非定常不稳定液固两相流动中旋涡对颗粒运动影响的数值研究

构建起双向耦合的液固两相流动旋涡动力学模型与数值方法;应用离散涡方法,计算非定常不稳定水流场;采用Lagrange方法模拟颗粒运动,颗粒对流体的反作用通过修正涡泡运动速度来实现。利用所建模型,计算了两种St数的泥沙粒子在圆柱绕流场中的运动。结果证明了液固两相流动中颗粒运动与旋涡存在着明确的相关结构:(1)当水沙混合物中的泥沙颗粒碰上旋涡时,泥沙颗粒被卷入旋涡中,被卷入旋涡中的泥沙颗粒在运动过程中始终分布于旋涡区;(2)均匀水沙混合物绕圆柱流动,由于流体流过圆柱时产生剧烈分离流动,使得在尾迹流内中等St数 (St～o (1))的泥沙颗粒从均匀水沙混合物中分离出来而往旋涡区聚集。     

泥石流运动能量规律初步研究

面对目前泥石流荷载确定的非针对性和欠合理性，文章作者提出了从泥石流能量的角度出发确定泥石流荷载的新思路。泥石流能量理论是有效防治公路泥石流病害的关键技术，是确定泥石流荷载的创新思路。涉及到能量来源、聚集、输移与衰减等力学及物理过程；运用固液两相流观点分析了泥石流能量输移特征，较全面地从泥石流浆体性质、固相颗粒级配和体积分量、沟床比降和边界条件等方面分析了泥石流运动能量影响因素；运用两相流观点分析了泥石流运动能量消散微观机理，包括泥石流浆体粘滞作用、固相颗粒碰撞作用和沟床边界摩擦作用3方面，初步建立了能量衰减量计算公式。为公路泥石流的深入研究提供了重要思路。     

微生物-CMC无固相钻井液固壁作用与机理初探

松散破碎性地层孔壁失稳一直是困扰钻探工程界的难题之一,增强该类地层的胶结性,提高其力学性能是有效解决孔壁失稳的技术关键。本文将微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积（MICP）技术与CMC无固相钻井液相结合,构建微生物-CMC无固相钻井液体系。通过岩心浸泡实验、X射线衍射实验（XRD）以及扫描电镜分析两种微观分析手段对微生物-CMC无固相钻井液的固壁作用与机理进行了初探。结果表明：微生物-CMC无固相钻井液对松散破碎性地层具有较明显的加固作用,且作用时间越长,初始菌种浓度越高,钙源浓度越大,固壁效果越好。在固壁过程中,微生物随钻井液渗透进入试样内部,在松散颗粒之间诱导生成碳酸钙晶体,填充孔隙空间,将松散颗粒胶结成整体,并具有一定的力学强度,从而达到加固孔壁的目的。本研究结果为解决松散破碎性地层孔壁失稳提供了新的钻井液技术方案。     

不同粒度颗粒在非恒定管流中跟随性试验

管道中固液两相流水击对管道和输送系统可能产生严重的破坏,而固液两相在这种非恒定流中的运动特性是计算最大水击压力变化的重要依据。采用粒子图像测速技术（Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV）,通过试验研究水击发生时,水平圆管中不同平均流速、颗粒粒径条件下,流体介质和粗颗粒在管道断面的速度分布以及粗颗粒跟随性的变化规律。研究结果表明:①在水击发生的不同时刻,圆管流中粗颗粒的流速在管道断面分布呈不规则的抛物线型分布,主要表现为靠近管道壁面底部的颗粒流速略小于靠近管道顶部流速,当颗粒粒径大于1.5 mm,平均流速小于2.5 m/s时,粗颗粒表现出明显的沉降特性;②粗颗粒的跟随性与颗粒受力有密切关系,其中颗粒速度与流体速度的变化量是影响颗粒受力的重要参数;③基于试验数据拟合得到了水击条件下粗颗粒跟随性系数k的经验公式,并分析了颗粒粒径、管道直径、两相流平均流速以及水击发生时间等不同参数对粗颗粒跟随性系数的影响,公式计算值与实测值之间的误差在5%以内。     

