坝基岩体单孔声波对比测试异常问题分析

声波测井技术在岩土工程领域的运用已经有较长的时间,它在岩体质量验收、灌浆质量检测、爆破控制校验等方面具有独特的优势,因此成为工程技术人员颇为青睐的勘探手段。但是由于测试人员对声波测井技术原理不清楚以及测试流程不规范等原因,导致声波测试过程中出现与常理相悖的测试数据异常问题。这些问题的存在,对获取岩体质量信息造成了一定的干扰,同时也给声波测试资料的可靠性带来质疑。本文结合具体工程中的实测声波资料,针对常规岩体单孔声波对比试验获得的波速曲线中存在的整体性异位或升降等异常现象,通过对比不同试验阶段的声波测试曲线,阐述单孔声波对比测试曲线异常的具体表现及典型特征,分析产生测试异常的主要原因,并提出相应的解决方案或措施。研究结果表明:声波对比测试异常实质上是试验操作不够规范的问题,其中对比声波曲线的整体性异位主要是由采样偏差造成,属于线性系统误差,可以通过增加对比单元长度、提高岩体重合率等措施进行补救处理; 而声波曲线的整体性不均匀升降则与耦合流体的纯度有关,属非线性系统误差,难以进行补救校正,因此规范测试流程是避免出现该类异常的唯一途径。本成果为运用声波测井技术解决相关问题时避免或消除声波对比测试异常提供了参考和借鉴,具有重要的工程指导意义。     

岩体声波测试在煤矿巷道工程地质研究中的应用

运用岩体声波探测技术测定了淮北芦岭煤矿巷道围岩松动圈,进行了围岩稳定性分类,为芦岭煤矿今后的巷道支护设计提供了依据,认为岩体声波测试是煤矿井巷工程地质研究定量化的重要手段,值得应用推广.     

库水波动带岸坡原位声波测试及劣化特性研究

为了揭示库水波动带内岩体在库水位周期性升降,干-湿循环条件下,其物理力学性质变化特征,掌握不同岩性的劣化改造过程和差异性。选择消落带内变形破坏强烈的侏罗系库岸斜坡,在宏观调查的基础上,运用单孔、跨孔声波测试方法进行原位试验测试,同时进行原位样品试件采集,运用干湿循环、力学测试、耐崩解等手段进行室内试验测试。原位单孔声波测试K_V值为0.2~0.51,跨声波测试K_V值为0.46~0.91,表明岩体横向完整性差,纵向完整性相对较好,并且消落带内岩体随着高程的降低,其岩体完整性呈下降趋势;试件力学测试结果表明,20次干-湿循环后其强度平均下降30%~45%,且摩擦系数和黏聚力参数均呈逐渐降低趋势;耐崩解性试验表明,干-湿循环条件下,岩石耐崩解性逐渐降低,5次干-湿循环后,试件耐崩解性指数降低量达3.1%~20.2%。试验结果均证实了消落带内岩体受库水影响强烈,岩体长期在干-湿循条件下,其物理力学性质呈降低趋势,不同岩性劣化程度不同,岩体总体向破碎、解体的趋势发展,并且具有渐进性和累积性。     

锦屏一级水电站工程岩体对穿声波与单孔声波关联性探讨

声波波速作为可以评价岩石(体)致密与坚硬程度、完整程度、嵌合紧密程度等工程地质特性的综合性单一指标,在工程岩体质量检测和固结灌浆效果评价中获得了广泛的应用。锦屏一级前期勘察阶段开展了22000多米平洞与承压板变形模量试验配套的对穿、单孔声波测试,11 400多米钻孔单孔声波测试;施工阶段坝基、左岸抗力体开展了11 000多米单孔声波测试,263孔2 380 m的对穿、单孔声波测试,58点承压板变形模量试验配套的对穿、单孔声波测试。依据不同的统计方法(孔段长度、孔数)分别对两个阶段的对穿、单孔声波测试成果进行分析,研究结果表明:单孔声波波速V_p总体上高于对穿声波波速V_cp,且V_p/V_cp比值在1.05～1.20范围;单孔声波波速和对穿声波波速之间的定量关系,可以采用公式V_cp=1.1608V_p-1.0232来描述,且由该式获得的岩体变形模量(E_o50)与单孔声波波速的相关公式,可用于不同岩体等级的变形模量预测。该研究成果可为类似水电水利...     

