吉林省典型废水COD与TOC的相关关系及其形成机制和影响因素

为了解吉林省典型废水的化学需氧量(COD)与总有机碳(TOC)间的相关关系及其形成机制,在对吉林省典型废水的ρ(COD)与ρ(TOC)进行测定的基础上,分析了各类废水ρ(COD)与ρ(TOC)的相关关系,研究了其形成作用和有机组分的挥发性与可氧化特征对其的影响。结果表明：所研究废水水样的ρ(COD)与ρ(TOC)间均存在显著的线性相关关系(α≤0.050),各类废水ρ(COD)/ρ(TOC)为1.711~12.280;废水ρ(COD)与ρ(TOC)的相关关系主要由废水的有机化学成分决定,其中废水有机组分的元素组成起主导作用,有机组分的挥发性和可氧化特征对废水ρ(COD)与ρ(TOC)的相关性和比值均存在影响。     

长江中下游不同营养水平湖泊水体环境变化特征及机制

选择长江中下游49个湖泊进行不同季节的水体溶解无机氮(DIN)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP),溶解性无机磷(DIP)以及叶绿素a(Chla)等环境参数分析,开展不同营养水平湖泊水体环境变化特征及生物响应机制研究。结果表明:DIN、TN/TP随TP的变化规律反映了不同营养水平和季节下地球化学作用的影响;氨氮(NH₄-N)、TP、DIP、Chla尤其是NH₄-N的季节性变化规律与营养水平关系密切;TP<0.05 mg/L时,NH₄-N随总磷升高的趋势夏季大于其他季节,TN/TP与硝态氮(NO₃-N)、TN相关性好,营养源组成和氨化作用是主要影响因素;0.05 mg/L4-N随总磷升高的趋势基本相同,TN/TP与亚硝态氮(NO₂-N)、NO₃-N、TN相关好,水生植物利用、氨化和反硝化作用是主要影响因素。TP>0.1 mg/L,冬季NH₄-N随总磷升高的趋势明显大于其他季节,TN/TP在冬季和春季与TN、NO₃-N相关性好,夏季和秋季与TP相关性好,其主要原因在于夏季和秋季水生植物对DIN的利用量、反硝化作用和湖泊内源释放的显著增强。     

接触氧化技术在公园景观水体功能恢复中的运用试验研究

通过自行设计加工的试验装置,进行生物接触氧化技术在景观水体功能恢复中的试验研究。待处理的景观水体ρ(COD_Cr)为25~35 mg/L,ρ(NH₃-N)为2.2~3 mg/L,ρ(TP)为0.55~0.85 mg/L,有机负荷低,且水质变化幅度大。试验结果表明,在合适的运行参数下,生物接触氧化技术可以使经过处理的景观水体的ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(NH₃-N)、ρ(TP)分别降至14.62 mg/L、0.26 mg/L、0.19 mg/L,满足地表水Ⅲ类水质标准,达到景观水体水质要求。     

连续流态下好氧颗粒污泥的培养及处理制药废水的性能

在上流式好氧颗粒污泥床反应器中, 以厌氧颗粒污泥和好氧絮状活性污泥为接种泥, 采用人工配制的模拟废水, 成功培养出性能优异的好氧颗粒污泥.反应器内污泥浓度稳定在5g/L左右, 颗粒污泥粒径为0.5~2.0mm, 当进水COD为2000mg/L, 容积负荷为4.8kg/(m3·d)时, 系统对COD的去除率稳定在96%以上.通过扫描电镜观察, 好氧颗粒污泥是层状结构, 表面有大量丝状菌缠绕, 内部有短杆菌和空穴存在.逐步提高制药废水在进水中的比例, 经过47d的培养, 生物制药废水完全取代模拟废水, 系统对COD、NH₃-N、TP的去除率分别稳定在90%、90%和70%以上.      

