地理信息产业的政策引导和市场监管

当前,地理信息服务与应用已经渗透到各行各业以及人们的日常生活中,形成了地理信息产业蓬勃发展之势。但在产业发展中还存在着市场不够规范、技术储备不足、基础设施薄弱、地理信息资源开发利用率较低等问题,本文从加强政策引导支持和市场监督管理等方面,探讨了促进地理信息产业健康快速发展的总体思路和政策措施,供商榷。     

面向未来的智慧农业气象精细化服务系统的设计

针对我国当前农业气象服务模式中存在的产品粗放,服务手段单一,基层农气服务人员及农气专家参与程度低,缺乏为农户尤其是农业大户提供精细化、个性化、专业化的产品服务能力,因而不能很好地满足山地丘陵地区农业气象服务的需求等问题,本文设计了一种新型的农业气象精细化智能服务模式.该模式既考虑到方便、快捷地收集用户的个性化服务需求信息,又考虑到不增加业务工作人员的投入,设计了方便的系统和工具,吸引农业气象业务工作人员、基层农业气象服务人员、农技专家等多方协作参与,实现了信息互联共享,高效智能地为农业生产企业或个人提供精细化、智慧化、专业化的农业气象服务,并在重庆成功地进行了试点应用.结果表明,该模式能够较好地解决重庆地区的精细化、智慧化和专业化的农业气象服务方面的需求.     

综合省情地理信息系统空间数据元数据设计研究

综合省情地理信息系统的建立与运行需要元数据的支持，在分别对现有元数据标准和综合省情地理信息系统特点进行分析的基础上，指出了使用元数据的优点，提出了综合省情地理信息空间数据元数据的内容，以提高系统查询检索的速度和系统分析效率为主要目的，对元数据的存储采用了一种以数据库为基础的新的存储模式，以关系表格来管理元数据，建立元数据库。元数据库的管理以图形数据的管理为基础，二者必须协调进行。     

中国可持续发展数据仓库建设

中国可持续发展信息共享是我国为探索国家层次上信息共享的示范,旨在向政府部门与社会公众提供可持续发展各专题的数据与信息服务,数据仓库的建设是实现信息共享与服务的支撑和基础。本文首先通过数据提取、数据转化、数据清洗以及创建元数据和数据字典等步骤,对多源异构的中国可持续发展数据进行了体系化扩展和标准化改造,为数据进入仓库奠定了基础。之后通过一套新颖的数据多维组织模式,即基于可持续发展信息分类与编码的数据组织、基于元数据和数据字典的数据组织、基于空间和时间的数据组织及面向数据集市的部门级数据组织这四种方式的综合应用,实现了海量可持续发展数据的组织和管理,建立了一个集中式的可持续发展数据仓库。最后介绍了数据仓库管理平台,并对基于该数据仓库的可持续发展数据共享和网络服务进行了展示。中国可持续发展数据仓库的建立为中国可持续发展信息共享和服务提供了良好数据基础,对国家级大型信息共享工程的建设具有一定的借鉴意义。     

地理信息隐私保护法律问题探析

地理信息市场化过程中存在隐私法律问题。本文以美国隐私保护法律体系为视角,分析美国与欧盟关于隐私法律保护法律模式的差异,研究安全港框架及相关原则对数据跨境流转的作用。通过比较法研究,旨在对我国地理信息市场化法律制度的构建有所启发。     

地理信息系统集成平台框架结构研究

提出了基于客户／服务器结构的地理信息系统集成平台总体结构,探讨了基于元数据的地理信息系统数据集成平台以建立物理上分布而逻辑上集中的分布式地理信息系统数据库,提出了应用符合３ＮＦ范式的关系数据库进行模型管理的模式,在此基础上探讨了地理信息系统可视化建模工具。     

Normalized evaluation of the performance,capacity and availability of catalogue services: a pilot study based on INfrastruture for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe

