大直径反循环潜孔锤的密封方法与试验研究

可靠的密封结构是大直径反循环潜孔锤能够实现反循环钻进工艺的关键,同时也是大直径反循环潜孔锤设计的难点。现有的大直径反循环潜孔锤都是基于孔底钻具本体进行密封结构设计的。提出了一种孔底与孔口联合密封的方法,以该密封方法为设计原则研制了扩孔用φ710/311 mm集束式反循环潜孔锤与孔口密封装置,并配套φ127/70 mm双壁钻具进行了现场试验,取得了较好的连续反循环排渣效果,平均机械钻速为2.1 m/h,与常规牙轮钻头扩孔方法相比提高了2.6倍。试验结果表明孔底与孔口联合密封方法是可行的,值得进一步推广应用。     

微淹没圆形射流空化特性减压试验

空化空蚀和掺气减蚀机理的研究是高速射流研究的重要方面。在微淹没条件下,保证闸室面积与射流出口面积比不变,对设置门槽的有压矩形闸室后接圆管射流的突扩突跌消力池空化特性进行减压试验,其中跌坎高度S（5.5 m和4.0 m）和圆管长度L₂（L₂/d=2、1和0,d为圆管直径）。跌坎高度S从5.5 m降低至4.0 m,门槽及圆管射流出口处消力池边墙发生空化的可能性变化仅10%。圆管长度L₂/d=2和0时门槽发生空化的可能性比L₂/d=1时高出40%~60%;而L₂/d=0时圆管射流出口处边墙的空化可能性比L₂/d=1时可高出260%,L₂继续增加对空化特性的不利影响有限。增加跌坎高度S有利于水流掺气,为达到良好的掺气减蚀效果,不宜过低。因此,跌坎高度S对门槽及圆管射流出口处消力池边墙空化特性影响较小,而圆管长度L₂对其空化特性影响较大。     

空气反循环钻头井底流场分析及结构优化

为改善空气潜孔锤反循环钻进技术在大口径嵌岩桩施工中的应用效果,运用Fluent软件对嵌岩桩施工用反循环钻头底喷孔水平倾角θ_d和扩压槽水平倾角θ_k做了进一步的分析和研究,得到θ_d和θ_k对反循环钻头抽吸系数ω的影响规律。在分析中发现原有反循环钻头中心贯通孔结构设计中的不足之处,并进行了优化,优化后的反循环钻头抽吸效果明显增强。采用优化后的结构加工了一个直径为660 mm的反循环钻头,并进行现场钻进试验,试验效果良好,平均钻进效率为6.00 m/h,成功嵌入微风化岩层表面,能够满足嵌岩桩施工对嵌入微风化岩层和孔壁稳定、无塌孔的要求。     

大直径潜孔锤气力反循环流体速度与压力模型

为解决大直径潜孔锤反循环钻进技术中气体携带岩屑不彻底和地面供气压力难以控制问题,必须开展循环气体流动参数即速度压力分布研究。根据反循环钻进中流体通道特点对流场分区,采用"倒算法"按循环系统流动的反方向推导各分区流场的气体速度和压力公式,建立流体参数数学模型,并对所得模型进行实例验算。以直径1.2 m、孔深40 m硬岩钻孔为例,钻孔出口流速为40 m/s时,钻头喷嘴气体流速为456 m/s,喷嘴截面积为0.002 4 m2,孔口气体注入压力为1.2 MPa,循环系统压力降约为0.9 MPa。计算结果表明,该模型可为地面气源参数调节和优化喷嘴结构提供依据。     