土壤含水层处理系统对再生水入渗过程中"三氮"去除的柱试验模拟

土壤含水层处理系统(soil aquifer treatment,SAT)是一种重要的人工回灌地下水方式。以再生水为回灌水源时,水中含有的“三氮”可能会对回灌区地下水造成污染风险。研究各种因素对在SAT中去除再生水中“三氮”的影响具有重要意义。本研究中,通过高200 cm、内径50 cm土柱试验,研究了SAT系统中粒径、干湿比(落干期与淹水期的比值)、在系统表层增加生物炭及渗透流速对实际再生水“三氮”去除效果的影响。结果表明,在干湿比1∶1条件下,实际河道细砂和中细砂柱底部出水中NH₄-N平均去除率分别为73%和66%,去除机理主要为吸附和硝化作用,NO₂-N基本被去除。系统中硝化作用导致NO₃-N浓度升高,出水中NO₃-N浓度平均增长了3.0%4.1%。在深度115 cm以上, 中细砂柱内比细砂柱内的硝化作用更强,这导致了更高的NH₄-N去除率和更低的NO₃-N去除率。延长落干期后(干湿比3∶1),系统具有了更强的复氧能力,促进了硝化作用,使得NH₄-N的平均去除率提高了20%,而NO₃-N的降低了3%4%,增加了NO₃-N污染风险。在中细砂层添加5%重量生物炭后,吸附性能增强,使其对NH₄-N平均去除率增加了20%32%,但对NO₃-N影响不明显。渗透流速与NH₄-N的去除和NO₃-N的增加均呈负相关。综合分析可得出,影响SAT系统去除“三氮”的最主要因素是干湿比和渗透流速,在回补水源中NH₄-N浓度较高时,可考虑在SAT系统表层添加生物炭以增强其去除效果。     

上流式曝气生物滤池深度处理炼油厂外排污水

炼油厂外排污水水质复杂,可生化性已较差,但上流式曝气生物滤池对其有较好的处理效果.研究结果表明曝气生物滤池处理炼油厂外排污水在有机负荷(COD)为 4.39 kg·m-3·d-1、水力负荷为3 m3· m-2·h-1、气水比为31下,COD、NH3-N的去除率达到81.9%、73.2%;曝气生物滤池的主要影响因素依次是水力负荷、气水比、有机负荷;得到的经验速度方程与Monod方程基本吻合.该实验为炼油厂外排污水再生回用提供了一种工艺方法.     

三相生物流化床处理啤酒废水

通过三相生物流化床处理啤酒废水的实验研究,探讨曝气量和水力停留时间对处理效果的影响,确定最佳曝气量为0.25 m³/h,最佳水力停留时间为1.5 h。在该实验条件下,COD_cr平均去除率在85％以上,生物浓度高达28.31 mg/L,生物膜活性强,同时反应器具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力。     

SBR法处理人工配制味精废水的实验研究

采用内径为140 mm,高为250 mm的圆柱形SBR反应器进行试验,探讨SBR工艺对人工模拟配制味精废水的处理效果。通过实验分析了不同曝气时间、温度、进水浓度及污泥浓度与SBR处理效果之间的关系,确定了SBR法处理中浓度味精废水的最佳运行参数。实验结果表明,废水浓度在2 000~4 000 mg/L,温度为25℃时连续曝气6 h,污泥浓度在4 000~7 000 mg/L的条件下对人工味精废水中的COD具有较好的降解能力,COD cr的去除率可达80%。     

组合生物技术处理制药废水及其生物相

为有效治理化学制药废水和生物制药废水,采用水解酸化-活性污泥[-曝气生物滤池组合工艺对制药废水进行室内模拟生物处理研究。结果表明：该工艺对出水COD、BOD₅的去除率均大于90%,已达到《污水综合排放标准》（GB 8978-1996）二级标准。对生物相的显微镜观察分析表明,污泥絮体和生物膜生长良好,并出现变形虫、轮虫和漫游虫等原生和后生动物。对各构筑物中的细菌进行分离纯化,同时应用BIOLOG细菌鉴定系统进行鉴定,分别得到8株、3株、6株可培养的细菌。     