声波测试技术在评价爆破震动对岩体的影响中的应用

在抽水蓄能电站上水库盆的岩体开挖过程中,通常采用工程爆破的技术手段。爆破施工中要尽可能减小爆破震动对上水库盆的影响,控制岩体松动破坏的范围,为下一步防渗工程的实施奠定基础。如何在提高工程施工效率的同时严格控制爆破震动对岩体产生影响,需要通过各种监测手段和技术方法来监测、分析和评价爆破施工对岩体的影响范围,然后来指导爆破施工。本文通过具体工程案例,介绍了施工前或施工后通过声波测试的实际应用,来评价爆破震动对周围岩体的影响,并圈定具体影响范围。     

某地下工程围岩的声波频谱特性

对某地下工程围岩进行声波测试,利用FFT方法进行信号的频谱分析,得到围岩声波的频谱特性。结果表明,声波传播过程中携带了反映岩体固有特性的信息,声波的频谱在一定程度上反映了岩体的结构、构造、完整性等特征;完整岩石的声波频谱以高频为主,裂隙岩体的声波频谱以低频为主;比较岩石与岩体声波测试的频谱差异,可对岩体质量的好坏进行判断。     

龙门石窟文物区岩体波动测试与分析

介绍了波动测试的原理及方法，并通过波动测试以及数学力学的类比法，确定了龙门石窟岩体的动态力学参数，为分析龙门石窟文物区岩体的动态性能与稳定性提供了资料及依据。     

声波检测技术在水电站开挖坝基岩体评价中的应用

坝基开挖中,声波测试技术作为简易手段可快速评价岩体质量。以某水电站为例,结合现场勘查,通过声波测试,揭示岩体风化程度,爆破松弛带和岩体质量。结果表明,岩体随深度增加受风化影响渐小,深部岩体几乎不受风化影响,岩体质量较高;利用声波波速对不同深度岩体进行的等级分界,为工程施工和防护措施提供了依据。     

考虑岩体劣化的库岸典型危岩体破坏过程与长期稳定性分析

自三峡库区蓄水以来,岸坡消落带岩体劣化趋势明显,加速了岩质岸坡向欠稳定和不稳定发展,潜在崩塌涌浪灾害威胁长江航道安全。以三峡库区板壁岩为例,采用抗剪强度折减法分析在岩体劣化工况下危岩体的破坏过程与长期稳定性。结果表明：在自然工况下,板壁岩危岩体处于稳定状态;在库水+岩体劣化工况下,中部锁固段处拉应力集中,拉张裂缝逐步向顶部主控裂缝及底部基破碎带延展并相互贯通,可能发生滑移-剪切破坏;在库水+岩体劣化+强降雨极端工况下,约40个水文周期后,岩体强度下降30%,板壁岩危岩体的稳定性系数降至约1.14,处于欠稳定状态,建议进行工程防治,提高危岩体稳定性,以保障航道安全。研究结果可为三峡库区板壁岩及类似危岩体的防灾减灾工作提供科学合理的依据。     

Analytical study of ground motion caused by seismic wave propagation across faulted rock masses

Studying seismic wave propagation across rock masses and the induced ground motion is an important topic, which receives considerable attention in design and construction of underground cavern/tunnel constructions and mining activities. The current study investigates wave propagation across a rock mass with one fault and the induced ground motion using a recursive approach. The rocks beside the fault are assumed as viscoelastic media with seismic quality factors, Q_p and Q_s. Two kinds of interactions between stress waves and a discontinuity and between stress waves and a free surface are analyzed, respectively. As the result of the wave superposition, the mathematical expressions for induced ground vibration are deduced. The proposed approach is then compared with the existing analysis for special cases. Finally, parametric studies are carried out, which includes the influences of fault stiffness, incident angle, and frequency of incident waves on the peak particle velocities of the ground motions.     