井下定向钻进用小直径通缆水力振荡器的研制

针对煤矿井下定向钻进过程中由于托压效应引起的钻进摩阻大、钻进效率低、钻孔深度受限等问题，提出通过钻柱振动减阻的技术思路。采用理论分析和数值模拟进行激振力、激振频率等关键技术参数的设计，研制ø89 mm小直径通缆水力振荡器。在室内测试碟簧和圆柱弹簧两种辅助复位原件结构的振荡器性能，并在淮南张集煤矿井下进行实钻试验。结果表明:碟簧式水力振荡器在300 L/min流量时，最大压降1.9 MPa、激振力8.11 kN、频率13 Hz，适合安装在近钻头位置辅助减阻；圆柱弹簧式水力振荡器频率在300 L/min流量时，模拟测试150 m通缆定向管柱最大变形量2.86 mm，最大复位力7.98 kN，频率11 Hz，适合安装在钻柱中间主要减阻；在张集矿井下-600 m疏水巷10号孔定向钻进产生明显托压时使用圆柱弹簧式水力振荡器，使平均钻压降低33%，钻效提高126%，显著降低钻进摩阻，提高定向钻进效率。研制的ø89 mm小直径通缆水力振荡器为煤矿水平定向钻进中托压问题提供一种新的解决方法。      

煤层气井造穴射流破岩试验研究

通过水射流造穴进行洞穴完井是煤层气井重要的完井方式。为了优选造穴射流工具的喷嘴,提高射流造穴直径和效率,通过制备相似煤岩试样,采用室内试验的方法,进行了连续射流和空化射流的破岩效果试验,并在现场造穴施工中进行了应用。结果表明：自由射流条件下,连续射流在喷距为200 mm时破岩效果最好,空化射流在喷距为300 mm时破岩效果最好。淹没射流条件下,连续射流未能冲蚀煤岩试样;空化射流的冲蚀直径则呈先增加后减小并趋于稳定的状态,在淹没深度为200 mm时冲蚀直径达到最大,冲蚀深度随着淹没深度的增加而增加,在淹没深度为300 mm以后,冲蚀深度趋于稳定缓慢减小。研究结果为造穴射流工具的喷嘴选型及结构优化设计提供了依据。     

喷射式局部反循环钻具结构参数数值模拟

喷射式局部反循环钻具的流场主要是由喷反元件的射吸效应形成。为增强喷反钻具的反循环效果,提高岩心采取率,对喷反元件的主要结构参数对反循环效果的影响规律进行了研究;采用正交试验设计方法,借助计算流体动力学CFD软件,对不同结构参数组合下喷反钻具的反循环效果指标进行了回归分析。研究结果表明,喷反装置6个结构参数对目标值的影响由大到小的顺序是:喷嘴直径D1、喷嘴个数N1、喷嘴倾斜角度θ1、承喷孔直径D2、承喷孔倾斜角度θ2、承喷孔个数N2;当冲洗液泵量为1.5kg/s(90L/min)时,喷嘴直径D1=8mm,喷嘴个数N1=8,喷嘴倾斜角度θ1=67°,承喷孔直径D2=8mm,承喷孔倾斜角度θ2=5°,承喷孔个数N2=4为最优参数组合。     

新产品新设备新工艺

并列三喷嘴喷反钻具并列三喷嘴喷反钻具,是用来钻进硬、脆、碎地层时提高岩矿心采取率和钻进效率的有效工具。该钻具结构特点具有同一个吸水管,三个喷嘴并列对称分布,每个喷嘴都有与其相匹配的承喷管、喉管、扩散管、结构参数:钻具外径为Φ89、Φ108和Φ130mm;喷嘴直径为do为Φ7和Φ8mm;候管直径d为Φ14和     

顶板高位大直径水平长钻孔配套钻具研制

针对煤矿井下顶板高位大直径水平定向长钻孔施工中常规钻杆出现粘扣、弯曲、断裂等问题,分析了钻杆柱的工作状态,建立了顶板高位大直径长钻孔钻杆柱受力模型和有限元分析模型,明确了钻杆失效的主要原因,通过优化螺纹牙型和接头连接形式,研制了φ73 mm高韧性高强度钻杆,解决了定向钻孔扩孔钻进时钻杆断裂、粘扣等问题,满足了顶板高位大直径定向长钻孔的施工要求。     

