煤层气在煤储层中的扩散及其影响因素

煤层气在煤储层中的扩散是指从煤基质孔隙表面上解吸的煤层气运移到割理系统的主要过程。发生扩散的前提条件是气体浓度差的出现，衡量扩散能力大小的重要参数是扩散系数。前者为由解吸速度、解吸气量和煤层气产量、井孔压力降等因素控制的动态参数，而后者为主要受扩散物质性质、扩散介质特征、扩散系统的温度、压力和孔隙结构形态等因素影响的静态参数。煤层气在煤储层中的扩散量与煤层气浓度差和扩散系数呈正比关系。     

煤基质中甲烷扩散特征及其对气井产能的影响

扩散是煤层甲烷运移的关键环节之一,而目前有关煤层中甲烷扩散特征的认识并不充分.以沁水盆地南部高煤阶煤层气藏为例,应用微纳渗流力学理论分析了煤基质中气体扩散模式及定量表征参数;应用Simed软件开展了扩散性能对不同煤体结构煤层气排采规律的影响数值研究.结果表明:煤层甲烷的扩散受化学势梯度的驱动,产气过程中体相扩散、努森扩散和构型扩散模式并存且呈动态变化;甲烷扩散性能受气体温度、压力、气体种类、水分以及基质孔隙结构共同影响,基质孔隙吸附甲烷会改变微孔孔径并影响扩散路径的空间形态;煤基质中甲烷的扩散是非热力平衡过程,扩散系数是吸附量的函数.基于拟稳态扩散的数值研究表明,扩散性能强弱对于长期累计产气量几乎没有影响,而对短期产气速率具有较大的影响;扩散性能弱的,产气速率峰值较低,但峰值之后的一段时间内产气速率相对较高;与高渗煤层相比,低渗构造煤层的产气速率对吸附时间常数更敏感.      

颗粒煤甲烷吸附过程扩散特征

为了研究甲烷在颗粒煤中扩散、吸附至平衡过程的扩散特性,基于颗粒煤吸附甲烷幂函数扩散模型,利用磁悬浮天平高压等温吸附仪,测定不同压力下颗粒煤甲烷吸附过程中扩散量随时间变化值,研究颗粒煤甲烷吸附达到平衡前的扩散特征。实验结果表明:平衡压力对颗粒煤甲烷吸附和扩散特性影响显著;吸附量和平均扩散系数随着压力增大而增大;颗粒煤甲烷吸附过程扩散系数随时间呈幂函数衰减,前500 s衰减幅度较大,平均扩散系数与时间呈负相关关系。研究认为颗粒煤吸附甲烷幂函数扩散模型对于描述颗粒煤甲烷吸附扩散过程具有较高准确性,有助于分析煤层气排采过程煤层气吸附量的动态变化,提高煤层气采收率。      

吸附–解吸状态下煤层气运移机制

带吸附作用的煤层气运移规律一直是煤层气地质学界关注的焦点问题之一。为研究吸附-解吸状态下的煤层气运移机制,推导了气体吸附-解吸方程并分析了多孔介质扩散-渗流理论,开展了煤层气运移实验并对实验结果进行了分析。研究结果发现:煤体孔隙结构对煤层气运移具有"容阻效应","容储""阻降"二重特性并存构成了煤基质的基本功能;气体运移过程中煤体对CO₂和CH₄吸附能力的差异体现在吸附响应时间、吸附速率增长率、吸附平衡时间和最大吸附体积等4项指标;煤层气运移过程中扩散和渗流两种方式并存,当裂隙及大孔内气体压力较中-微孔隙系统气体压力高时,气体运移速率以渗流为主,否则以扩散为主。      

阳泉矿区3#煤煤层气解吸特性的研究

实验测定了阳泉矿区3#煤煤层气的解吸特性。利用煤粒中吸附煤层气扩散微分方程式计算出煤层气的解吸时间,并用作图法确定出3#煤煤层气的解吸时间,为阳泉矿区3#煤煤层气的开发和利用提供了重要的参数。      

深部煤层气储层地质研究进展

深部煤层气资源潜力巨大,将是非常规天然气勘探开发的一个新领域。美国和加拿大部分地区已经成功实现了深部煤层气开发的商业化水平,而中国由于受当前开发技术和经济条件的限制,至今尚未形成规模性的开采。基于对近年来有代表性的学术论著的研究分析,从煤岩孔裂隙结构、吸附解吸性质、气体在煤层中的扩散渗流过程、煤储层的可改造特征等4个方面总结了深部煤层气储层物性的理论研究进展。研究指出深部煤储层处在高温、高压和高地应力的复杂地质环境中,煤储层储渗演化、煤层气吸附解吸扩散渗流平衡关系、煤岩应力应变行为等趋于复杂,开展特殊地质条件下的深部煤储层物性演化机理的研究,对我国深部煤层气资源的勘探开发具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

