total deposition, of dust caught by the pebbles alone. The absolute amount of dust deposition and the dust deposition density (dust deposition per unit surface) were studied for each parameter. The effects exerted by pebble size, pebble flattening, pebble elongation and wind speed were also investigated. Dust patterns on and around pebbles were also studied via flow visualization. The absolute amount of dust settling on pebbles decreases the more that the pebbles become embedded. Dust deposition density on pebbles, on the other hand, increases with embedding. The more pebbles become embedded in the soil, the more efficient the process of dust deposition on pebbles becomes. Dust deposition between and underneath pebbles increases with pebble embedding. Dust deposition density between and underneath pebbles is maximum at 50 per cent embedding, showing that in this area dust deposition is most efficient when pebbles are halfway embedded. Total deposition slightly decreases the more pebbles become embedded, but total dust deposition density increases with embedding. Aerodynamic flow separation and diverging and converging airflow play an important role in the process of dust deposition on stone‐covered surfaces. The more pebbles protrude above the soil, the more they act as an obstacle and the more they disturb the air and dust flow creating scouring zones, flow separation bubbles and shelter areas for the dust. All these effects diminish as pebbles become more embedded in the soil. However, perturbations in dust patterns remain visible until pebbles have disappeared entirely. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of dust emissions,transport, and deposition between the Taklimakan Desert and Gobi Desert from 2007 to 2011

The Taklimakan Desert(TD) and Gobi Desert(GD) are two of the most important dust sources in East Asia, and have important impact on energy budgets, ecosystems and water cycles at regional and even global scales. To investigate the contribution of the TD and the GD to dust concentrations in East Asia as a whole, dust emissions, transport, and deposition over the TD and the GD in different seasons from 2007 to 2011 were systematically compared, based on the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry(WRF-Chem). Dust emissions, uplift, and long-range transport related to these two dust source regions were markedly different due to differences in topography, elevation, thermal conditions, and atmospheric circulation. Specifically,the topography of the GD is relatively flat, and at a high elevation, and the area is under the influence of two jet streams at high altitudes, resulting in high wind speeds in the upper atmosphere. Deep convective mixing enables the descending branch of jet streams to continuously transport momentum downward to the mid-troposphere, leading to enhanced wind speeds in the lower troposphere over the GD which favors the vertical uplift of the GD dust particles. Therefore, the GD dust was very likely to be transported under the effect of strong westerly jets, and thus played the most important role in contributing to dust concentrations in East Asia. Approximately 35% and 31% of dust emitted from the GD transported to remote areas in East Asia in spring and summer, respectively. The TD has the highest dust emission capabilities in East Asia, with emissions of about 70.54 Tg yr.1 in spring, accounting for 42% of the total dust emissions in East Asia. However, the TD is located in the Tarim Basin and surrounded by mountains on three sides. Furthermore, the dominant surface wind direction is eastward and the average wind speed at high altitudes is relatively small over the TD. As a result, the TD dust particles are not easily transported outside the Tarim Basin, such that most of the dust particles are re-deposited after uplift, at a total deposition rate of about 40 g m.2. It is only when the TD dust particles are uplifted above 4 km, and entrained in westerlies that they begin to undergo a long-range transport. Therefore,the contribution of the TD dust to East Asian dust concentrations was relatively small. Only 25% and 23% of the TD dust was transported to remote areas over East Asia in spring and summer, respectively.     

