Chinese migrants in Melbourne and their house choices

Meanings behind the choice of the migrant house are explored through an examination of 12 houses of migrants who emigrated from mainland China to Melbourne during the 1990s and 2000s. A qualitative investigation shows that there are three interconnected meanings behind the choice of houses in Melbourne: a desire to counter past experiences of housing in China, a desire to improve future opportunities through housing, and the wish to blend into Australian society. While much of the literature claims that migrant housing represents the ethnic character of their owners through architectural features, these Chinese houses do not resemble past houses in China in any physical way. The location of the house in a ‘good’ suburb was the most important factor when choosing the house. The house should be located near good educational, transport and shopping services before the built form becomes important. Chinese migrants wish to assimilate into Australian society through their choice of ordinary houses that do not communicate their ethnic identity through their external façades, while also adopting Australian ways of living that are focused on gardens and backyards.     

Regional suitability for settling rural migrants in urban China

Despite rapid urbanization, more than 200 million people living in urban areas are still registered as ＇agricultural＇ and are ineligible for most social benefits under China＇s Hukou （or household registration） system. This paper identifies the regional suitability for settling rural migrants in urban China based on three indicators （the degree of urgency, the skills and ability of the resettled community to adapt, and the ability of the government to support that resettlement）. It takes 2008 government socioeconomic data from a county level into con- sideration. Spatial, statistical, and decision tree analyses, supported by SPSS, Geodata, and ArcGIS software, show that there are five separate population types, each with different de- grees of suitability. These include highly suitable region, region suitable for settling migrants to outside regions, region suitable for settling migrants from outside regions, region with moderate potential, and unsuitable region. This paper suggests that regional policies for set- tling rural migrants are meaningful, since the five regions are distributed relatively separately. Due to the suitability for different bodies across regions, equal treatment should be applied to both the native migrants and that across counties and provinces. Furthermore, demolishment of the social welfare discrimination adhered to Hukou system and equalization of basic public services will be of more practical significance than the so-called settling rural migrants ac- tively and steadily.     

资本禀赋、城市环境对流动人口机会型创业的影响研究

在“大众创业、万众创新”的时代背景下,流动人口机会型创业的发生机制是亟待深入研究的问题。论文通过关注个体资本禀赋和城市环境2个层面因素,对比跨省、省内跨市和市内跨县3类不同范围的流动群体,剖析了中国城市流动人口机会型创业的影响机制。结果表明：(1)中国城市流动人口的总体机会型创业率较低,但跨省流动人口的创业率高于省内跨市和市内跨县流动人口;(2)不同资本禀赋对3类流动人口机会型创业产生了差异化影响。社会资本与经济资本之间存在互补关系,随着流动范围的扩大,社会资本对流动人口机会型创业的影响不断增强,经济资本的影响则逐渐减弱;(3)城市环境解释了10%～20%的流动人口机会型创业决策变异,流动范围越大,流动人口对外在环境的变化越敏感,尤其劳动力市场分割状况显著影响了跨省流动人口的创业决策。此外,个体资本禀赋与城市环境的相互作用对机会型创业的影响同时存在着负向和正向2种效应。针对不同流动范围人口机会型创业的影响机制及其差异性的探讨,可为完善城市创业支持体系提供科学依据。     

转型期广州市生命历程与住房产权转换

作为家庭生命历程中的重要事件,住房产权转换与家庭特征变化、个人与工作单位的关系以及区域住房市场环境变化紧密相关。采取事件史分析方法,将住房产权转换与个体生命历程中的重要事件关联起来,分析住房产权转换的影响因素。对住房产权转换的持续期的研究发现,处于租房状态下的住户改变产权状态的愿望较强,但产权一旦进入自有状态,居民改变产权的愿望就会降低;从住房产权的生存时间来看,最终向全部产权转变的生存时间最长,其次是向资助产权的转变,最短的是向租房产权转变;通过建立COX’s比例风险模型分析发现,家庭生命周期变化和组织变量对住房产权转换的影响都非常显著,说明在中国特殊背景下,住房产权的转换不仅与家庭基本特征变化密切有关,还与个人单位的基本特征密切相关,这正是转型时期计划体制和市场分配体制双重力量相互作用的结果。     