气体运移导致煤体结构变形演化特征研究——以注入氦气为例

气体运移引起煤体变形是研究煤层气抽采、预防瓦斯突出与温室气体的地质封存的核心问题。一般认为,有效应力变化是控制岩土类材料骨架变形的关键因素。但大量测试结果表明,煤的渗透率与有效应力(或者孔隙压力)表现出非线性关系。为此,应实时观测在静孔隙压力与三轴应力状态下氦气流动导致原煤变形演化全过程。在静孔隙压力状态下煤体积经历从收缩到回弹过程。注气压力越大,煤的收缩与回弹量越大,且收缩量总是大于回弹量。在三轴应力状态下注气初期煤样迅速膨胀。随着注气达到平衡状态,煤变形过程与约束条件表现出紧密相关性,即在应力约束下煤的膨胀率相比注气初期明显减缓;在位移约束下煤由膨胀转向收缩。上述试验结果表明,仅有孔隙压力作用下,煤基质与裂隙之间孔隙压力差可以压缩煤体,随着气体扩散的进行,可恢复煤的部分压缩变形量。在三轴应力状态下,煤的总体变形是裂隙与基质两者变形共同作用的结果。在应力约束下煤基质与裂隙可以自由膨胀。而煤体在位移约束下,因气体扩散导致煤基质膨胀只能挤压裂隙。根据上述实测结果探讨注气导致煤骨架变形演化机制,为深入理解煤裂隙与基质相互作用对煤渗透率演化提供试验依据。     

高煤级煤基质力学效应与煤储层渗透率耦合关系分析

基于吸附膨胀物理模拟实验，揭示了瘦煤至无烟煤阶段煤基质的自调节特征，分别探讨了煤层气排采过程煤基质收缩和有效应力变化对煤储层渗透率的影响，构建了有效应力、煤基质收缩与煤储层渗透率之间耦合的数学模型，揭示出高煤级煤储层渗透率在煤层气排采过程中的递减变化规律，并讨论了这一发现的地质意义。     

不同煤阶煤层气运移通道的差异性研究

不同煤阶运移通道的差异性研究可对煤层气开发工艺的选择和参数的确定具有重要的理论意义和指导生产的实际意义。利用达西渗流理论,判定了煤层气流态和渗透率之间的关系,进而借助实验室方法测定了不同煤阶煤储层的渗透率,最终利用煤层气流态建立了煤储层渗透率与运移通道的关系,总结出了不同煤阶煤层气运移通道的差异性：①低煤阶：煤储层运移通道是基质孔隙起主导作用;②中煤阶：煤储层运移通道是割理、裂隙并重;③高煤阶：煤储层运移通道是裂隙起主导作用。     

高阶煤煤层气井产量递减规律及影响因素

为揭示高阶煤煤层气井产量递减规律，基于沁水盆地南部樊庄区块10余年的开发数据，通过数值模拟、统计分析等方法，对现有开发技术条件下高阶煤煤层气井产量递减点（即煤层气井产量开始递减时的煤层气采出程度）、递减类型及影响因素进行分析。结果表明:樊庄区块煤层气井产量递减点平均为25%，单井平均递减点为21%，大部分井在排采4 a后开始递减；煤层气井递减点由基质渗透率和裂缝半长决定，基质渗透率和裂缝半长越大，单井有效控制半径越大、有效控制储量越多，递减点越大；基质渗透率越高，裂缝半长增加引起的递减点增幅越大。由此可知，渗透率是煤层气井递减类型的主控因素，渗透率越高，递减指数越小，递减速度越慢。随着渗透率增加，递减类型依次为线性递减、指数递减和双曲递减。综合分析认为，储层平均孔隙半径越大，煤的应力敏感性越弱，煤基质收缩对渗透率的改善程度越大，导致储层动态渗透率越高，递减速度越慢。该研究为合理控制高阶煤煤层气井产量递减具有指导意义。移动阅读      

On matrix diffusion: formulations, solution methods and qualitative effects

 Matrix diffusion has become widely recognized as an important transport mechanism. Unfortunately, accounting for matrix diffusion complicates solute-transport simulations. This problem has led to simplified formulations, partly motivated by the solution method. As a result, some confusion has been generated about how to properly pose the problem. One of the objectives of this work is to find some unity among existing formulations and solution methods. In doing so, some asymptotic properties of matrix diffusion are derived. Specifically, early-time behavior (short tests) depends only on φ _m ² R _m D _m  / L _m ², whereas late-time behavior (long tracer tests) depends only on φ _m R _m , and not on matrix diffusion coefficient or block size and shape. The latter is always true for mean arrival time. These properties help in: (a) analyzing the qualitative behavior of matrix diffusion; (b) explaining one paradox of solute transport through fractured rocks (the apparent dependence of porosity on travel time); (c) discriminating between matrix diffusion and other problems (such as kinetic sorption or heterogeneity); and (d) describing identifiability problems and ways to overcome them. Received, October 1997 · Revised, November 1997 · Accepted, December 1997     