Estimation of snow ablation under a dust layer covering a wide range of albedo

Ablation processes of snow under a thin dust cover are complicated compared with those under a thick cover, mainly owing to the effects of aggregation (redistribution) of dust particles on the conditions of surface melting. Aggregation of dust particles causes the snow surface to brighten after the initial dust configuration, thus affecting the relationship between initial dust concentration and surface albedo. In order to estimate snow ablation rate under a thin dust cover, we used a composite energy balance model in which the surface albedo is taken as a measured input variable. The estimated results of snow ablation agreed reasonably well with the observation, considering the measurement errors inherited in the snow depressions. Comparison of the two cases, that is, one considering the aggregation of dust particles (observation: albedo variable) and the other without aggregation (assumption: albedo constant), showed that the ablation rates were noticeably lower on the former case. This suggests that the aggregation of dust particles induces a reduction of snow ablation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Correlation between rainfall and dust occurrence at mildura,Australia: The difference between local and source area rainfalls

In studies of temporal variation in dust activity, rainfall recorded at the same location as the dust events (local rainfall) has commonly been used as a climatic control variable. The main objectives of this note are to test the validity of using local rainfall and to determine the improvement in the relationship between rainfall and dust activity that could be achieved by using regional rainfall in the dust source area. For the period 1960-1989 at Mildura, Australia, the likely dust source area was identified by analysing wind direction during dust events. It was found that a marked improvement in the correlation between dust activity and antecedent rainfall can be achieved by using the regional source area rainfall rather than local rainfall. The improved correlation suggests that widespread drought is more important than local below-average rainfall in intensifying dust activity.     

WIND TUNNEL EXPERIMENTS OF AEOLIAN DUST DEPOSITION ALONG RANGES OF HILLS

Wind tunnel experiments of aeolian dust deposition on topographic scale models of ranges of hills were conducted. Different hill sizes and hill spacings were used, and comparisons with the deposition patterns over single, isolated hills were made. Dust profiles over ranges of hills differ from the profiles over identical, but isolated hills. On isolated hills the sedimentation maximum on the windward hillslope is always single and located on the concave part of the slope. In the case of ranges of hills, the maximum is either single or double, with the second peak on the convex part of the windward slope in the latter case. The local sedimentation maximum on the convex leeslope, which is rather unimportant on isolated hills, is much more developed in multiple-hill topography. Also, dust deposition on the leeslopes is significantly higher in multiple-hill topography than on isolated hills. Dust patterns on ranges of hills may be affected by the dust shadow created by the most upstream-located hill. If hills succeed each other quickly, they are located within the shadow zone and are protected from important dust deposition. The plume of high air dust concentration that is created by a hill largely determines the dust pattern on the next hill. As a result of the supply of dust from above by the descending plume, areas that are normally devoid of dust now experience significant dust deposition.     

Holocene fluvial valley fill sources of atmospheric mineral dust in the Skeleton Coast,Namibia

Western Namibia is a significant global source of atmospheric mineral dust. We investigate the relationship between dust and source sediments, assessing the sustainability of dust flux. Remote sensing studies have highlighted specific ephemeral fluvial systems as important contributors to dust flux, including highlighting sections of valleys that are the origins of dust plumes in the period 2005–2008. Little is known however about the specific within‐valley dust sediment sources, particularly whether dust is derived from modern ephemeral channel floors or older valley fill sediments, many of which have been reported in the region. As part of a region‐wide analysis of aeolian dust flux, we investigate the sediment properties of atmospheric dust samples and valley sediments from the Huab valley, one of the principal regional dust sources. Trapped dust samples contain up to 88% very fine sand and silt when collected samples are disaggregated prior to analysis. Valley fill surface samples comprise 80% very fine sand and silt, and the surface of the modern ephemeral channel 30%. Valley fill sediments were sampled at depths up to 3.6 m below the present surface and reveal Holocene depositional ages from 0.6 ± 0.03 ka back to 9.79 ± 0.73 ka. These sediments contain 30% to 6% very fine sand and silt, with levels decreasing with depth and age. Aeolian bedforms in the valley system (nebkhas on the fill surface and climbing dunes on valley margins) indicate that aeolian processes under the influence of strong seasonal easterly winds likely result in dust being winnowed out of the valley fill surfaces, with sandy bedforms being constructed from the coarser component of the fill sediments. The volume of valley fill sediment suggests dust sourced from Holocene sediments is likely to continue into the future regardless of flow conditions in the modern channel system. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