城镇购房衡量的农业转移人口流向特征与形成机制

农业转移人口在城镇购置房产切合了新型城镇化规划和中央经济工作会议对市民化的要求。研究购房定居或准备定居城镇群体的流向特征,有助更好地落实有效供给。随机问卷调查乡村务农人员、打工者,在校大学生、研究生及其背后的家庭成员,采用回忆或电话问询方式填写农村购房转移个体和家庭基本状况,获得江苏、河南、陕西等24省区1327份有效信息,分析中国购房转移群体的流向特征与态势,用Spearman双变量相关分析和多项分类Logistic回归分析方法从个体或家庭角度探究购房流向分异的成因及形成机制。结果表明：20世纪80-90年代购房转移人口少,2000年以来渐多,趋向年轻化,教育程度较高群体多购房转移到规模较大或等级较高的城市。省区内城市,尤其县级城市是购房转移主要地,镇吸纳能力整体较弱,原住地层次影响迁住地高度。东部地区省区内购房转移多元分化,中部地区在县级以上城市分散购房转移,西部地区购房转移到省区内地级以上城市占一半以上。需求互补性、中介机会、距离远近影响购房转移及其分异,获得期望的经济收入加以城市的吸引力,是人们在工作或打工地购置房产的深层原因;没有稳固工作地点,一般倾向家乡的县级城市、镇或者就近的高等级城市购房。购房转移和流向分异与教育程度、固定工作与否、是否购房地工作、现工作地时间、购房年龄等个人或家庭发展条件的因子显著相关,是宏观社会环境政策影响、中观城乡系统各种媒介作用与微观个体或家庭成员主观行为多向耦合综合驱动的结果。     

Modeling the criminal''s location choices in urban areas

Tilespatialdistribuhonsandthespatialprocessesofcrimeachvihesinurbatlareasareincreasingl}'brininggeographers'andcrhaologistS'attenhon.mespahalstUdiesofulbancrimeinWesterncountriescanbedividedintotWoschools,oneofwhichistorevealthegeneralspatialchrenhahonofurbancrimefromthemacro-angle,andaleotheristoanalysetheSPahalprocessesofanindividualcriminalfronlalemicro-angle.AsforthemacrostUdiesofulbancrime,therehavebeenmuchcasestUdyandsometheories.Forexample,thelawofdistancedeca}'showsthatthereisanegah…     

基于广州实证的后改革时代中国城市住房权问题

社会公正是当前地理学的一个热点也是传统研究课题。住房问题往往是社会公正研究和实践的重点案例。中国住房制度改革之后,中国住房拥有率及人均住房面积均大幅度提高。然而在住房分配的过程中,不平等和不公正现象时有发生。如何区别平均和公正,如何看待中国住房改革中的社会公平与不公共存的现象,是了解中国新城市现象的一个重要途径。本文从近期西方政治学和地理学关于住房权（housing rights）、社会公正以及城市权利等文献的讨论出发,通过在广州的实证研究,运用结构方程模型和Pratt指数对涉及住房权主要方面的住房分异的发生途径及其公正性进行综合分析。实证研究说明在住房分配领域,存在着制度因素延续下来所导致的分异。一些制度因素已经转化为市场因素,直接或间接影响个人居住条件和住房所有权的获得,并通过后者进一步影响住房分异。与此同时,纯粹市场因素的影响则相对薄弱。上述结论有助于了解当前中国城市住房权的核心问题,认识社会公正的发展前景,以及探寻减少社会不公正的制度利器。     

上海城中村外来人口的社会融合及其影响因素

基于上海市城中村的实地调查数据,采用因子分析法,构建了外来人口的社会融合维度,并运用多元线性回归方法,从外来人口的个体因素和流入地因素两方面考察了对社会融合及其主因子的影响作用。分析结果表明,城中村外来人口的社会融合由社会关系融合、经济融合、心理融合和文化融合4个维度构成。从因子得分来看,上海城中村的社会融合程度总体水平并不高;在各个维度上,从社会关系、心理、文化到经济的融合程度依次降低。总体而言,流入地因素对于城中村外来人口社会融合的影响作用要大于个体层面因素。其中,个体层次因素对心理融合因子的解释力度最大,而流入地因素则对经济融合因子和社会关系融合因子的解释力度都较大。研究还表明外来人口的社会融合状况与其居住社会空间紧密相关。最后,提供了相关政策启示。     

