Calibrations for benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca paleothermometry and the carbonate ion hypothesis

Benthic foraminiferal magnesium/calcium ratios were determined on one hundred and forty core-top samples from the Atlantic Ocean, the Norwegian Sea, the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Pacific Ocean, mostly at sites with bottom water temperatures below 5 °C. Mg/Ca ratios are consistently lower, by  0.2 mmol/mol, in samples cleaned using oxidative and reductive steps than using oxidative cleaning. Differences between Cibicidoides species have been identified: Mg/Ca of Cibicidoides robertsonianus > Cibicidoides kullenbergi > Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi. Comparison with bottom water temperatures support observations of lowered Mg/Ca of C. wuellerstorfi at temperature below  3 °C compared with values predicted by published calibrations and from other Cibicidoides species. Hydrographic data shows that carbonate ion saturation (Δ[CO₃²⁻]) decreases rapidly below this temperature. An empirical sensitivity of Δ[CO₃²⁻] on Mg/Ca has been established for C. wuellerstorfi of 0.0086 ± 0.0006 mmol/mol/μmol/kg. A novel application using modern temperatures and Last Glacial Maximum temperatures derived via pore fluid modelling supports a carbonate ion saturation state effect on Mg incorporation. This may significantly affect calculated δ¹⁸O_seawater obtained from foraminiferal δ¹⁸O and Mg/Ca temperature.     

Silicate perovskite analogue ScAlO3: temperature dependence of elastic moduli

The elastic moduli of ScAlO₃ perovskite, a very close structural analogue for MgSiO₃ perovskite, have been measured between 300 and 600 K using high precision ultrasonic interferometry in an internally heated gas-charged pressure vessel. This new capability for high temperature measurement of elastic wave speeds has been demonstrated on polycrystalline alumina. The temperature derivatives of elastic moduli of Al₂O₃ measured in this study agree within 15% with expectations based on published single-crystal data. For ScAlO₃ perovskite, the value of (∂K_S/∂T)_P is −0.033 GPa K⁻¹ and (∂G/∂T)_P is −0.015 GPa K⁻¹. The relative magnitudes of these derivatives agree with the observation in Duffy and Anderson [Duffy, T.S., Anderson, D.L., 1989. Seismic velocities in mantle minerals and the mineralogy of the upper mantle. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 1895–1912.] that |(∂K_S/∂T)_P| is typically about twice |(∂G/∂T)_P|. The value of (∂K_S/∂T)_P for ScAlO₃ is intermediate between those inferred less directly from V(P,T) studies of Fe-free and Fe- and Al-bearing MgSiO₃ perovskites [Wang, Y., Weidner, D.J., Liebermann, R.C., Zhao, Y., 1994. P–V–T equation of state of (Mg,Fe)SiO₃ perovskite: constraints on composition of the lower mantle. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 83, 13–40; Mao, H.K., Hemley, R.J., Shu, J., Chen, L., Jephcoat, A.P., Wu, Y., Bassett, W.A., 1991. Effect of pressure, temperature and composition on the lattice parameters and density of (Mg,Fe) SiO₃ perovskite to 30 GPa. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 8069–8079; Zhang, Weidner, D., 1999. Thermal equation of state of aluminum-enriched silicate perovskite. Science 284, 782–784]. The value of |(∂G/∂T)|_P for ScAlO₃ is similar to those of most other mantle silicate phases but lower than the recent determination for MgSiO₃ perovskite [Sinelnikov, Y., Chen, G., Neuville, D.R., Vaughan, M.T., Liebermann, R.C., 1998. Ultrasonic shear wave velocities of MgSiO₃ perovskite at 8 GPa and 800K and lower mantle composition. Science 281, 677–679].