柴达木盆地苏干湖表层沉积与尘暴事件——元素示踪的初步结果

通过分析苏干湖地区10个地表表层沉积物、9个大气降尘(含2个尘暴降尘)、16个湖泊表层沉积物等样品的8种常量-微量元素和11种稀土元素的含量,以及同类沉积不同元素含量和不同沉积同一元素含量的相关性,结果表明,在湖泊沉积体系中Al、Fe、Sc含量的变化与强风-尘暴过程有关,指示了湖泊沉积碎屑颗粒风成输入的可能性．元素Fe、Sc含量在3种不同的沉积物中差异不大,与尘暴事件的强度和频次有关．稀土元素结果显示3类沉积具有同源性．苏干湖沉积可以用来重建研究区尘暴演化历史．     

Contemporary glacigenic inputs to the dust cycle

The importance of glacigenic dust in the Earth's system during glacial periods is widely acknowledged. Under contemporary conditions, the world's largest dust sources are in low‐lying, hot, arid regions and this is where most aeolian research is focused. However the processes of dust production and emissions are still operating in cold climate regions, particularly in proglacial areas. This paper assesses current understanding of the relationship between glacierised landscapes and dust emissions and inputs to the global dust cycle. It focuses on how elements in the glacial and aeolian geomorphic sub‐systems interact to determine the magnitude, frequency and timing of aeolian dust emissions, and on feedback mechanisms between the systems. Where they have been measured, dust emission intensity and deposition rates in glacierised catchments are very high, in some cases far exceeding those in lower latitudes, however, few studies span long time scales. The impact of future glacier retreat on the balance between sediment supply, availability and aeolian transport capacity and implications for glacigenic dust emissions is also considered. This balance depends on relative spatial and temporal changes in meltwater suspended sediment concentration and wind strengths, which promote dust emissions, and patterns and rates of soil development and vegetation succession on recently‐deglaciated terrain which protect sediments from deflation. Retreat of the Antarctic ice sheet could mean that in future glacigenic contributions to the dust cycle exceed those of non‐glacigenic sources in the southern hemisphere. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dust storms and related phenomena measured from meteorological records in Australia

Using meteorological records (1957–1984) in Australia, formal definitions are proposed of four types of dust event: dust storms, blowing dust, dust whirls, and dust haze. Australia-wide maps of the extent of these four dust event types are presented.     

Vertical dispersion of dust particles in a turbulent boundary layer

The flow of glass dust particles in air was investigated experimentally over a flat bed in a wind tunnel. Particle concentrations were measured by light scattering diffusion (LSD) and digital image processing. It was verified that saltation is the main mechanism for ejection of dust particles. Vertical mean dust concentrations for ‘pure dust’ and two mixtures of dust and saltating glass particles were determined and analysed. The experiments confirmed that for the ‘pure dust’ configuration the mean concentration decreases as a power function with height. For the mixture configurations and for free stream velocities close to the threshold velocity, the mean concentration also decreases in a power function. For higher velocities, mean concentration decreases respectively as a power function or exponential function for large and small ratios of the dust:saltating particles respectively. The exponent of the power law reflects the dust:particle ratio and the free stream flow velocity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dust climatology of Mildura,Victoria, Australia: transport direction

Large-scale geomorphic drivers that operate at continental scale are often climate driven. Changes in land use can accelerate wind erosion. The range of land management practises within one land use can have dramatic effect on ground cover and wind erosion. This study uses meteorological observations, land use, land management and dust concentration measurements of 129 dust events recorded between 1990 and 2007 to describe a dust chronology of Mildura, in south-eastern Australia. Frontal and frontal trough weather systems account for 74% of dust events. Furthermore, 88% of dust events come from rangelands in the northwest and the cropping lands to the southwest. The cropping areas to the southwest are the most common source of dust, accounting for 66% of events There is no relationship between rainfall and dust activity in this study, suggesting that land-management practices, especially on cropping lands, over-ride the controlling effect of rainfall. When cropping lands received above average rainfall in spring and summer during the 1990s, cultivation for weed control lead to rapid decline in ground cover that predisposed the land to wind erosion in following summer and autumn. In drought years, dust blows into Mildura from all directions suggesting that dust is climate driven rather than controlled by land use. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Drivers of Australian dust: a case study of frontal winds and dust dynamics in the lower lake Eyre basin