三沙湾亚硝酸氮、氨氮、磷酸盐的异常、机制及影响

闽东三沙湾是最典型的多河流汇入的封闭型海湾,是世界上最大的大黄鱼网箱养殖基地和全国最主要的渔业养殖基地之一,多次调查却发现该湾藻类生产量远低于其他海湾,呈现"营养多藻类少"独特的生态特征,但都没有深入讨论其机制.本研究2018-2020年采用定点和大面走航方式,调查了5项营养盐(活性硅酸盐(SiO₃-Si)、硝酸氮(NO₃-N)、亚硝酸氮(NO₂-N)、氨氮(NH₄-N)、活性磷酸盐(PO₄-P))的潮汐运动及空间分布,结果发现:(1)流域输入导致SiO₃-Si、NO₃-N落憩浓度大于涨憩浓度,并从岸向湾内随盐度增加而线性减少.(2)湾内养殖和自然生态系统输出导致NO₂-N、NH₄-N、PO₄-P涨憩浓度大于落憩浓度,洪季浓度大于枯季浓度,从岸向湾NO₂-N随盐度增加而非线性增加,NH₄-N、PO₄-P随盐度增加而平均分布等异常现象,但沿岸排污口附近NH₄-N、PO₄-P呈落憩浓度大于涨憩浓度.(3)湾内养殖和沿岸排污输入的高浓度NH₄-N、PO₄-P,是三沙湾水质严重污染和富营养化的主要原因,湾内养殖引起的高浓度NO₂-N是引起三沙湾"营养多藻类少灾害多"这一独特的生态特征的主要因素.      

Enhanced bioremoval of refractory compounds from dyeing wastewater using optimized sequential anaerobic/aerobic process

The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket process followed by the biological aerated filter process was employed to improve the removal of color and recalcitrant compounds from real dyeing wastewater. The highest removal efficiency for color was observed in the anaerobic process, at 8-h hydraulic retention time, seeded with the sludge granule. In the subsequent aerobic process packed with the microbe-immobilized polyethylene glycol media, the removal efficiency for chemical oxygen demand increased significantly to 75 %, regardless of the empty bed contact time. The average influent non-biodegradable soluble chemical oxygen demand was 517 mg/L, and the average concentration in effluent from the anaerobic reactor was 363 mg/L, suggesting the removal of some recalcitrant matters together with the degradable ones. The average non-biodegradable soluble chemical oxygen demand in effluent from the aerobic reactor was 87, 93, and 118 mg/L, with the removal efficiency of 76, 74, and 67 %, at 24-, 12-, and 8-h empty bed contact time, respectively. The combined anaerobic sludge blanket and aerobic cell-entrapped process was effective to remove the refractory compounds from real dyeing wastewater as well as in reducing organic loading to meet the effluent discharge limits. This integrated process is considered an effective and economical treatment technology for dyeing wastewater.     

Physicochemical and biological treatability studies of urban solid waste leachate

In this research, physical, chemical and biological treatability of Tehran solid waste leachate was studied. Results indicate that the amount of COD for the fresh raw leachate of Tehran is equal to 66,608 mg/l. The leachate is transferred to an equalization tank for storage and pH control process. After neutralization, leachate is introduced to an up flow and down flow anaerobic reactor. The effluent of anaerobic reactor is conducted to a sequencing batch reactor. Sequence batch reactor (SBR) effluent was pumped in to sand and activated carbon filters, after chemical coagulation and clarification. Results showed that anaerobic reactor with detention time of 3 days had a 35% COD removal and increasing the detention time to 4.5 days would improve the COD removal to 45%. Nutrient adjustment with phosphorus and nitrogen increased the initial 23% efficiency of sequence batch reactor to 44%. The effluent COD of SBR reactor was 21,309 mg/l. Recycling of aerobic reactor effluent with incoming feed to anaerobic reactor reduced the anaerobic reactor influent COD to 20,000 mg/l and this caused 53% and 57% COD removal in the anaerobic and aerobic effluent, respectively. The total systems COD performance increased to 80% and SBR effluent COD eventually reduced to 4,000 mg/l. Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes were practiced to make the 4,000 mg/l effluent COD comply with environmental standards of Iran. The optimum coagulant found to be ferric chloride with the dosage of 50 mg/l at pH of 12, which reduced 10% of COD to an amount of 3,676 mg/l. The effluent was stored in a tank and then pumped in to pressure sand filter and afterwards to activated carbon filter. The COD removal was three and 90% for sand and activated carbon filters, respectively. The total process reduced the remaining COD to 36 mg/l, which is in compliance with environmental standards of Iran.     