Combining the results from the previous studies and current measurements on ScAlO₃ perovskite, we extracted the parameters (q and γ₀) needed to fully specify its Mie–Grüneisen–Debye equation-of-state. In this study, we have demonstrated that acoustic measurements of K_S(T), unlike V(P,T) data, tightly constrain the value of q. It is concluded that ScAlO₃ has ‘normal’ γ₀ (1.3) and high q (3.6). The high value of q indicates that ScAlO₃ has very strong intrinsic temperature dependence of the bulk modulus; similar behaviour has been observed in measurements on Fe- and Al-bearing silicate perovskites (Mao et al., 1991; Zhang and Weidner, 1999).     

Understanding the effect of a static driving shear stress on the liquefaction resistance of medium dense granular soils

The influence of a driving static shear stress on the liquefaction resistance of medium dense granular soils is investigated. A laboratory study of the behavior of five sands (percentage of silt varying between 2 and 42%, and D₅₀ varying between 0.55 and 0.09 mm) was undertaken. These five sands were sampled from the foundations of two dams in Quebec (Canada). Sixty cyclic direct simple shear (DSS) tests were performed with and without a driving static shear stress. Relative densities D_r varied between 60 and 70%, and static shear stress ratios =τ_st/σ′_vc varied between 0.2 and 0.6. The presence of static shear stress increased the cyclic strength of these soils. A relation between and K() factor giving the effect of preshearing on cyclic shear resistance is obtained. The mechanical competence is examined as a function of D₅₀ and percentage of fines. The observed dilatancy yielded rather cyclic mobility than liquefaction.     

地磁活动K指数自动计算FMI方法的改进

将Kp指数与国际地磁学与高空物理学协会(International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy,下文简称IAGA)推荐的FMI方法(V1.0)计算的K值对比分析后发现,二者的差值在中国区域内出现"不同台站之间K1~K8两头离散、K值整体高出K_p约0.5个单位、个别日期S_R计算错误、相邻日期S_R频繁出现跨天台阶"现象.针对这些现象,分析了可能产生的原因,并对原FMI算法进行了四处改进.用改进后的FMI算法计算了全球8个台站、中国5个台站在2003-2005年和2009年共4年的K指数数据,并将计算结果分别与Kp指数以及这些台站用其他方法计算的K值进行一致性比较,发现改进后的计算结果与二者更为接近,说明本文对FMI方法的改进是有效的.     

The equation of state of CaSiO3 perovskite to 108 GPa at 300 K

Pressure–volume measurements have been performed for CaSiO₃ perovskite to 108 GPa at 300 K using NaCl and argon pressure-transmitting media, and energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXD) in a diamond-anvil cell (DAC). By determining a parameter that is the product of the elastic anisotropy, S, and the uniaxial stress component, t, for each data point, we define the stress condition of the sample. For different points at the same pressure in a temperature-quenched sample, the St value can differ by as much as a factor of 5, indicating heterogeneity in the stress condition. This may be responsible for the large scatter of earlier P–V measurements in the DAC which in general used a large diameter X-ray beam. Also, the St value provides insight into the elastic anisotropy, S, of CaSiO₃ perovskite and platinum. The sign of S (positive) for CaSiO₃ perovskite agrees with first principles calculations but the magnitude may be inconsistent. A new compression curve at 300 K was obtained for CaSiO₃ perovskite by using those data points which represent the most nearly hydrostatic conditions. It is observed that the data points with high St values yield larger volumes than the points with small St values at a given pressure. By selecting the data points having low St values (St≤0.005), combining with lower pressure large volume press (LVP) measurements and fitting to third order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state (EOS), we find that CaSiO₃ perovskite is more compressible (V₀=45.58±0.05 ų, K_T0=236±4 GPa, and K_T0′=3.9±0.2 GPa) than suggested by previous studies. The density and bulk modulus of CaSiO₃ perovskite at lower mantle pressures and 300 K are 1–3% greater and 5–15% smaller, respectively, than found in previous studies. This study demonstrates that defining the stress state of the sample is crucial to obtain an accurate 300 K compression curve for unquenchable high-pressure phases.     