渗流的PFC-CFD耦合细观数值模拟

本文针对饱和多孔介质中渗流特点,在分析渗流连续介质力学模型的基础上,采用描述多孔介质中固相颗粒和液相流体耦合的细观力学模型,其中固相颗粒采用离散元的颗粒流理论(PFC)模拟,液相流体通过求解平均Navier-Stokes方程的计算流体动力学(CFD)技术计算,并利用建议的模型对二维渗流问题进行了模拟验证。数值模拟结果表明,采用PFC-CFD耦合细观力学模型能够描述从低雷诺流到高雷诺流范围很大的流体运动,可以用于多孔介质中的渗流问题分析。     

钻探泥浆固相的机械控制

在钻探工作中，泥浆固相含量的多少，直接影响泥浆性能、泥浆成本及钻孔总成本，泥浆中的固相颗粒，增加钻具磨损，降低钻速并易于酿成事故。多余的固相有百害而无一利。所以固相控制应成为泥浆处理工作中的重要组成部分。为了清除固相的影响，人们采用了清水稀释、新浆替换、沉淀池沉降、化学絮凝等方法。但是这些方法都存有相当程度的弊病。尤其是对于固相中大部分粒径小的颗粒来说，用机械控制的方法所起到的作用是其它方法不能相比的。同时，从考虑成本等其它因素，机械控制方法就更具有明显优越性。     

考虑粒间滚动阻力的CFD-DEM流-固耦合数值模拟方法

在离散元(DEM)和计算流体动力学(CFD)程序基础上,运用流-固相互作用力方程建立三维CFD-DEM细观耦合数值模拟模型。CFD-DEM的控制方程包括流体-颗粒相互作用力方程、CFD的流体和DEM的颗粒运动方程。其中,考虑到土颗粒的形状效应,引入颗粒滚动阻力机制,介绍了适用性较强的滚动阻力模型。在开源耦合程序CFDEM的框架下,定制CFD开源程序Open FOAM与DEM开源程序LIGGGHTS之间的双向耦合,实现基于颗粒细观的流-固耦合计算。通过砂堆和砂土渗流的模拟分别验证了所嵌入的滚动阻力模型的有效性及耦合模型的可行性。模拟结果表明,圆柱土体中向上渗流流速与水力梯度关系与经典的Ergun理论解接近;耦合模型中所引入的颗粒间滚动阻力模型能够很好地反映颗粒形状对砂堆形成休止角和土体堆积孔隙率的影响。     

绳索取芯钻杆内壁泥皮的成因及预防

本文分析了由于钻进液中的固相颗粒成份的粘附性、钻井液中固相颗粒受钻杆柱高速回转的离心力作用和设备本身的一些问题导致绳索钻探过程中产生泥皮,并指出几点预防钻探过程中产生泥皮的措施。     

床面附近泥沙运动的分析

基于水、沙两相的分相测量试验结果,分析了床面附近泥沙颗粒的脉动和力学特性,指出床面附近的泥沙运动有着特殊的力学机制:颗粒相具有较强的非湍流脉动,其产生的脉动应力对颗粒的运动起着重要作用。论述了沙粒在水流中从推移运动到扬起悬浮的物理过程,讨论了过去一些理论中存在的问题和不足,概括了泥沙颗粒在水流中从床面扬起的基本模式,运用两相流理论分析了沙粒在水流中扬起的动力学机理。根据颗粒运动的垂向动量平衡原理,对泥沙颗粒的垂向浓度分布规律作了新的分析解释。证实了除浓度梯度之外,颗粒相的垂向脉动强度梯度也是泥沙扩散的重要扩散势,进一步揭示了悬移质浓度垂线分布存在两种类型的内在机理。     

线性非平衡态下矿物-水溶液界面的迁移系数与固相表面分形特征的关系

运用分形理论讨论了线性非平衡态下矿物（岩石）—水溶液界面的迁移系数,得出了迁移系数与固相颗粒表面分形特征的关系。     

Computational validation of the Generalized Sutherland Equation for bubble–particle encounter efficiency in flotation