中国高学历流动人口流动的空间特征及形成机制

进入创新驱动发展的新时代,未取得流入地户籍的高学历流动人口成为各地竞相引进的重要资源。本文基于2017年中国流动人口动态监测数据,结合探索性空间数据分析等方法精细刻画高学历流动人口流动的空间格局,并借助嵌套Logit模型揭示其空间选择机制。结果发现：(1)中国高学历流动人口不断集聚,形成以京、沪为核心的流动网络;各城市流出的人口中高学历人才占比在空间上具有明显的“东高西低、北高南低、中部塌陷”特征,但各城市吸引的流动人口受教育水平在南北方向上的空间分异较小;高学历流动人口流动的空间依赖性显著,呈现出城市群的雏形。(2)在机制方面,个体因素对高学历流动人口的空间选择影响更大;其普遍表现出近距离、跨级别向上流动的倾向;学历越高、户籍所在地行政等级越高、50岁以下年龄越大的人才越倾向于流入一线城市。(3)城市特征变量中,经济因素变量如工资水平、第三产业占比等和地方品质变量如公共服务、高等教育、空气质量等均对高学历流动人口的空间选择具有显著的正向作用。本研究为不同城市制定人才引进政策、促进城市高质量发展提供了实证依据和科学参考。     

中国流动人口的城市宜居性感知及其对定居意愿的影响

流动人口是中国城镇化进程的重要参与者,加强其定居意愿特征分析对制定中国新型城镇化发展政策具有重要参考价值。基于中国40个主要城市的宜居城市问卷调查数据,运用描述统计和地理探测器方法,揭示中国流动人口的城市宜居性感知特征及其对定居意愿的影响。研究结果表明：①中国流动人口的城市宜居性感知评价分异明显,呈现出“公共服务设施便利性>自然环境舒适性>社会人文环境舒适性>环境健康性>交通便捷性>城市安全性”的递减特征;②中国流动人口的公共服务设施便利性、社会人文环境舒适性、环境健康性和城市安全性等4个维度城市宜居性感知对其定居意愿具有显著影响,且影响强度依次递减,但二者关系并不完全呈简单的线性特征。③相对他人收入满意度、生活满意度、住房价格感知和地理区位等参照变量,以及年龄、性别和职业等个体与家庭属性也是影响中国流动人口定居意愿的重要因素。     

The settlement intention of urban-to-urban migrants in China: Spatial differences and driving factors

China has entered the middle-to-late stage of urbanization. The scale of urban- to-urban migrants, which more refers to the urban-to-urban floating population (UUFP) across China, has significantly increased. UUFP settlement intention is a crucial issue for urbanization development. This study examines the spatial pattern and factors influencing the settlement intention of the UUFP in China based on data obtained through its dynamic monitoring in 2017 and the binary logistic model. The results show that most members of the UUFP were married, older, better educated, and had a higher income than the average person with extensive migration experience. We correlated a high settlement intention with developed economies, coastal areas, good environmental conditions, and more amenities in cities such as Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Zhuhai. Amenities were more impactful on settlement intention than economic factors, from individual and regional perspectives. The UUFP more often sought equality of education for children and social integration in its choices of destinations. However, the distance was not a hindrance to intention to settle but played a substantial role in influencing it. We suggest optimizing the stock of the UUFP in large cities, improving public education services, and promoting remote urbanization. Likewise, industrial transfer and enhanced public resources may ease the pressure of large UUFP flows into large cities.     