基于核磁共振实验的低渗透砂岩岩电参数分类及应用——以东营凹陷南坡沙四段为例

低渗透砂岩储层孔隙结构复杂,储层有效性识别及饱和度准确计算难度较大.笔者以东营凹陷南坡沙四段（Es₄）低渗透砂岩为研究对象,根据压汞、物性、薄片及核磁等资料,将研究区孔隙结构分为三大类、五小类.在岩样孔隙结构分类基础上,明确了孔隙结构类型与岩电参数之间存在确定的关系,而核磁共振T₂谱定量特征参数在一定程度上能够表征孔隙结构类型及其细节信息,通过提取T₂谱中T₂几何平均值（T_2g）、T₂均值（T₂）、峰度（K_G）、可动流体分量（S_mf）及区间孔隙分量等孔隙结构参数,建立了基于核磁T₂谱特征参数的孔隙结构识别图版,显示核磁T₂谱孔隙结构参数对不同类型的储层有较好的识别效果,进而探讨核磁孔隙结构参数和岩电参数之间的关系,结果表明,T₂谱峰度值与孔隙胶结指数（m）值相关性较高,进一步确定了岩电参数m的核磁计算公式.最终,将该套方法应用于研究区井筒剖面中,有效地提高了饱和度计算精度,也为东营凹陷南坡低渗透砂岩油藏储量估算与高效开发提供了依据.     

川滇地块西部差异性旋转的构造意义:青藏高原东南缘白垩纪红层古地磁学新证据

印度—欧亚板块碰撞以来青藏高原内部及其周缘地区经历了复杂的构造演化,复杂构造变形区的复合构造使得古地磁的数据解释究竟代表区域的构造旋转还是只能反映局部的构造变形一直是备受关注的问题.本文通过采集川滇地块西缘渔泡江断裂东侧三岔河地区白垩纪红层古地磁样品,揭示采样区差异性旋转并探讨川滇地块西部自中新世以来的构造演化规律.前人的地质调查表明川滇地块渔泡江断裂东侧上白垩统赵家店组地层发育倾伏褶皱.三岔河剖面以三岔河镇为界分为南北两段,三岔河南段剖面高温剩磁分量平均方向在倾斜校正后Ds=29.3°,Is=45.7°,ks=54.3,α95=6.6°,倾伏地层产状校正后Ds=30.6°,Is=46.6°,ks=69.3,α95=5.8°;而三岔河北侧剖面高温剩磁分量平均方向在倾斜校正后Ds=350.4°,Is=42.1°,ks=69.4,α95=9.2°,倾伏地层产状校正后Ds=347.4°,Is=41.9°,ks=96.6,α95=7.8°;两组高温剩磁分量均通过了褶皱检验,表明其获得于褶皱形成之前.相对于东亚稳定区80Ma古地磁极,三岔河南侧剖面发生了20.5°±4.8°的顺时针构造旋转量,与楚雄盆地核部之间不存在差异性旋转;但三岔河镇以北剖面却发生了22.7°±6.6°的逆时针旋转.综合分析川滇地块内部的古地磁数据表明自中新世以来川滇地块南部楚雄盆地经历了约20°的顺时针构造旋转,而三岔河镇北侧经历了约20°逆时针旋转.进一步分析表明三岔河北侧剖面相对于南侧剖面经历了约40°的逆时针旋转,可能由于研究区的滑脱构造导致岩石薄弱层拆离滑脱所引起.     

基于邻域算法的瑞利面波垂直-水平振幅比及频散曲线联合反演及应用

瑞利面波垂直-水平振幅比(或ZH振幅比)是一个随频率变化的函数,对于台站下方浅层地壳结构非常敏感,且具有和频散资料不同的深度敏感核,是传统频散反演方法的一个很好的补充,从而可以将基阶瑞利面波的ZH振幅比和面波频散数据联合起来更好地反演获得观测台站下方的速度结构.本文提出了基于邻域算法的面波频散曲线与ZH振幅比联合反演方法,我们进行了基于理论模型的模拟测试,证明了联合反演是一种更为可靠的反演方法,且能更好地约束浅层地壳结构.相比于频散曲线单独反演,联合反演不仅可以精确反演获得地壳的Vs结构,对分层地壳的Vp/Vs也能很好地约束.然后我们将联合反演算法应用于实际测量数据,获得了中国西南昆明台(KMI)下方更为准确的地壳横波速度结构及Vp/Vs模型.     

Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the lattice parameters of Fe2SiO4 olivine up to 70 kbar

The pressure dependence of the three lattice parameters and unit cell volume of fayalite (Fe₂SiO₄ olivine) was determined by X-ray diffraction under hydrostatic pressures up to 70 kbar. In order to eliminate stress inhomogeneity within a composite material consisting of a specimen mixed with an internal-pressure standard, a liquid (1 : 1 mixture of ethanol and methanol) was used as a pressure-transmitting medium. The isothermal bulk modulus calculated on the basis of the second-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state gives the values K₀ = 1.19 ± 0.10 Mbar and K₀′ = 7 ± 4, and if we assume K₀′ = 5: K₀ = 1.24 ± 0.02 Mbar. Three axes of fayalite were found to be compressible in the following order, b >c >a. Comparisons with the results obtained under non-hydrostatic compression are made.     

Prediction of siderophile element metal-silicate partition coefficients to 20 GPa and 2800°C: the effects of pressure, temperature, oxygen fugacity, and silicate and metallic melt compositions

We report new metal-silicate partition coefficients for Ni, Co and P at 7.0 GPa (1650–1750°C), and Ni, Co, Mo, W and P at 0.8, 1.0 and 1.5 GPa (1300–1400°C). Guided by thermodynamics, all available metal-silicate partition coefficients, D(i), where i is Ni, Co, P, Mo and W, are regressed against 1/T, P/T, lnf(O₂), ln(1 − X_s) (X_S is mole fraction of S in metallic liquid) and nbo/t (non-bridging oxygen/tetrahedral cation ratio, a silicate melt compositional-structural parameter) to derive equations of the following form: ln D(i) = aln f(O₂) + (b/T) + (cP/T) + d(nbo/t) + eln(1 − X_S) + f. Expressions for solid metal-liquid silicate and liquid metal-liquid silicate partition coefficients are derived for S-free and S-bearing systems.

We investigate whether Earth's upper-mantle siderophile element abundances can be reconciled with simple metal-silicate equilibrium. Sulfur-free metallic compositions do not allow a good fit. However, Ni, Co, Mo, W and P abundances in the upper mantle are consistent with simple metal-silicate equilibrium at mantle pressures and temperatures (27 GPa, 2200 K, ΔIW(iron-wüstite) = −0.15, nbo/t = 2.7; X_S = 0.15). Although these conditions are near the anhydrous peridotite solidus, they are well above the hydrous solidus and probably closer to the liquidus. A hydrous magma ocean and early mantle are consistent with predicted planetary accretion models. These results suggest that siderophile element abundances in Earth's upper mantle were established by liquid metal-liquid silicate equilibrium near the upper-mantle-lower-mantle boundary.     

The microstructure and domain structure of multiphase oxidized titanomagnetites

An estimation of the domain state of 15 natural and synthetic samples containing both homogeneous and multiphase oxidized titanomagnetites was made by means of J_rs/J_s and H_cr/H_c ratios, the Lowrie-Fuller criterion, the thermomagnetic criterion, F criterion and the Preisach diagram. The J_rs/J_s and H_cr/H_c ratios and the Lowrie-Fuller criterion are shown to be not sufficiently informative for a determination of the domain state. In the case where the lamellae thickness became thinner than 0.1 μm, titanomagnetite grains demonstrate multidomain behaviour independent of the size of the interlamellar regions (cells). If the lamellae become thicker than 0.1 μm the domain state depends on the size of the cells. Single-domain behaviour is obtained for a cell size less than 1 × 1 μm; in agreement with the results of others, larger cells have multidomain properties.     