构造煤中煤层气扩散-渗流特征及其机理

煤层气产出一般要经过解吸、扩散和渗流三个阶段,而煤层气在变形较强的构造煤中的扩散过程不同于在原生结构煤或变形较弱的煤体中的扩散。外界压力的变化只是构造煤吸附与解吸整个过程的一种外在因素,构造煤的变形和结构变化以及吸附势场的转换才是构造煤吸附与解吸的内在因素,是导致解吸过程不可逆性的根本原因。当构造煤体与CH4等多元气体间的吸附平衡状态遭到破坏时,变形较强的构造煤在降压后会产生解吸滞后现象;而变形较弱的煤,分子结构中的气体会很快解吸,第一阶段是气体解吸作用,第二阶段是游离气体从微孔向较大孔隙扩散的过程,气体扩散速率主要由第二阶段决定。构造煤气体扩散机理主要是由孔隙形状、大小、连通性和多元气体性质和状态所决定的。韧性变形煤的微孔隙比较发达,所以韧性变形煤以Knudsen扩散为主,脆性变形煤的中、大孔隙所占比例较大,而且脆性变形煤的孔隙之间具有很好的连通性,所以脆性变形煤以Fick型扩散为主,脆-韧性变形煤以及接近脆-韧性变形煤的脆性变形煤和韧性变形煤均以过渡型扩散为主。在试井渗透率比较中,一定变形程度的脆性变形煤>韧性变形煤,脆性变形煤中以过渡孔为主,其余为微孔,测不出亚微孔和极微孔,脆性变形还增加了各孔隙之间的相互连通性。韧性变形煤中过渡孔比表面积所占比例下降,微孔和亚微孔增高,扩散主要发生在微孔和过渡孔中,所以韧性变形煤的试井渗透率低于脆性变形煤的试井渗透率。     

混凝土二维骨料随机分布对物质扩散的影响

将混凝土视为骨料和砂浆组成的二相复合材料。首先建立二维骨料的随机分布模型,并改进模型骨料重叠的判断方法,在此基础上以混凝土的中性化为例,通过计算机模拟骨料随机分布对混凝土中性化时CO2扩散的延缓作用。结果表明,单个骨料的形状、大小和摆放位置都会对CO2扩散路径产生影响,而骨料集合体通过扩散路径的长度、迂曲度的变化影响扩散速度,表现为混凝土的扩散系数Da与骨料圆度?、平均粒径d和骨料含量ra具有良好的对应关系。最后,通过数值模拟确定了二维扩散中Da-?、Da-d和Da-ra的关系式,可供工程应用参考。     

Great tritium ages explain the occurrence of good-quality groundwater in a phreatic aquifer of an urban area, Lublin, Poland

The phreatic aquifer of the Lublin chalk in the watershed of the Bystrzyca River, eastern Poland, is characterized by waters of good quality. Its hydraulic conductivity is related to a fissure network of low porosity, as much as 0.006 at the outcrops. The good quality of water in this urban setting is surprising because, according to estimates based on Darcy's law, a high seepage velocity would be expected, resulting in rapid transport of pollutants in the aquifer. However, tritium sampling reveals that the mean ages range from about 55 to 92 years in four cases, and about 250 to 350 years in 11 cases. One sampling site is free of tritium, which indicates an even greater age. Such great ages can be explained only by a retardation of solute transport due to matrix diffusion, that is, an exchange between mobile water in the fissures of low porosity and stagnant water in the matrix of high porosity. The delay factor is given as the ratio of total porosity to fissure porosity. In consequence, all types of dissolved constituents and, to some degree, fine suspended matter are delayed in their transport to springs and wells. In addition, non-conservative constituents have longer times to sorb, react, and decay than in the case of transport without a dominant influence of matrix diffusion. Though pollutants are greatly delayed, their accumulation in the matrix and slow diffusion into the fissures contribute to their persistence in groundwater. Regional values of hydraulic conductivity, estimated from tritium ages and known matrix porosity, agree reasonably well with the values known from pumping tests, which supports the interpretation of a dominant influence of matrix diffusion on solute transport. Electronic Publication     

Diffusion in silicate melts: II. Multicomponent diffusion in CaOAl2O3SiO2 at 1500°C and 1 GPa

Chemical diffusion profiles in molten CaO---Al₂O₃---SiO₂ have been measured over a large range of compositions at 1500°C and l GPa. The diffusion profiles have been inverted for effective binary diffusion coefficients (EBDCs) and for the chemical diffusion matrix. The EBDCs are shown to depend strongly on both composition and direction of diffusion in composition space. The dependence of EBDCs on direction in composition space, which for the system studied here can be as large as a factor of seven, severely limits the applicability of EBDCs to interdiffusion in any direction other than the one used to derive the EBDCs.