Geographic information has a great potential to be re-used when supported by mechanisms for its discovery. Above all, the quality of a catalogue service is the key feature supporting users in the discovery process. So far, there have been in existence various methodologies dealing with the normalized evaluation of quality with respect to catalogue services. Their biggest weakness seems to be in the depth of quality testing, i.e. some influences are beyond the scope of evaluation of these methodologies with respect to quality in catalogue services. In this study, the quality of 45 catalogue services across Europe was verified with the proposed normalized evaluation methodology originating from documents within the INfrastruture for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe (INSPIRE) framework. This paper discusses the (statistical) influence of factors that may significantly change the results of catalogue service testing. The proposals for improving the existing INSPIRE normalized evaluation procedure are applicable for any spatial data infrastructure and/or Digital Earth component using the Open Geospatial Consortium Catalogue Service for the Web as a basis.     

Reviewing the discoverability and accessibility to data and information products linked to Essential Climate Variables

ABSTRACT

Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) are geophysical records generated from systematic Earth Observations associated with climate variations, changes, and impacts. ECVs products support the data and information needs of international frameworks and policies such as the work of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). We map the main networks and initiatives publishing ECVs, by presenting an overview of existing satellite-based ECVs, their general data creation characteristics, discoverability and accessibility methods from an end-user perspective. We investigate key initiatives providing or coordinating access to ECV data records, such as the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites (CGMS), Joint Working Group on Climate (WGClimate), the Remote Sensing Systems (REMSS), and the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI). We find that ECV data discovery and access is difficult and time consuming due to the lack of common data and metadata catalogues. In addition, the selection of fit-for-purpose data records by end-users requires the implementation of interoperable standards and scalable data infrastructures to allow the generation of tailored applications and data-driven information products in support of decision-making processes.     

Language‐Independent Access to History Textbooks: Utilizing GIS Functionality with Spatiotemporal and Thematic Metadata

Integrating and accessing structured textual content obtained from different sources is a challenging task and becomes even more so when dealing with multiple languages. The objective of this article is to showcase the technological efforts towards the creation of a digital European history textbook repository that integrates respective textbooks from various countries and publishers. The content integration is achieved by introducing language independent metadata based on space (locations), time (dates), and thematic categories (history gazetteer). Providing adequate interfaces such metadata can be used to offer language‐independent access to Multilanguage history textbook content. The specific focus in this article will be on (1) presenting the metadata, (2) the data management approach including indexing the history textbook content and (3) the resulting textbook repository including its GIS‐based interface, allowing for a combination of map, timeline and keyword based search of the history content.     

VGI and crowdsourced data credibility analysis using spam email detection techniques

Volunteered geographic information (VGI) can be considered a subset of crowdsourced data (CSD) and its popularity has recently increased in a number of application areas. Disaster management is one of its key application areas in which the benefits of VGI and CSD are potentially very high. However, quality issues such as credibility, reliability and relevance are limiting many of the advantages of utilising CSD. Credibility issues arise as CSD come from a variety of heterogeneous sources including both professionals and untrained citizens. VGI and CSD are also highly unstructured and the quality and metadata are often undocumented. In the 2011 Australian floods, the general public and disaster management administrators used the Ushahidi Crowd-mapping platform to extensively communicate flood-related information including hazards, evacuations, emergency services, road closures and property damage. This study assessed the credibility of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation’s Ushahidi CrowdMap dataset using a Naïve Bayesian network approach based on models commonly used in spam email detection systems. The results of the study reveal that the spam email detection approach is potentially useful for CSD credibility detection with an accuracy of over 90% using a forced classification methodology.     

Using Federated Catalogs to Improve Semantic Integration among Spatial Data Infrastructures

Nowadays, Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) play an important role in government agencies, at different levels: global, national, and local. They aim to improve the management and sharing of geospatial data. Nonetheless, these SDIs have been developed as information islands, in which a user's query is compared to metadata described only in their own catalog services. The lack of interaction among SDIs limits the potential of these infrastructures in providing geospatial data to a larger audience. This article presents a distributed architecture, based on a federation of SDIs which interact among themselves, using query propagation. This propagation facilitates data discovery and sharing. We also describe a distributed query processing service used to enable the resource discovery in distributed infrastructures.     