Elastic and anelastic anomalies in (Ca,Sr)TiO3 perovskites: Analogue behaviour for silicate perovskites

Values of bulk modulus (K), shear modulus (G) and mechanical quality factor (Q) have been determined for polycrystalline samples across the CaTiO₃ (CST0)–SrTiO₃ (CST100) solid solution by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. Because of similarities with low frequency elastic and anelastic anomalies due to twin wall motion reported in previous studies, a working hypothesis is developed in which dissipation processes are interpreted in terms of twin wall displacements. At high temperatures in CST50 the stability field of the I4/mcm structure is marked by the disappearance of all resonance peaks (superattenuation). This is attributed to anelastic domain wall sliding. At room temperature the I4/mcm phase of CST70 and CST80 has values of G which are lower than those of cubic or orthorhombic phases, and a concomitant drop in Q is interpreted as implying that the domain wall pinning process reported elsewhere to occur below 400–450 K is only partial. A similar drop in G and Q was found in CST95 below the transition at 238 K. The I4/mcm ↔ Pbcm transition in CST70 at 230 K is marked by an abrupt increase in Q, suggesting that mobile twins in crystals with the I4/mcm structure become effectively immobile in antiferroelectric crystals with the Pbcm structure. The I4/mcm ↔ Pnma transition in CST50 is marked by a similarly abrupt increase in Q, consistent with twin walls becoming effectively immobile also in crystals with the Pnma structure. A fall in Q below 800 K in CST0, however, could imply that a degree of twin wall mobility might develop in Pnma crystals if the tetragonal spontaneous strain departs significantly from zero. The remarkable attenuation behaviour of crystals with the I4/mcm structure at the relatively low stress conditions which apply during resonances of a parallelepiped with edge dimensions of 2–4 mm, is consistent with the view that a characteristic signature for tetragonal CaSiO₃ in the Earth's lower mantle should be a marked attenuation of seismic waves.     

Calcium isotope fractionation in coccoliths of cultured Calcidiscus leptoporus, Helicosphaera carteri, Syracosphaera pulchra and Umbilicosphaera foliosa

Four species of marine calcifying algae, the coccolithophores Calcidiscus leptoporus, Helicosphaera carteri, Syracosphaera pulchra and Umbilicosphaera foliosa were grown in laboratory cultures under temperatures varying between 14 and 23 °C, and one species, C. leptoporus, under varying [CO₃²⁻], ranging from 105 to 219 μmol/kg. Calcium isotope compositions of the coccoliths resemble in both absolute fractionation and temperature sensitivity previous calibrations of marine calcifying species e.g. Emiliania huxleyi (coccolithophores) and Orbulina universa (planktonic foraminifera) as well as inorganically precipitated CaCO₃, but also reveal small species specific differences. In contrast to inorganically precipitated calcite, but similar to E. huxleyi and O. universa, the carbonate ion concentration of the medium has no statistically significant influence on the Ca isotope fractionation of C. leptoporus coccoliths; however, combined data of E. huxleyi and C. leptoporus indicate that the observed trends might be related to changes of the calcite saturation state of the medium. Since coccoliths constitute a significant portion of the global oceanic CaCO₃ export production, the Ca isotope fractionation in these biogenic structures is important for defining the isotopic composition of the Ca sink of the ocean, one of the key parameters for modelling changes to the marine Ca budget over time. For the present ocean our results are in general agreement with the previously postulated and applied mean value of the oceanic Ca sink (Δ_sed) of about − 1.3‰, but the observed inter- and intra-species differences point to possible changes in Δ_sed through earth history, due to changing physico-chemical conditions of the ocean and shifts in floral and faunal assemblages.     