农村人口流动中的“人地关系”与迁入地创业行为的影响因素

基于“人地关系”视角下的农村流动人口创业行为影响机制理论模型,并辅之以江苏省的实证研究,从“环境”和“个体”两个方面解读其对农村流动人口迁入地创业行为的影响。采用2010年江苏省城镇暂住人口的抽样调查数据,通过二元Logistic模型发现,农村流动人口的个人经济社会特征及其所处的社会、文化、城市环境均对其创业行为产生影响。特别是城市环境方面,城市总人口规模和农村流动人口规模对农村流动人口的创业行为具有反向影响;控制规模之后,在户口含金量越高的地区,农村流动人口创业的可能性越低,这反映了中国特殊的制度环境对农民工创业行为的影响。     

中国农村宅基地转型的理论与证实

土地利用转型是土地利用变化的表现形式之一,也是由IGBP和IHDP联合发起的全球土地研究计划 (GLP) 的重要研究内容。目前土地利用/覆被变化 (LUCC) 研究仍然有待进一步理论化,在学科综合与集成基础上提出的假设对土地变化科学显得尤为重要。土地利用转型研究需要寻求一种综合的方法,来对社会和环境变化的时间尺度和历史背景进行整合。通过分析特定时期内中国农村建房的影响因素及相应的管理政策,在了解中国农村建房发展过程的基础上,提出了中国农村宅基地转型趋势的理论假设：随着社会经济的发展,农村宅基地在增加的建设用地总量中所占比例将由高逐渐降低,直到这一比例趋向于一个固定值。最后运用长江沿线样带农村宅基地转型研究结果验证了该理论假设。     

Global city and precarious work of migrants in China: a survey of seven cities

Drawing on data from a sample of 2,518 migrant workers from seven cities in China, this paper examines how precarious work of migrants varies across different types of cities. The research finds that compared with their counterparts in the non-global cities, migrant workers in Shanghai experience lower levels of precarity in their jobs. Additionally, with regards to different aspects of precariousness of work, Shanghai performs particularly better on providing labor contracts and social insurances. Contrary to the standard “Global City” hypothesis, it seems that in a developing country such as China, globalization is more likely to improve the institutionalization and standardization of industrial relationships rather than decay them.     

基于网络分析的城市影响区和城市群空间范围识别

以不打破行政界线为前提,利用Huff模型,基于矢量数据,采用最短交通路网距离和城市综合规模值来综合测算腹地与中心城市之间的势能,根据势能确定腹地县域的归属,对全国地级及以上城市的空间影响范围进行识别,并和基于改进场强模型的城市影响腹地范围界定结果进行对比。以全国发育较成熟的15个城市群为对象,综合测定城市群的影响范围,并与城市群规划中的空间范围进行对比,提出城市群空间范围调整建议。并以长株潭城市群为例,通过社会网络分析方法,综合分析测定城市群的空间影响范围。研究结果可为城市(群)规划提供科学依据和方法参考。     

基于住房需求意愿的广州市中产阶层住房区位选择

以2014年广州市中产阶层聚居区24个街道、50个社区进行的问卷调查和深度访谈资料为数据源,从住房需求意愿与区位选择方面分析了广州中产阶层住房选择,并运用多元Logistic回归分析法对其影响因素进行研究。研究发现：1）广州市中产阶层住房区位选择表现出明显的“向中心城区”性;2）现居住现状（人均住房面积、现小区区位、现小区建成年代、现居住时间）、家庭生命周期（年龄、家庭规模、子女数量）和经济水平（家庭年总收入、个人年总收入、私家车拥有量）等因素对中产阶层住房需求意愿具有显著影响;3）家庭生命周期（年龄、家庭规模）、个体因素（教育程度、户籍地）等要素对中产阶层住房区位选择具有显著影响。4）制度因素、区位因素和个体因素共同影响着广州市中产阶层住房区位选择。     

