地下水流系统概念模型研究

地下水流系统是经过漫长地质时代的演化而形成的,其内部结构的不均匀性及外部环境因素作用程式的复杂性,使得系统的输入、输出在时空域上的变化相当复杂。在现有的经济、技术条件下,要对地下水     

大洋多金属结核及深海沉积物标准物质研制工作简述

简要介绍了太平洋多金属结核及深海沉积物标准物质研制中的总体设计、样品加工、均匀性检验、多实验室合作分析、数据处理以及最佳值确定。重点讨论了标准物质均匀性的定量评价与表达及其相应的测量方法。     

渭河流域降水年内分配不均匀性时空变化研究

基于渭河流域19个气象站点1960—2015年的月降水数据和洛伦兹曲线,采用基尼系数及洛伦兹不对称系数定量描述了流域降水年内分配不均匀性,并利用Mann-Kendall检验法及R/S分析法等研究了流域年降水量及降水年内分配不均匀性的时空变化。结果表明：（1）流域年降水量整体呈不显著减少趋势,高值多出现在流域下游,且存在明显的西北-东南方向的降水递增带;（2）渭河干流多年平均降水年内分配呈双峰状,泾河流域为不规则多边形状,北洛河呈单峰状;（3）从基尼系数看,降水年内分配不均匀性依次为泾河、北洛河和干流,且除泾河外,均呈不显著增加趋势;（4）洛伦兹不对称系数整体变化趋势不显著,降水年内分配不均匀性多是由降水量少的月份引起的;（5）渭河流域降水量及其年内分配不均匀性均呈反持续性。     

瑞利波在非均匀饱和地基中的传播特性

考虑地基横观各向同性和非均匀性,建立孔隙率、密度、剪切模量及渗透系数同时随深度变化的非均匀饱和地基模型,模型中考虑参数间的耦连影响,并引入非均匀因子表征地基的不均匀程度。基于Biot多孔介质理论建立以土骨架位移和孔隙水压力为基本未知量的控制方程,采用微分算子法对控制方程进行解耦求解,推导出非均匀饱和地基中瑞利波的频散方程。将推导结果分别退化到均匀饱和地基和单一弹性地基,验证了结果的正确性。通过数值算例,对非均匀饱和地基中瑞利波的传播速度、衰减系数及位移分布进行分析。结果表明：在低频区,饱和地基的非均匀性对瑞利波传播速度、衰减和位移都有显著影响,质点运动轨迹也由此发生变化;随着频率的升高,这种影响逐渐减小,当频率趋于无穷大时,瑞利波速度收敛于弹性地基中的波速;地基非均匀性增大了瑞利波的传播阻抗性,瑞利波位移加速衰减,传播深度小于均匀饱和地基。随着非均匀性增大,质点竖向位移的衰减快于水平位移,这种差异造成质点椭圆运动轨迹的扁率减小。此外,地基中非均匀土层厚度越小,则地基非均匀程度越高,对瑞利波的传播影响越大。     

延安新区大厚度压实填土地基均匀性评价

延安新区大厚度压实填土由于其形成过程的特殊性,现行规范对其地基均匀性评价无具体的评价依据和判定准则。在研究了压实填土的工程性质和差异沉降影响因素的基础上,创新性地提出压实填土地基差异沉降敏感度概念,并给出了具体的地基均匀性判定方法,便于进行压实填土地基均匀性评价,为建筑物总平面布置、地基处理及基础设计提供依据。大厚度压实填土不均匀地基不仅应进行针对性的地基处理,还应采取必要的结构措施,并加强建筑物沉降观测,以进行长期深入研究。     

重塑土室内制样技术对比研究

通过对兰州黄土和北麓河粘土以不同制样方法进行重塑土样的制备, 对比了不同制样技术所得土样各层的干密度及含水量分布情况, 确定了制作均匀样品的较为适宜的制样方法. 结果表明: 两头压实法所制得的样品其干密度和含水量的分布较为均匀, 分布较有规律, 能得到初始损伤较小的试样, 比分层击实法及泥浆法更容易控制试样的均匀性. 对两头压实法而言, 压制时间不同, 对于试样整体的均匀性也有影响. 对于粘粒含量较高的土, 用两头压实法较短时间即可获得较均匀的试样.     