Dynamic properties and liquefaction resistance of two soil materials in an earthfill dam—Laboratory test results

Results are presented of laboratory resonant column and cyclic triaxial tests on specimens of two compacted soils (a sandy–silty clay and a sand–gravel mixture), planned to be used in the core and the shells, respectively, of a proposed earthfill dam. The values of low-amplitude shear modulus of the clayey material were found to increase with increasing confining pressure and decreasing water content, with deviations of ±20% from the predictions of the “Hardin equation”. On the other hand, the low-amplitude damping ratio was found to be at least four times higher than the values corresponding to natural undisturbed cohesive soils. The proposed G/G₀−γ_c curve for the compacted cohesive soil was found to be independent of confining pressure and small variations of the water content on either side of the optimum value and showed a remarkable agreement with recently published similar curves for natural cohesive soils. For the case of the sand–gravel mixture, normalized G/G₀–γ_c and D–γ_c curves are proposed, based on recently published results for gravelly soils and the limited data of the present study. The liquefaction resistance of the saturated sand–gravel mixture was found to be strongly dependent on its relative density, especially for high values of cyclic stress ratio. A relative density of at least 55% was found to be necessary to assure safety against earthquake-induced liquefaction of the material. The results presented herein may be used (directly or as guide) in the seismic analysis of (new or existing) earth dams constructed from similar soil materials and in addition they provide insight into the dynamic behavior of compacted soils.     

地震预警断层参数实时识别方法(FinDer)详解及其性能初步评价

详细阐述了美国加州ShakeAlert地震预警系统中使用的断层破裂参数实时测定方法(FinDer FinDer:Finite Fault Rupture Detector)的技术细节.利用1999年集集Mw7.6级地震、2008年汶川Ms8.0级地震及2013年芦山Ms7.0级地震,以及日本K-NET台网记录的80次中...     

Identification of soil–structure interaction effect in base-isolated bridges from earthquake records

Identification of system parameters with the help of records made on base-isolated bridge during earthquakes provides an excellent opportunity to study the performance of the various components of such bridge systems. Using a two-stage system identification methodology for non-classically damped systems, modal and structural parameters of four base-isolated bridges are reliably identified using acceleration data recorded during 18 earthquakes. Physical stiffness of reinforced concrete columns, dynamic properties of soil and foundation impedance are found by available theoretical models in conjunction with pertinent information from the recorded accelerographs. Soil–structure interaction (SSI) effect in these bridges is examined by comparing the identified and physical stiffness of the sub-structure components. It is found that SSI is relatively pronounced in bridges founded in weaker soils and is more strongly related to the ratio of pier flexural stiffness and horizontal foundation stiffness than soil shear modulus, G_s, alone. However, substantial reduction in G_s is observed for moderate seismic excitation and this effect should be taken into account while computing foundation impedance.     

Modelling the seismic attributes of overpressured siliciclastic rocks, with a genetic annealing (GAN) algorithm

ABSTRACT A genetic annealing (GAN) algorithm is used to derive an empirical model which predicts compressional-wave velocity values for overpressured siliciclastic rocks. The algorithm involves non-linear random searching and mutation techniques and its annealing component imposes a very strict control over the rate of convergence of the search. This technique provides an alternative to the standard calculations involving the effective stress coefficient ( n ). The pore pressure is introduced into the model as an explicit variable and as part of an overpressure coefficient, ( P _p/ P _c) − the ratio of pore to confining pressure. Empirical model-derived data and known laboratory data are compared and their differences are shown to be within statistically acceptable error limits. The empirical equation fits all under- and overpressured data simultaneously, irrespective of pore fluid pressure level, with the same parameters. It is used to predict seismic velocities very accurately for extreme levels of overpressure, starting from normally pressured experimental data. The model highlights the effect of pore pressure on the compressional-wave velocity of fully saturated samples with different clay contents. It can be used when the experimental data available are sparse and particularly when a prediction of material behaviour is necessary at specific pore fluid pressure and depth conditions.     