定向钻孔的造斜机具及其钻进

受控定向钻孔使用随钻可提式造斜器,在二叠系砂岩中造斜40余次,成功率90%以上;而连续造斜器,在国内使用较多的是纳维、迪纳和国产LF 型螺杆钻具,其结构和技术性能优越,连续造斜钻进过程中操作简便,定向方便,中靶精度高。开滦煤矿在东欢坨矿2号井采用直径95.25mm 的Mach-3型纳维钻具完成了丛式S 形定向钻孔,获得了较好的经济效益。     

基于Fluent的空气射流切削式反循环钻头参数优化

针对黄土地层,提出利用空气代替钻井液的反循环气体喷射技术。但现有技术对反循环气体喷射钻头切削土体的能力没有具体优化讨论。利用fluent软件,优化反循环喷射钻头结构参数,对不同底喷孔直径、底喷孔数量、底喷孔扩大段直径、底喷孔扩大段数量、喷射孔数量5个结构参数进行模拟分析。分析结果表明,在进风流量一定的情况下,增加底喷孔的数量或增大底喷孔的直径会削弱钻头的空气射流切削能力和反循环能力。底喷孔直径为3 mm,底喷孔个数为2个,底喷孔扩大段直径为8 mm,底喷孔扩大段长度为5 mm,内喷孔数量为5个时,反循环喷射钻头喷射能力和反循环能力最优。     

滑坡碎屑堆积体形成泥石流的实验

地震或强降雨诱发滑坡,滑坡体碰撞解体形成碎屑物质堆积在沟道内,在后期降雨作用下形成泥石流,这是泥石流形成的一种方式,可称为滑坡碎屑堆积体泥石流。笔者分析了影响碎屑堆积体泥石流起动的特征参数,通过实验研究了碎屑堆积体泥石流形成的过程,分析了堆积体表面坡度、黏粒质量分数、中值粒径（d₅₀）以及不均匀系数（Cu）对泥石流形成的影响。结果表明：碎屑堆积体表面坡度对形成泥石流所需单宽流量无明显影响;黏粒质量分数在不大于5%时仅影响碎屑堆积体侵蚀,对碎屑堆积体揭底所需单宽流量无明显影响;影响碎屑堆积体形成泥石流所需单宽流量的因素主要为中值粒径和不均匀系数--随堆积体中值粒径、不均匀系数的增大而增大。通过实验数据拟合得出了中值粒径和不均匀系数与泥石流形成和揭底所需单宽流量的公式;由于公式中只考虑了影响碎屑堆积体形成泥石流的两个主要因素（d₅₀和Cu）,因此对比水文计算结果偏小,但整体趋势基本一致。在实际应用到这类泥石流沟时,可通过修正进行预测。     

Comparison of response of moss,lichens and attic dust to geology and atmospheric pollution from copper mine

Different sampling media (moss, lichen and attic dust) were used for monitoring the distribution of 15 elements, including certain trace elements, in the vicinity of an intensively exploited copper mine in the east of the Republic of Macedonia. Moss species (Hypnum cupressiforme and Campothecium lutescens), epiphytic lichens (Hypogymnia physodes and Evernia prunastri) and attic dust were collected for comparative analysis for monitoring air pollution. In both cases (lithological and anthropogenic affected areas) for the distribution of elements, the sampling media follows the expression capabilities: attic dust > moss > lichens. Enrichment factors M/L—moss vs. lichen, for plant response to elements distribution and D/L—attic dust vs. lichen, for historical response of elements distribution were significant for Cu and Ni, which were singled out as the main markers for anthropogenic and geogenic distribution. The factor analysis highlighted geogenic (F1: Ni-Cr-Cd-Fe-Al-K-Mn-Zn) and anthropogenic (F2: As-Cu-Pb) association of elements from three types of media samples. For anthropogenic affected areas, T value and F value for Cu content were significant at p < 0.05 and higher enrichment factors were obtained for lichen, moss and attic dust media (3.8, 5.0 and 5.7, respectively). Spatial distribution for element deposition (with emphasis on Cu and Ni) is not disturbed by the significant differences in the sampling media matrix. Treated sample materials (attic dust, moss, lichen) are shown to be useful in determining an anthropogenic impact, as well as the chemical properties or geological background on orographic diverse terrain in the presence of complex geological structure.     