矿物激光显微光谱分析方法的探讨

在激光显微光谱分析问世20多年来,国内外很多学者对激光显微光谱的定性和半定量分析方法作了大量的研究工作。但是,在对物质的微成分进行精确的定量分析方面,却遇到了较大的困难,特别是岩矿样品定量分析的精密度和准确度还难以达到常规发射光谱定量分析的水平。这主要是由于激光输出能量的稳定性、标样的均匀性及其与试样的相似性、激光蒸     

深层搅拌桩搅拌头结构和动力特性对桩体搅拌均匀性的影响

通过对搅拌头叶片的动力特性和切削搅拌机理分析,阐明影响桩体搅拌均匀性的主要因素是叶片的水平旋转速度和垂直运动速度,分析了搅拌头结构形式对搅拌均匀性的影响,提出了提高搅拌均匀性的途径。     

环境标准样品均匀性检验数据漂移校正方法探讨

均匀性检验是环境标准样品研制的重要技术环节,在均匀性检验过程中,数据漂移对环境标准样品均匀性判定及其不确定度评定的影响不容忽视。本文结合实例,从实验方案和数理统计方法等方面探讨了随机分析法、随机区组法、内插校正法、趋势分析校正法等均匀性检验实验方案及数据漂移校正方法。提出采用t检验法判断数据漂移的显著性,在数据漂移趋势不显著的情况下,采用随机分析法进行标准样品的均匀性检验。在数据漂移显著的情况下,宜采用内插校正法或趋势分析校正法对均匀性数据进行漂移校正。以某土壤中Ni元素均匀性检验为例,经采用内插校正法和趋势分析校正法校正漂移数据后,测量值的相对标准偏差(RSD)由3.0%分别下降为1.4%和1.2%,直线模型斜率的绝对值由0.2003 mg/kg分别下降为0.02870mg/kg和4.709×10~(-5)mg/kg。土壤中Ni、Cu、Co、Tl等4种重金属元素的瓶间均匀性不确定度分量(u_(bb))与随机分析法相比,下降最高达78%。在长时间分析测试过程中数据漂移校正效果欠佳的情况下,宜采用随机区组法进行标准样品的均匀性检验。     

透辉石标准物质的均匀性检验及其相关问题的讨论

叙述了透辉石标准物质均匀性检验的方法和结果,确定了最小取样量。对标准物质均匀性检验中的有关问题进行了讨论。     

Principles to coordinate managed aquifer recharge with natural resource management policies in Australia

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is a tool available to water-resources managers that assists agencies to secure water supplies and protect aquifers and groundwater-dependent ecosystems in the face of climate change and growing water demand. Yet few natural-resources managers have access to a coordinated set of policies that enable the potential benefits of MAR to be fully realised in urban and rural areas. This paper reviews contemporary Australian water-resource policies and systematically applies a refined set of ‘robust separation of rights’ principles based on secure entitlements, annual allocations and end-use obligations to guide the coordination of policies specific to each of the four operational processes central to MAR schemes: source water harvesting, aquifer recharge, recovery of stored water and end use. Particular attention is given to the formulation of policies relating to the recovery of water, including the feasibility for market exchange of permanent and temporary rights to recover recharged water, as these have the potential to greatly expand the role of MAR. Aquifer characteristics, existing groundwater extractions and potential third party effects need to be taken into account in determining both recovery entitlements and annual allocations. A transitional pathway to implement novel MAR policies is suggested.     

安全生产投入产出理论及模型研究

系统地阐述了安全生产投入产出理论，并借助经济学知识建立了全国安全生产投入产出表，求出了一系列的方程和系数，这对于政府和企业制定其合理、科学的安全生产政策具有一定的指导意义。     

Regional policies and regional consciousness in Europe's multinational societies

This paper is concerned with the political significance of the spatial economic activities of states. Regional problems are often the result of social differences which frequently are expressed in regional consciousness and loyalties and in turn they often create potential political and social cleavages and thus affect the cohesion and viability of the state. Various aspects of regional development policies in both western and eastern European multinational states which involve the spatial distribution of economic activities are examined. Planning the economic and social life emphasizes the regional allocation of resources, the coordination of national plans with regional objectives and increased consideration of the problem of lagging regions. Most regional movements are a protest against neglect and demand more local control and autonomy, therefore regional policies must be geared to the modification of long standing grievances resulting from past policies. In countries where increased participation by its inhabitants in the economic and social policies of their respective countries has been a matter of national policy, regional grievances generally have been kept under control.     

Regional policy in Poland: A search for equity

Polish regional policy and planning has long traditions and post-war socialist policies demonstrate important continuities with the 1930s. Regional policy since 1945 has progressed from sets of individual decisions on reconstruction through more coordinated policies for uniform development, for rational location and for activation of backward regions. Lack of adequate coordination and rigorous accounting, though, often meant excessive concentration of development in existing industrial areas and key urban centres. In the 1960s fashionable growthpole concepts were applied to medium-sized city development without maintaining adequate balance between continued growth in larger cities and new smaller-town development. Reform, long overdue, is required to implement the national spatial plan for the 1990s.     