The roles of pre‐frontal, frontal and post‐frontal winds as the primary wind systems for dust entrainment and transport in Australia are well established. While the relevance of each system has been observed across different wind erosion events in central Australia, the entrainment of dust by all three winds during the passage of an individual front has not been demonstrated until now. Synoptic information, satellite aerosol and imagery, meteorological and dust concentration data are presented for a single case study erosion event in the lower Lake Eyre Basin. This event demonstrates variable dust transport in three different directions from one of the southern Hemisphere's most significant source regions, and the changing nature of the active dust pathways during the passage of a frontal system. While only a single dust event is considered, the findings show the complexity of mineral aerosol emission and transport patterns even within an individual dust outbreak. For the lower Lake Eyre Basin, this appreciation of pathway behaviour is significant for better understanding the role of aeolian inputs from the dominant Australian source to surrounding marine systems. In a wider context, the findings exhibit the detailed insights into major dust source dynamics that can be obtained from high resolution spatial and particularly temporal data, as used in combination. This work highlights the importance of adequately resolved data for the accurate determination of dust entrainment and transport patterns of major dust sources. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sand dunes as potential sources of dust in northern China

While saltation bombardment of sand grains on a fine substrate can produce considerable dust, the well-sorted nature of sand dunes tends to preclude them from consideration as major dust sources. Recent research, however, has revealed that sand dunes can, in some cases, be large sources of dust. We used the PI-SWERL(Portable In-Situ Wind Erosion Laboratory) to measure in the field the potential of sand dunes and other desert landforms to emit particulate matter 10 μm(PM-10) dust in the Tengger, Ulan Buh, and Mu Us deserts of northern China. Combined with high resolution particle size measurements of the dune sand, an assessment of sand dunes as a dust source can be made. Large active transverse dunes tend to contain little to no stored PM-10, yet they produce a low dust flux. Coppice dunes stabilized by vegetation contain appreciable PM-10 and have very high dust emission potential. There is a positive correlation between the amount of PM-10 stored in a dune and its potential dust flux. Saltation liberates loose fines stored in dunes, making them very efficient dust emitters compared to landforms such as dry lake beds and washes where dust particles are unavailable for aeolian transport due to protective crusts or sediment cohesion. In cases where large dunes do not store PM-10 yet emit dust when active, two hypotheses can be considered:(1) iron-oxide grain coatings are removed during saltation, creating dust, and(2) sand grains collide during saltation, abrading grains to create dust. Observations reveal that iron oxide coatings are present on some dune sands. PI-SWERL data suggests that low dust fluxes from dunes containing no stored dust may represent an estimate for the amount of PM-10 dust produced by removal of iron oxide coatings. These results are similar to results from dunes in the United States. In addition, PI-SWERL results suggest that dust-bearing coppice dunes, which cover vast areas of China's sandy deserts, may become major sources of dust in the future if overgrazing, depletion of groundwater, or drought destabilizes the vegetation that now partially covers these dunes.     

Properties of modern dust accumulating in the Uinta Mountains,Utah, USA,and implications for the regional dust system of the Rocky Mountains