后混合磨料空气射流喷嘴结构优化及破煤效果研究

水力化卸压增透技术在煤层瓦斯灾害治理中发挥了重要作用,但在松软煤层中应用时容易导致塌孔、抱钻和喷孔等动力现象。无水化卸压增透是突破松软煤层瓦斯高效抽采技术瓶颈的可行性技术之一。为此,利用磨料空气射流高效破煤岩能力,提出后混合磨料空气射流破煤卸压技术,采用磨料-空气分离输送的双通道方式,将磨料和空气运送至孔底,采用射流泵-拉法尔耦合的后混合喷嘴结构在孔底对磨料进行引射、混合和加速,使磨料具备高冲击动能,实现高效破煤。基于ANSYSFLUENT气固两相流模型,分析后混合喷嘴内磨料引射、混合和加速规律,研究磨料颗粒在加速过程中的受力,获得混合磨料空气射流高效破煤最优后混合喷嘴结构;并开展后混合磨料气体射流破煤实验验证破煤性能。结果表明：磨料冲击动能决定于后混合喷嘴的引射能力和加速能力。后混合喷嘴的引射能力与引射喷嘴的喷嘴出口直径和其扩张段长度有关,合理的引射喷嘴出口直径有助于减小喷嘴出口气流波动,扩张段长度则会影响喷嘴出口气流速度,在本文条件下,引射喷嘴采用两段式,其中收缩段长度2 mm,喉部直径2 mm,扩张段长度5 mm,喷嘴出口直径为3 mm。加速结构对磨料的加速效果主要取决于加速喷嘴...     

Shear resistance of fissured Neogene clays

Two types of fissured Neogene clays (SM and WB) were tested in the laboratory using undisturbed and reconstituted specimens. Although of similar age, the clays differ in their geological history: SM clays were deposited in a marine environment, WB are lacustrine clays with a complex tectonic history.

The index properties of both clays are similar and, accordingly, their strength parameters are mutually close. Test results of the more compact and less wet clay (WB) are affected by the sampling and trimming procedures, especially for 38 mm diameter specimens.

Although the behaviour is similar, the origin of fissures is different. For the SM clays, weathering is the main cause and fissuring reaches a depth of about 20 m. WB clays are dissected by macro- and microfissures originating as the result of tectonic processes and volumetric changes (effect of the coal formation underneath the investigated massif).

Cementation of some samples was found and the transition from clays through cemented clays to claystones (soft rocks) is speculated.     

Studying Hygienic Status of Mechanized Long Wall Face from the Perspective of the Existing Dust Containing Silica in Tabas Coal Mine

In order to consider the quantity of the existing negative effect in mechanized longwall mining face in Tabas coal mine, the concentration of the available coal dust and amount of its toxicity in every part of the mining face and tail gate were investigated and compared with the permissible amount. After sampling and preparing dust, its concentration was determined by gravimetric method. Then, using Zetasizer, the particle size distributions were determined and also the available amount of silica in the samples was found using SEM and XRF device. The results of the elemental analysis of dust in the mine showed that the weight percentage of silica in dust was between 27.9 and 26.7 %. The correction of the permissible dust concentration from the perspective of silica was done and the result was reported as 0.36 mg/m³. Computational fluid dynamics can be used to determine dust accumulation zones and the zones with high dust concentration. Finally, D₅₀ of the samples showed that the existing toxicity in dust can be transferred to dozens of meters far from the source (shearer).     