中国农村房屋震灾脆弱性评估及其成因分析

中国农村地区的房屋普遍处于地震未设防的状态,在地震中房屋结构破坏是造成人员伤亡和财产损失的主要因素。作为重要的灾害承险体之一,从房屋结构方面进行区域震灾损失的预测对把握各个地区的灾害脆弱性,科学地制定区域防灾战略和规划具有极其重要的意义。①基于中国县级尺度房屋结构数据库的前期基础工作,以2000 年中国地震区划为基本依据,参考震灾条件下的不同结构房屋破坏比和易损性曲线的研究成果,对中国县级空间尺度的农村房屋震灾脆弱性进行了整体评估。② 根据房屋破坏损失的预测结果,将中国农村地区划分为低脆弱性、一般脆弱性、较高脆弱性和极高脆弱性地区4 类,并对较高、极高脆弱性地区的空间分布规律进行了分析。结果表明,中国约18.6%的县处于脆弱性较高和极高的地区,主要集聚在南疆,北疆的乌苏、精河、伊宁等地区,陕西、甘肃、宁夏地区,山东中南部、安徽、江苏等地区,西藏南部边境地区,云南以及青藏高原板块边缘纵贯青川滇的都兰—玛多—道孚—泸定—冕宁—昆明—建水沿线地区。③ 根据各个地区震灾脆弱性的成因和类型,以及较高、很高脆弱性地区的区域发展水平特征,提出了区域防灾策略的建议。     

Precarity among highly educated migrants: college graduates in Beijing,China

The growing knowledge-based and service economies in megacities like Beijing and Shanghai have attracted large numbers of highly educated migrants, whereas their living conditions have drawn plenty of attention. In examining these issues, we conducted an empirical study regarding the precarity among highly educated migrants in Beijing. There are some structural and institutional factors underneath the highly educated migrants’ precarity, as the household registration (hukou) system still plays a significant role in accessing social welfare (urban public housing) and job opportunities in Beijing. Although the new urban poverty has occurred in the city as a result of the questionable policies regarding social distribution and welfare, it can also be argued that some of these migrants view temporary precarity as a strategy toward future upward social mobility – the hope of doing better over the long term.     

Housing differentiation and housing poverty in Chinese low-income urban neighborhoods under the confluence of State-market forces

ABSTRACT

Based on a large-scale household survey conducted in six large Chinese cities, this study is among the first attempts to juxtapose factors related to institution, market, and demography to examine the complex patterns and mechanisms of housing differentiation and housing poverty in low-income neighborhoods, which are conventionally conceived as homogenous substandard settlements. Results of Theil indices and multivariate regression models convey several interesting findings. First, the forces of the market and the State have projected different impacts on various aspects of housing status. Institutional factors had significant impacts on some costly and durable housing indicators such as housing tenure and housing area, while market forces have swiftly transformed the most malleable aspects of housing conditions, such as housing facilities, and will eventually replace some institutional legacies. Second, within-group housing differentiation is more palpable than between-group housing differentiation, suggesting that low-income neighborhoods in large Chinese cities are fluid and heterogeneous. Third, different institutional elements have different impacts on housing poverty. The well-functioning market remuneration system helps reduce the risk of housing poverty, yet working poor remains a severe problem. These findings can inform policies promoting social mix and housing affordability.     

南京城市住宅小区房价增长模式与效应

房价增长与空间分异是近年来各界城市学者高度关注的理论问题,也是关乎城市居民能否实现住有所居和美好生活的现实问题。以南京3761个住宅小区（或居住组团）为研究对象,以2009-2017年间30个季度住宅交易样本数据为基础,探索了南京各类型住宅小区房价增长模式及差异。研究发现：① 南京城市平均房价以1年半为一个阶段,呈现出“快速增长”与“相对平稳”交替规律,房价的空间异质性增强;② 结合住宅小区价格水平、区位特征和建筑属性,综合识别出南京城区9种典型住宅类型;③ 各类型住宅因中心性、舒适性和稀缺性等空间属性差异使房价增长表现为引领型、跟随型、追涨型和独立型等不同模式;④ 城市资源空间配置不均衡作用下的住房供需矛盾和房价增长预期差异,是导致住宅类型间房价分异的根本原因。城市房价增长与住宅价格分化具有必然性,但过快增长和过度分异可能造成阶层家庭财富差距的扩大与再分化、住房负担过重排挤外来中低收入人口、贫困群体因住房置换难度增大而易被困于城市边缘等社会空间后果。因此,有必要强调住宅的居住属性和推进住房供给侧改革,促进城市住宅供给的公平充分和社会空间的健康可持续发展。