Effects of ultrafiltration on salt migration and isotopic composition of pore water in groundwater depression area in Hengshui,NCP

Clay aquitards are semipermeable membranes that allow groundwater flow while retarding solute migration has been researched extensively but also subjected to much debate. At present, there is no evidence of whether the physical and chemical properties of clay soil and the isotopic composition of pore water affect the semipermeable membrane effect. In this study, we collected clay samples from drilling cores (30–90 m) in the Hengshui area located in the North China Plain (NCP), then extracted pore water using a high-pressure squeezing device. Vertical hydrochemical and isotopic profile variation trends for the pore water were revealed using hydrochemical (Cl⁻, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, and SO₄²⁻) and stable isotopic measurements of H, O and Cl. The results showed that the hydrochemical clay interlayer pore water of the saline aquifer is Cl/SO₄-Na/Mg type and the average total dissolved solids (TDS) are 10.17 g/L. However, the hydrochemical clay aquitard pore water is of the Cl/SO₄-Na/Ca type with an average TDS of 1.90 g/L. The hydrochemical clay interlayer pore water of aquifer II is of Cl-Na/Ca type with an average TDS of 1.10 g/L. Our results showed that the water quality of the aquifer II is not affected by the upper part of the saline aquifer, thus the clay aquitard acts as a significant barrier to salt movement. A polarization layer concentrated in ions was formed between the upper part of the saline aquifer and the clay aquitard. The concentration polarization layer increases the salt-inhibition effect. H, O and Cl isotopic composition results showed significant fractionation. The pore water of aquifer II lacked heavy isotopes (²H, ¹⁸O, ³⁷Cl), but had significant heavy isotope enrichment in the concentrated polarized layer (the δ²H value was −76‰, the δ¹⁸O value was −8.4‰, and the δ³⁷Cl value was 1.59‰). Hyperfiltration thus played a significant role in isotope fractionation.     

四川盆地早白垩世红层磁倾角偏低研究

对四川盆地东北部巴中地区和西部雅安地区早白垩世红层分别采集9块手标本,进行了详细的古地磁学研究.系统退磁获得两地的特征剩磁,其中巴中地区平均方向为,倾斜校正之前:D_g/I_g=25.3°/19.0°,k=18.6,α_(95)=8.8°;倾斜校正之后:D_s/I_s=25.8°/18.9°,k=24.3,α_(95)=7.6°.雅安地区平均方向为,倾斜校正之前:D_g/I_g=24.5°/45.0°,k=15.7,α_(95)=9.0°;倾斜校正之后:D_s/I_s=356.7°/35.6°,k=28.5,α_(95)=6.6°.磁化率各向异性实验结果显示两地均未受到显著的构造应力影响.等温剩磁各向异性(AIR)实验结果,巴中地区IRMz/IRMLx平均值为0.8194,表明18%的压实率;雅安地区IRMz/IRMx平均值为0.8909,表明11%的压实率,计算得到巴中和雅安地区校正后的磁倾角分别为22.7°和38.8°.根据等温剩磁各向异性(AIR)实验和Tauxe and Kent(2004)提出的EI校正法得到的结果表明,四川盆地早白垩世陆相碎屑岩层中存在沉积压实作用造成的磁倾角偏低现象,而且川东北巴中地区的偏低程度强于川西雅安地区.     

Solubility of FeO in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite and the post-perovskite phase transition

Phase relations in Mg_0.5Fe_0.5SiO₃ and Mg_0.25Fe_0.75SiO₃ were investigated in a pressure range from 72 to 123 GPa on the basis of synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements in situ at high-pressure and -temperature in a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell (LHDAC). Results demonstrate that Mg_0.5Fe_0.5SiO₃ perovskite is formed as a single phase at 85–108 GPa and 1800–2330 K, indicating a high solubility of FeO in (Mg,Fe)SiO₃ perovskite at high pressures. Post-perovskite appears coexisting with perovskite in Mg_0.5Fe_0.5SiO₃ above 106 GPa at 1410 K, the condition very close to the post-perovskite phase transition boundary in pure MgSiO₃. The coexistence of perovskite and post-perovskite was observed to 123 GPa. In addition, post-perovskite was formed coexisting with perovskite also in Mg_0.25Fe_0.75SiO₃ bulk composition at 106–123 GPa. In contrast to earlier experimental and theoretical studies, these results show that incorporation of FeO stabilizes perovskite at higher pressures. This could be due to a larger ionic radius of Fe²⁺ ion, which is incompatible with a small Mg²⁺ site in the post-perovskite phase.