The chemical diffusion matrix for molten CaO---Al₂O₃---SiO₂ was determined using diffusion profiles from two or three mutually orthogonal diffusion couples in the ternary composition space. All features of the diffusion profiles shown in this work can be reproduced by representing the chemical fluxes in the three-component system as a linear combination of concentration gradients via a 2 × 2 diffusion matrix. Chemical diffusion in molten CaO---Al₂O₃---SiO₂ shows clear evidence of strong diffusive coupling among the components. This can be seen in the uphill diffusion profiles of components that were initially uniform, in the fact that the apparent rate of diffusion of some components is a strong function of direction in composition space, and most quantitatively in the magnitude of off-diagonal elements of the diffusion matrix relative to the magnitude of the diagonal elements. SiO₂ for example, is found to be strongly coupled with CaO in relatively silicic melts, whereas Al₂O₃ is strongly coupled with CaO in less silicic melts. Furthermore, the coupling of CaO with either Al₂O₃ or Si02 reverses sign between more and less polymerized compositions. Interdiffusion profiles in natural melts have numerous features that suggest similar coupling between Al₂O₃ and CaO and between SiO₂ and CaO.     

A dual-porosity model considering the displacement effect for incompressible two-phase flow

The dual-porosity model is usually employed to simulate the flow in fractured reservoirs. However, its original form for the multiphase flow does not consider the displacement effect under macropressure gradient. Especially for the incompressible multiphase flow, it predicts zero transfer term between fracture and matrix, which is unreasonable. To improve this, a modified double-porosity model is proposed for incompressible two-phase flow, in which the displacement effect is considered and the corresponding shape factor is derived. For the anisotropic case, the shape factor of displacement depends upon the velocity direction. The accuracy and the efficiency of the proposed dual-porosity model are indicated through numerical tests.     

边坡稳定分析的自适应性局部网格加密解法

常规的有限元强度折减法在确定边坡塑性区时,不能直观地反映出塑性区的形状和滑裂面位置,计算结果精度低。在塑性区范围内进行网格局部加密,不仅使安全系数的计算精度大幅度提高,而且可求出滑裂面的形状和位置。针对求解塑性区搜索滑裂面这一具体问题,提出塑性应变界限值网格加密准则,采用自适应性网格局部加密技术求解边坡的滑裂面和稳定安全系数。数值计算结果表明,所提出的加密准则能正确地确定滑裂面的形状和位置,计算所得稳定安全系数和理论稳定安全系数仅相差0.2 %。     

In situ estimation of the effective chemical diffusion coefficient of a rock matrix in a fractured aquifer

An in situ method of estimating the effective diffusion coefficient for a chemical constituent that diffuses into the primary porosity of a rock is developed by abruptly changing the concentration of the dissolved constituent in a borehole in contact with the rock matrix and monitoring the time-varying concentration. The experiment was conducted in a borehole completed in mudstone on the campus of the University of the Free State in Bloemfontein, South Africa. Numerous tracer tests were conducted at this site, which left a residual concentration of sodium chloride in boreholes that diffused into the rock matrix over a period of years. Fresh water was introduced into a borehole in contact with the mudstone, and the time-varying increase of chloride was observed by monitoring the electrical conductivity (EC) at various depths in the borehole. Estimates of the effective diffusion coefficient were obtained by interpreting measurements of EC over 34 d. The effective diffusion coefficient at a depth of 36 m was approximately 7.8×10^?6 m²/d, but was sensitive to the assumed matrix porosity. The formation factor and mass flux for the mudstone were also estimated from the experiment.     

黔西上二叠统煤的孔隙特征及其控制因素

作为一种多孔介质,煤的孔隙性质直接影响煤层气的富集和扩散,因而对煤孔隙特征的研究至关重要。通过压汞测试和低温氮吸附测试数据,系统分析了黔西上二叠统煤的孔隙形态、孔隙类型及孔径分布特征,并从煤岩显微组分及煤级方面探讨了该区煤储层孔隙发育的控制因素。研究结果表明:黔西煤样孔隙度为1.4%～9.5%,且由北至南有减小趋势;孔隙类型以吸附孔为主,其中高煤级煤孔隙以一端封闭型孔居多,与低煤级区相比,其渗透性和连通性较差,但黔西地区整体优于沁水盆地;煤级是影响煤储层孔隙变化的主控因素,随着煤级增加,孔隙度呈现由低到高的变化趋势。