预处理／复合水解酸化／复合好氧氧化工艺处理综合制药废水

针对传统水解酸化和好氧氧化处理工艺存在的问题,对水解酸化工艺及好氧氧化处理工艺进行了改进;并针对东北制药集团制药废水水质特征,设计开发了预处理 复合水解酸化 复合好氧氧化的生物处理技术。工程设计规模为30000 m3/d,两年的运行结果表明,此工艺运行稳定,耐冲击负荷能力强。当平均进水浓度COD为3600 mg/L、BOD5为1000 mg/L、SS为450 mg/L时,平均出水浓度COD≤300mg/L、BOD5≤100 mg/L、SS≤50 mg/L,达到了国家城市排水三级标准医药企业污水排放标准(COD300mg/L)。     

Innovative anaerobic upflow sludge blanket filtration combined bioreactor for nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater

In this research, a novel laboratory scale anaerobic/upflow sludge blanket filtration combined bioreactor was designed and operated to improve the efficiency of the upflow sludge blanket filtration process for the simultaneous removal of phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater. The anaerobic/upflow sludge blanket filtration technique was developed by adding an anaerobic reactor to its influent and operated by varying the main process parameters in order to gain the optimum conditions. The results showed that biological removal efficiency of nitrogen and preservation of sludge blanket strongly depend on wastewater characteristics, hydraulic retention time, sludge age and process controlling parameters. The combined bioreactor performed a total nitrogen removal efficiency of 96.6 % with the sludge age of 25 days, total hydraulic retention time of 24 h and optimum “chemical oxygen demand/nitrogen/phosphorus” ratio of 100/ 5/1. This ratio also improved the compaction quality of sludge blanket in the upflow sludge blanket filtration clarifier. The average specific nitrification and denitrification rates occurred during the process can be expressed as 4.43 mg NO_x-N produced/g VSS.d and 5.50 mg NOx-N removed/g VSS.d at the optimum ratio, respectively. To avoid sludge rising due to denitrification process, the optimum total hydraulic retention time of 16 to 24 h was achieved based on the effluent quality. This study suggested that the anaerobic/upflow sludge blanket filtration bioreactor at the optimum operational conditions can be an effective process for removal of nutrients from municipal wastewater.     

Improvement on the treatment of thick oil sewage by using integrated biochemical treatment technology

Sewage treatment station in oilfield needs a new process to meet the desired requirements. A new process was proposed to meet the discharge standards, which consisted of the following sub-processes: electrochemical treatment → coagulation treatment → integrated biochemical treatment of moving bed biofilm reactor and membrane bio-reactor → combined treatment process of macroporous adsorption resin. Electrochemical treatment included 5 electrolytic cells, total volume of which was 10 L. The PFS was chosen as the coagulants in the coagulation treatment, and the removal rate of COD could reach 66% when the dosage of PFS was 500 mg/L. The biochemical treatment consisted of anoxic tank, aerobic tank and membrane zone, and the removal rate of COD was about 55–70% when HRT was 12 h. SD300 resin was chosen as the best adsorbent in the treatment using macroporous adsorption resin. In addition, the effluent COD after coagulation treatment process becomes about 180 mg/L, the effluent COD after biological treatment becomes about 50 mg/L, and the last effluent COD with the macroporous adsorption resin becomes about 20 mg/L. The three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum was used to analyze the differences in types of organic matters in water samples between the raw water and the treated one. The results demonstrated that the new process meets the needs of wastewater treatment.     