Bubble–particle encounter during flotation is governed by liquid flow relative to the rising bubble, which is a function of the adsorbed frothers, collectors, and other surfactants and surface contaminants. Due to surface contamination, the bubble surface in flotation has been considered as immobile (rigid). However, surface contamination can be swept to the backside of the rising bubble due to the relative liquid flow, leaving the front surface of the rising bubble mobile with a non-zero tangential component of the liquid velocity. The bubble with a mobile surface was considered by Sutherland who applied the potential flow condition and analyzed the bubble–particle encounter using a simplified particle motion equation without inertia. The Sutherland model was found to over-predict the encounter efficiency and has been improved by incorporating inertial forces which are amplified at the mobile surface with a non-zero tangential velocity component of the liquid phase. An analytical solution was obtained for the encounter efficiency using approximate equations and is called the Generalized Sutherland Equation (GSE). In this paper, the bubble–particle encounter interaction with the potential flow condition has been analyzed by solving the full motion equation for the particle employing a numerical computational approach. The GSE model was compared with the exact numerical results for the encounter efficiency. The comparison only shows good agreement between the GSE prediction and the numerical data for ultrafine particles (< 10 μm in diameter), the inertial forces of which are vanishingly small. For non-ultrafine particles, a significant deviation of the GSE model from the numerical data has been observed. Details of the numerical methodology and solutions for the (collision) angle of tangency and encounter efficiency are described.     

CFD simulation of fine coal segregation and stratification in jigs

The literature review on discrete element (DEM) model analysis of jigging reveals that an idealized fluid behavior is assumed and the damping of the fluid motion across the mineral bed is generally ignored. A microscopic model based on the principles of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to simulate the liquid flow and stratification of coal particles with a wide size range and density distribution in jigging. Fluid motion is calculated by directly solving the Navier–Stokes equations. Coal particles are moved in a Lagrangian frame through the action of forces imposed by the fluid and gravity. Particle effects on fluid motion are fed back at each time step through calculating the velocity disturbance caused by the particle. Particle–particle and particle–wall collisions are also considered. The snapshots of particle configurations for the simulation of stratification in oscillating flow show that the model predicts the macroscopic behavior, such as segregation and stratification, of particles reasonably well.     

Effects of surfactant adsorption and surface forces on thinning and rupture of foam liquid films

The properties of thin liquid films (TLF) are of paramount significance for colloidal disperse systems, and a number of industrial processes, including froth flotation. In flotation, the bubble–particle attachment is controlled by the thinning and rupture of the intervening liquid film between an air bubble and a mineral particle. The froth evolution and its transient stability are also a function of the drainage and rupture of liquid films between air bubbles. Surface-active substances (surfactants) are used as flotation reagents to control the behavior of the liquid films. This paper presents a review of our research in the area of surfactant adsorption, surface forces and liquid films. It mainly focuses on the validation, application and extension of the Stefan–Reynolds theory on the liquid drainage. The extension of the Stefan–Reynolds theory comprises surface forces (disjoining pressure), surface tension variation, caused by the adsorption and diffusion of surfactants. Both the experimental and theoretical results are mostly related to the free (foam) films formed between two bubbles but can be principally extended to emulsion films between two oil drops and wetting films between an air bubble and a solid surface.     

海上地震勘探GI枪子波数值模拟

GI枪震源已经逐步成为海上地震勘探的主要激发方式。常规气枪只有一个腔室,而GI枪具有G腔和I腔2个腔室,能够较好地压制气泡振荡。基于自由气泡振动理论,分析GI枪的激发机制,在考虑气泡壁的热传导作用和流体粘度对气泡振动影响的基础上,建立了海上勘探GI枪子波数值模型,并对气泡的振动过程和远场地震子波进行了数值模拟。结果表明:当G腔内气体释放所形成的气泡体积达到最大时,I腔内气体的释放有效地抑制了气泡的收缩,气泡壁运动速度明显减小,气泡变得稳定;GI枪激发所产生的子波具有明显的峰值和较小的旁瓣,有利于高分辨率海上地震勘探。     