国土资源涉密计算机泄密隐患分析与防范——以费县国土资源局为例

依据信息安全等级保护有关政策和标准,结合费县国土资源局信息化建设中涉密计算机管理工作实际,探讨如何从计算机信息输入和输出2个方面有效预防计算机失窃密。从计算机身份认证与访问控制、网口、UBS口电磁辐射,办公设备5个方面分析泄密隐患,并提出相应的应对措施,强调了在国土资源系统涉密计算机管理方面要加强保密意识,提高防范技能。     

发展“三高”果业需重视大生态系统的耗散协调性──剖析龙泉花果山的大生态环境

发展高产优质高效果业，常会涉及到大生态系统的各类环境因子群。龙泉花果山的大生态系统主要是以风化岩体→紫色土容库→蜜桃等构成的向量大系统的综合反映，并呈现非均衡耗散结构的复杂协调性，这些因素直接制约“三高”果业的发展。     

北方寒冷地区城市哈尔滨人口城市化与土地城市化协调关系研究

以哈尔滨市为研究范围,构建了人口城市化、土地城市化指标体系,运用熵值法计算各指标的权重,结合协调发展模型,分别研究了哈尔滨市1997-2014年期间人口城市化的内部协调性、土地城市化的内部协调性以及人口城市化和土地城市化的协调度及协调发展水平,并对人口城市化、土地城市化与协调发展水平进行了研究。结果表明：哈尔滨市的人口城市化内部协调性和土地城市化内部协调性都表现出前期加速,后期平稳的状态,在20世纪90年代,人口城市化内部协调性和土地城市化内部协调性都迅速提高,进入21世纪以后,协调度均保持在0.9左右,波动较小,内部协调度较高;综合人口城市化和土地城市化的协调度和相对发展度来看,除1999-2000年处于高级协调外,在研究期的其余时段哈尔滨市人口城市化和土地城市化基本处于初级协调状态,人口城市化与土地城市化的非同步性,是制约两者协调发展的关键因素,其中人口城市化对协调发展水平的影响更大。     

Adaptation policy and adaptation realities: local social organization and cross-scale networks for climate adaptation on Mount Kilimanjaro

Least developed countries have prepared national adaptation programs of action (NAPAs) to coordinate international adaptation funding to reduce social vulnerability to climate change. The adaptation programs have been written for consistency with existing sectoral policies and development agendas—policies which have thus far led to inequitable and incomplete decentralization of responsibility to organize and manage adaptation at the local level. The capacity of local social organization and of cross-scale networks and flows of knowledge and resources from higher levels of government is insufficient to facilitate socially equitable and sustainable adaptation to climate change. Tanzania’s NAPA, poverty reduction strategy paper, and sectoral policies for forest, water, and agriculture/livestock illustrate the coordination of adaptation plans with existing policies. National and regional statistics and a survey of households on Mount Kilimanjaro—a regional priority for climate adaptation in Tanzania—demonstrate significant gaps in local social organization and cross-scale networks for adaptation. Challenging existing structural causes of vulnerability will be difficult under adaptation plans written for complementarity with the very policies that have produced social inequality. Outside of a few development projects of limited geographic extent, there is limited evidence for socially equitable and sustainable adaptation outcomes. Sustainable adaptation will require substantial new commitments to developing local capacity and cross-scale networks.     

Linking reforestation policies with land use change in northern Vietnam: Why local factors matter

In many countries worldwide, similar state policies on land management have been implemented as a response to deforestation in mountainous areas. So far, few studies have examined to which extent these policies have actually contributed to reforestation. This is the focus of our analysis, based on a case study in Vietnam. Because land access and land use were traditionally governed by common rules, we examine land use changes from an institutional perspective. We use the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, coupled with an historical perspective and the analysis of actors’ perception and dominant narratives on land management and forests. Results show that national policies significantly interfered with local factors, leading to a complex course of decision-making and action. Substantial reforestation in the area was not a response by farmers to policy incentives but rather the unexpected outcome of the disruption of local institutions by these policies. We argue that, because national interventions have relied on false or exaggerated narratives and beliefs, their implementation is in conflict with the local reality in upland areas, leading to unpredictable and locally dependent outcomes. We defend hence the need for local level studies and also recommend considering local institutions for land use change analysis in contexts where land use systems are characterised by a high degree of human interaction.     

The economic impact of climate risks in China: evidence from 47-sector panel data, 2000–2014

Climate risks have significant economic impacts on the various sectors of an economy through direct and indirect channels. When aggregated, their impact can be underestimated or overestimated. This paper examines the impact of five types of climate risks on 47 sectors in China from 2000 to 2014 through the application of a threshold model. We find that: (1) the impact of the integrated climate risks index on sector output is linear. While rainstorms show a U-shaped relationship with output, the other four types of risks—droughts, typhoons, high temperatures and low temperatures freezing—have an inverted U-shaped relationship. (2) Climate risks indirectly influence sector output through capital stock in a significantly positive way. (3) The proportion of intermediate inputs leads to significant differences in the impact of climate risks on sectors. The results suggest that climate policies need to be sector- and risk-specific, as well as dynamic.