煤矿井下自动封孔装置坐封与注浆压力研究

注浆压力和坐封压力是设计煤矿井下自动封孔装置所需的主要参数,同时也是自动化封孔施工设计的重要依据。以浆液的有效封堵半径为基础,采用理论计算、数值模拟等方法分析了不同注浆压力条件下的封孔效果,结合橡胶的Mooney-Rivlin本构模型的力学特征、挤压密封等原理,研究并确定最佳注浆压力和坐封压力。结果表明,注浆压力为2~4 MPa时浆液的径向封堵范围达2~4 m,可以满足对钻孔的封堵要求;当钻孔直径为96~100 mm时,坐封压力范围为2.2~8.4 MPa,可以使装置达到最佳坐封效果。研究结果可为装置的设计提供理论基础,为装置应用所需技术参数的确定提供理论依据。      

Use of rare earth element patterns to trace the provenance of the atmospheric dust near Beijing, China

Atmospheric dust is one of the important indicators of urban air quality. In this study, atmospheric dust and topsoil samples were collected monthly from four sites in Beijing and surrounding areas, and analyzed for rare earth elements (REEs). Total REE concentrations (∑REE) in the dusts ranged from 43.10 to 164.43 mg kg^?1; concentrations in Beijing and Miyun were higher than those in Zhangbei and Fengning. Most of sampling sites showed the same seasonal depletion in dust ∑REE concentrations in summer, probably caused by the “dilution effect” of added organic matter in summertime samples. Most of the dusts have consistent Ce-anomaly (Ce/Ce*) values (0.91–1.00) and Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu*) values (0.93–1.36); some dusts show slight positive Eu anomalies. The REE patterns of both the dusts and topsoils (normalized to post-Archean shales from Australia, PASS) show different signatures at different sites, whereas the temporal patterns are consistent at each site. These results suggest that local topsoils are likely to be the main provenance of the dusts in the study area.     

海南四更沙海域沉积物分布及其受控机制

基于海南西部四更沙及其邻近海域185个底质的粒度数据,并结合研究区动力状况和水深地形特征,研究表层沉积物的组分和类型分布、粒度参数及其沉积环境分区。结果表明:①研究区沉积物类型多样,包括12种沉积类型,以砂质粉砂、粉砂、粉砂质砂和含砾砂为主,沉积物平均粒径变化范围较大(-0.70~7.13 φ),且大体呈现由北向南逐渐变细的分布趋势;②运用Fleming的三角图式,结合物源状况及地形地貌条件,对沉积环境进行划分,将研究区划分为四更沙岸外海滨沉积区、北黎湾中部沉积区和八所港近岸沉积区等3个沉积区;③研究区沉积物分布特征受沉积物来源和水动力及地形条件共同影响。横向分布上,西部主要受强潮流输沙影响,东部近岸则主要受波浪掀沙和搬运作用影响,表现为两侧粗,中间相对较细的特征。纵向上,四更沙岸外海滨沉积区,沉积物主要受昌化江影响,粒径粗,表现为河口沉积特征;北黎湾中部沉积区,沉积物粒径分布范围广,表现为较强的过渡区特性;八所港近岸沉积区,沉积物粒径最细,泥沙来源主要为外海带来的泥沙。     

石英尾砂对濠河上游沉积物污染的磁学响应

濠河上游沉积物和石英尾砂磁学参数及SiO₂质量分数(w(SiO₂))分析结果表明,沉积物中w(SiO₂)高达80%以上,说明沉积物已被石英尾砂严重污染。磁测结果显示,沉积物与石英尾砂的磁学特征基本相同,这2类样品中的主要磁性矿物是磁铁矿,含量较低,磁性矿物粒径较宽,主要为0.1~5 μm;这主要是大量石英尾砂进入濠河后,在其稀释作用下,沉积物磁性减弱,使磁性矿物的粒径变粗。沉积物中w(SiO₂)与磁学参数(χ、SIRM和χ_ARM)存在负相关关系(-0.83≤R≤-0.61),表明磁学参数能反映石英尾砂对沉积物的污染程度,其值越低说明石英尾砂对濠河污染越严重。