A growing body of work is illuminating the importance of dust as a component of soil development and biogeochemical cycling in alpine environments of the Rocky Mountains. Nonetheless, important questions remain about the dust system in this region due to a paucity of focused studies and direct measurements. This project involved deployment of modified marble dust traps in the alpine zone of the Uinta Mountains of Utah to trap modern atmospheric dust over a two year period. Results indicate that dust accumulation rates are similar to values previously reported for the Wind River Range of Wyoming, but less than values for south‐western Colorado, suggesting a south‐to‐north decrease in regional dust flux. The overall mean grain size of Uinta dust is similar to values reported by prior studies in Colorado, indicating a general uniformity in grain size distribution. Uinta dust is dominated by quartz, plagioclase, K‐feldspar, and illite with trace amounts of kaolinite, chlorite, and amphibole. In contrast, only quartz and K‐feldspar are present in the Uinta bedrock, confirming an exotic origin for the dust arriving in the alpine zone. Exotic mineralogies have also been reported in dust from other mountain ranges in the western United States, indicating that eolian delivery of allochthonous minerals is a widespread process. Geochemical analysis reveals that Bi, Na, P, Zn, Sn, Cu, Cd, Ba, Ni, W, Sb, Pb, and Tl in Uinta dust are elevated 10 to > 80‐times above their abundances in local bedrock. These results support reports of anthropogenic elemental enrichment in lake sediments from Colorado and Utah. Patterns of elemental loading suggest that certain elements are delivered by winds arriving from different directions, raising the possibility that some elements could be associated with unique source areas. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatial and temporal changes in aeolian redistribution of sediments and nutrients following fire

Wildfires can profoundly alter rates, magnitudes, and ecological influences of aeolian redistribution of sediments and nutrients. This study examines the influence of fire in a semi-arid ecosystem using 2 years of continuous passive dust trap data in the northern Great Basin, USA. We analyse the mass flux, organic material content, grain size distribution, and geochemistry of the collected samples to trace the fingerprint of the 2015 Soda Fire through space and time. In areas not affected by fire, dust is characterized by silt-sized median grains, a geochemical signature consistent with a playa source area, and spatially consistent but seasonally variable dust flux rates. Following fire, dust flux increases significantly within and near the burned area. At burned and topographically sheltered sites, dust deposition in the eighth month following fire was 190% higher than dust deposition 2 years post-revegetation. Topographically exposed sites recorded only modest increases in dust deposition following fire. Analysis of organic matter indicates all dust samples (both burned and unburned) contained an average of 45% organic matter compared to a watershed average of 1.6% organic matter in soils. Geochemical and seasonal dust deposition data from 12 dust traps at a range of elevations indicate that with the removal of stabilizing vegetation after wildfire, differences in topographic position and wind direction lead to preferential redistribution of material across a burned landscape over hillslope scales (0–10 km). We posit post-fire aeolian redistribution of locally derived material to topographically controlled positions is an important control on the spatial variability of soil depth and characteristics in drylands with complex topography. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the nature of cosmic dust in sedimentary rocks

In the paper, the chemical composition and origin of cosmic dust, as well as its distribution in the geological past, are discussed. Special attention is given to the problem of the difference in cosmic dust from volcanic dust on the basis of indicators such as cosmogenic helium and iridium.     

On the influence of background dust on radar scattering from meteor trails

We consider the influence of a possible background of mostly non-visual neutral or positively charged dust, on the diffusion of the ionized meteor trails formed as meteors burn up in the atmosphere. The aim of this is to see if the decay time of such trails, which is used to determine the neutral gas temperature at the trail height, can be affected by a part of the trail electrons being absorbed by dust as they diffuse outward. In our model calculations we consider three different scenarios for the background dust ranging from small but numerous positively charged dust, which is reported being observed by rocket probes, to the larger but well-established population of often visible icy dust particles. We consider the icy dust particles during quiet night conditions when they for the most part will be electrically neutral.We find that the decay of mainly the weaker trails will be affected. For the stronger trails with their larger electron content the limited electron absorption capability of the background dust have a negligible effect on the radar echo decay time.We suggest that systematic investigations at different heights, time of day and year, to look for clear differences in decay times as a function of initial trail echo strength, can give information on a content of the elusive background of dust particles. In such an investigation, the presence of substantial amounts of small positive or neutral dust particles should lead to a significantly smaller apparent decay time for weak trails than for strong trails.