固定化生物技术在合成染料废水处理中的应用

在多级折流板反应器生物处理装置中,采用活性炭为载体人工固定化生物处理合成染料废水,出水水质稳定, 出水中的烷烃肽链变短;其对COD_Cr和BOD₅的去除率可达96.46%、99.77% ;对SO^2-₄和钙镁总量的去除效率超过80.37%、78.66%;折流板反应器的容积负荷率N_v可达2.8 kg COD/(d•m³)。活性炭经生物固定化后,不仅不会影响它的处理效果,还会延长活性炭的使用寿命;当冲击性有机负荷发生时,固定化生物活性炭能够承受并能很快恢复。     

Kinetic analysis of enhanced biological phosphorus removal in a hybrid integrated fixed film activated sludge process

Hybrid integrated fixed film activated sludge is a promising process for the enhancement of nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal in conventional activated sludge systems that can be used for upgrading biological nutrient removal, particularly when they have space limitations or need modifications that will require large monetary expenses. In this research, successful implementation of hybrid integrated fixed film activated sludge process at temperate zone wastewater treatment facilities has been studied by the placement of fixed film media into aerobic, anaerobic and anoxic zones. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the incorporation of enhanced biological phosphorus removal into hybrid integrated fixed film activated sludge systems and study the interactions between the fixed biomass and the mixed liquor suspended solids with respect to substrate competition and nutrient removal efficiencies. A pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxic-oxic configuration system was used. The system was operated at different mean cell residence times and influent chemical oxygen demand/total phosphorus ratios and with split influent flows. The experimental results confirmed that enhanced biological phosphorus removal could be incorporated successfully into hybrid integrated fixed film activated sludge system, but the redistribution of biomass resulting from the integration of fixed film media and the competition of organic substrate between enhanced biological phosphorus removal and denitrification would affect performances. Also, kinetic analysis of the reactor with regarding to phosphorus removal has been studied with different kinetic models and consequently the modified Stover-Kincannon kinetic model has been chosen for modeling studies and experimental data analysis of the hybrid integrated fixed film activated sludge reactor.     

连续流气提式流化床启动过程中好氧颗粒污泥的形成机制

探讨连续流气提式好氧颗粒污泥流化床(CAFB)反应器的运行特征,对该工艺颗粒污泥形成过程、形成机理和颗粒性质进行分析。以市政污泥为接种污泥,以醋酸钠为碳源,在连续运行方式下培养好氧颗粒污泥。研究结果表明：CAFB反应器启动的第4－5天即有大量颗粒污泥形成,颗粒直径800~1 000 μm,比重1.006,生物相丰富,能够分泌大量胞外聚合物。当COD有机负荷高达8 和13 kg/(m³·d)时,对COD处理效率均维持在93%~97%,COD出水质量浓度仅为30~80 mg/L,引起启动后期丝状菌的大量繁殖,污泥流失。进一步提高污泥负荷有望控制污泥膨胀。     

微压流化式复合生物反应器的同步脱氮

通过对曝气系统的调节,微压流化式复合生物反应器（MP-FHBR）内可以实现好氧区和缺氧区共存,利用这一特点和MP-FHBR中同时存在的活性污泥﹑悬浮生物膜复合生物体系,进行了同步脱氮的试验研究。结果表明,MP-FHBR在好氧-缺氧条件下,实现了同步脱氮过程,TN和COD的平均去除率分别达到77.5%和98.3%。降低DO质量浓度使反应器内形成完全缺氧环境,对MP-FHBR同步脱氮效果没有显著影响,但会降低系统去除COD的效果;而提高DO质量浓度使反应器内形成完全好氧环境,MP-FHBR同步脱氮效果显著下降。在一定范围内提高进水COD/TN有利于提高MP-FHBR同步脱氮效果,COD/TN 由2升高到10,TN平均去除率由58.4%提高到78.8%,而继续提高COD/TN对系统同步脱氮效果的影响并不明显。在反应器允许的条件下,提高污泥质量浓度(MLSS)有利于提高系统反硝化脱氮效果,TN去除率随MLSS的增加而提高。