基于振动台模型试验的特大断面隧道地震动态响应研究

以福州市二环路金鸡山隧道扩建工程为背景,设计制作了特大断面隧道的1/30缩尺模型,完成了21种工况下的模拟地震动试验,重点关注隧道模型加速度与接触压力的地震响应。将响应加速度峰值与输入地震波加速度峰值的比值,定义为PGA放大系数。各测点的PGA放大系数随着高程增加呈负指数型增大,其场地高程效应的表现形式与一般场地明显不同;随着地震动幅值的增大,各测点PGA放大系数逐渐减小,且不同频率特征地震波激励对高程效应形态的影响已不明显。将响应接触压力峰值与静止接触压力的比值,定义为PEP震荡系数。随着地震动幅值的增大,拱顶与拱底处的PEP震荡系数则始终保持在较小范围内,而拱脚与拱肩处的PEP震荡系数均呈近似线性增大趋势,这为隧道抗震设计中,衬砌-地层接触压力的参数取值提供了定量参考。     

Capacity of quartz fibers with high filtration efficiency for capturing soot aerosol particles

Two proposed quartz fibrous filters with dissimilar solid volume fractions and thicknesses are investigated for their efficiency in removing soot aerosol particles from air. Soot particles are sourced from a candle burning in a chamber, and the tests involve 1.5 h of continuous loading of particles at three different flow rates: 4.5, 8.15 and 9.55 l/min. The fractional efficiency, morphology and pressure drop of both clean and loaded filters are studied using a scanning mobility particle sizer, scanning electron microscope and differential pressure gauge. Both filters have relatively similar levels of efficiency 93% for particle size (100–400 nm) at the lowest flow rate. At higher flow rates, the re-entrainment process effects the filtration efficiency of both filters. At the higher flow rate of 8.15 l/min, the filter with a higher solid volume fraction and thickness shows a higher pressure drop and an efficiency level of 95%. Increasing the flow rate to 9.55 l/min helps to pass the particles with diameters larger than 100 nm through two filters. This phenomenon decreases the fractional efficiency of both filters during the loading time.     

基于3个不等粒径颗粒接触模型的土-水特征曲线

基于热力学原理及二维液桥计算模型,以3个不等径土颗粒为研究对象,推导出基质吸力与体积含水率之间的关系,得到微观模型下的土-水特征曲线。将3个不等粒径颗粒概化为限制粒径、中值粒径和有效粒径,研究了粒径大小、颗粒级配和土颗粒接触角的大小等因素对土-水特征曲线影响的规律。计算结果表明：体积含水率相同,颗粒粒径越大,相应的基质吸力越小;在同一基质吸力下,不均匀系数 越大即土颗粒越不均匀,其体积含水率就越低;接触角对土-水特征曲线的影响是明显的,即接触角越小土颗粒亲水性越好,同一基质吸力下的体积含水率也就越大,且曲线的进气值会随着接触角的减小而减小。     

储气砂中浅层气溢出过程数值模拟研究

基于A.Nermoen的物理实验,文章进行了浅层气溢出过程数值模拟,区别于以往常用的欧拉-欧拉方法,文章采用了基于欧拉-拉格朗日方法的新型的离散粒子模拟方法MP-PIC（multiphase particle-in-cell）模型。揭示超压气体释放的机制,以及浅层气溢出过程中速度、压力的变化情况和变化规律。模拟得到的颗粒流化现象以及气泡的产生、运动和溢出现象与试验现象相一致,数模计算结果与实验资料两者相关度为0.94,相关性较好。临界流化速度和压力与土层的高度呈正相关,临界流化压力与实验结果较为接近,但由于马格努斯力（magnus）等作用力未考虑,导致临界流化速度相比于实验偏低。该模型方法能处理任意尺寸分布的颗粒,适用庞大的颗粒量,紧密耦合气固间相互作用,适用性好,准确性高,为数值模拟提供了便利。