数字南极地理信息公共服务平台建设中的数据质量研究

通过分析地理信息数据生产中的数据质量和空间数据基础设施的数据质量内容和特性,基于数字南极地理信息公共服务平台建设中的数据内容,讨论了在地理信息数据生产和地理信息公共服务平台建设中质量控制和元数据制作工作的重要性,并以保证数字南极地理信息公共服务平台建设的数据质量为目标提出了数据质量元素和评价方法,最后就进一步提高平台数据质量提出了建议。     

Use of service middleware based on ECHO with CSW for discovery and registry of MODIS data

Nowadays, NASA is producing several terabytes Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data everyday; how to find the data with criteria, such as specific times, locations, and scales using an international standard becomes more and more important. In this paper, a service-oriented architecture for use of the integration Earth Observation System Clearing-HOuse (ECHO) with the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Catalogue Service—Web profile (CSW) is put forward. The architecture consists of three roles: a service requester (the user), a service provider (the ECHO metadata server), and a service broker (the GeoNetwork CSW and MODIS registry service middleware). The core component-MODIS registry service middleware includes three components: metadata fetcher, metadata transformer, and metadata register. The metadata fetcher is used to fetch metadata from ECHO metadata server; the metadata transformer is responsible for transform metadata from one form to another; the metadata register is in charge of registering ISO19139-based metadata to CSW. A prototype system is designed and implemented by using the service middleware technology and a standard interface and protocol. The feasibility and the response time of registry and retrieval of MODIS data are evaluated by means of a realistic LPDAAC_ECS MODIS data center. The implementation of this prototype system and the experiment show that the architecture and method is feasible and effective.     

基于服务元数据的资源注册中心设计与实现

本文基于OGC/CS-W规范,从元数据信息模型、数据库结构设计、接口规范以及权限控制和资源质量评价等方面出发,面向服务元数据的共享需求,设计并实现了一种既具有普适性,又可进行个性化扩充的服务资源注册中心体系架构,为地理信息数据/服务的集成应用、共享与互操作提供了一种思路。     

面向对象的地理空间信息元数据分析

地理空间信息元数据指的是关于数据集内容、空间参照系、质量、表示方式以及管理方式等数据集特征数据的数据,采用面向对象法对地理空间信息元数据标准相关问题进行研究,对于促进地理空间信息元数据的标准化具有极大的意义。在理清元数据、面向对象法等一些基本概念基础之上,分析了运用面向对象法在地理空间信息元数据标准的设计、实现以及检验等方面的问题。     

Galileo Constellation Design

A significant effort has been carried out in Europe to define the European Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), named Galileo Satellites flying in Medium Earth Orbits (MEO) will compose the system (according to the most recent architecture definition baseline); a regional complement of geosynchronous satellites may be required to increase performances over Europe and maybe also to provide some specific communication services. Nominal medium performances are envisaged, but they will be increased by means of augmentation systems (local or wide area), or even by using simultaneously other GNSSs such as GPS. All the involved requirements make the design process quite complex. A powerful software tool, Elcano, has been developed for this purpose; its capabilities will be outlined, and the results of the design process will be presented. ? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于GeoStar的国家基础地理信息数据库管理系统设计与实现

针对集成管理我国1:1 000 000,1:250 000,1:50 000 DLG,DEM,DOM,地名和元数据等,提供基础地理信息服务的业务需求,基于国产GIS软件GeoStar设计国家基础地理信息数据库管理系统。本文介绍了系统的主要功能和关键技术实施中的一些经验,旨在为我国的基础地理信息系统建设提供借鉴。     

土地资源遥感监测信息服务系统关键技术研究

本文从土地遥感监测信息的特点入手,研究了土地遥感监测信息服务系统的构建技术。在后台数据组织方面,针对土地遥感监测信息包含多种类型和相互关联的数据源,提出了基于元数据机制的遥感监测信息组织体系;在应用部署上,通过空间数据库引擎和地图网络服务引擎实现后台对空间数据的调用和处理;在客户端功能开发上,实现了基于WebGIS的土地遥感监测信息综合应用与服务。