岩体波速与坝基岩体变形模量关系

岩体变形模量是岩体工程设计最重要的参数之一,尽管其可以通过各种现场试验来获得,但因其耗时、费力、投资大,使得许多中小型工程及大型工程的初步设计阶段无法通过试验来得到这一参数。因此,许多研究者建立了诸多岩体变形模量与岩体物理力学参数或岩体质量分级之间的相关关系,如岩体变形模量与RQD、RMR分级、Q分级、岩体纵波速度等之间的关系,从而利用这些关系估算岩体变形模量。总结了已有估算岩体变形模量的各种方法,讨论了其应用条件及预测结果,重点分析了利用岩体纵波速度估算岩体变形模量的方法及存在的问题,并以玛尔挡坝址为实例,建立了相关预测公式。通过与已有估算方法的对比研究,阐明了各种方法预测结果的异同,表明其建立的估算公式与Barton等公式具有较好的一致性,可以用来估算岩体的变形模量     

Application of the numerical manifold method for stress wave propagation across rock masses

In this paper, the numerical manifold method (NMM) is extended to study wave propagation across rock masses. First, improvements to the system equations, contact treatment, and boundary conditions of the NMM are performed, where new system equations are derived based on the Newmark assumption of the space–time relationship, the edge‐to‐edge contact treatment is further developed for the NMM to handle stress wave propagation across discontinuities, and the viscous non‐reflection boundary condition is derived based on the energy minimisation principle. After the modification, numerical comparisons between the original and improved NMM are presented. The results show that the original system equations result in artificial numerical damping, which can be overcome by the Newmark system equations. Meanwhile, the original contact scheme suffers some calculation problems when modelling stress wave propagation across a discontinuity, which can be solved by the proposed edge‐to‐edge contact scheme. Subsequently, the influence of the mesh size and time step on the improved NMM for stress wave propagation is studied. Finally, 2D wave propagation is modelled, and the model's results are in good agreement with the analytical solution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

影响声波全波列测井速度分析的因素剖析

[摘 要] 目前,速度分析是声波全波列测井提取纵、横波速度的必要流程。本文介绍了井场中的声 波波形成分,提出了一种相似相关速度分析算法,并在其基础上深入研究了影响速度分析结果的关键因 素,如带通滤波,窗口宽度,总叠加时间,以及低速地层等等。通过讨论分析,给出了这些处理参数在速 度分析中的取值,它对精确提取岩石纵、横波速度有着重要的指导意义。     

卸荷过程岩体中弹性波波速变化分析

伴随岩体卸荷过程,岩体内部应力状态要进行调整,同时岩体内部几何结构也要发生变化。由于卸荷过程应力状态变化很复杂,文中利用卸载过程中岩体内部几何结构的变化来反映卸载过程,通过岩体几何结构对弹性波传播的影响来分析卸载过程的波速。为考虑弹性波作用下局部裂纹的相互作用,采用双裂纹模型近似分析。在双裂纹体系内部采用“相互作用”分析法,以部分考虑波在岩体内的多次散射;在双裂纹体系之间采用线性叠加分析法,以考虑岩体中缺陷影响的局部化。通过节理裂隙的张开程度和节理裂隙的张开率描述卸载过程对双裂纹体系的影响,由此,对比分析了开挖卸载过程中四种不同的玄武岩与主频25 kHz和主频1 kHz对应的弹性波波速的变化。结果表明,随着卸载过程的推移,主频25 kHz声波和主频1 kHz地震波对应的相对波速逐渐减小,但声波波速的减小幅度要比地震波减小的幅度小,声波波速可以降低到原来的80%,而地震波波速可以降低到原来的50%。结论对于水利工程、隧道工程等建基面的验收和评价有很好的指导意义     

波速-旁压联合测试法在红层软岩中的应用研究

将波速测试及高压旁压试验运用于长沙地区的白垩纪红层软岩勘察中,获取了大量红层的声波测试结果及旁压试验特征参数,经过多参数的综合分析,为红层软岩的风化程度与岩体强度变化分析提供了有效参数。并在大量试验资料的基础上,建立了红层的动、静参数之间的相关方程。实践证明,波速-旁压联合测试方法是一种快速、经济、有效的工程勘察手段。     

致密岩石纵横波波速各向异性的比较研究

通过对板岩、千枚岩、糜棱岩和变质砂岩等4种岩石在平行和垂直层理、板理的3个正交方向上的纵、横波波速试验,提出了致密岩石纵波波速的各向异性与横波波速的各向异性普遍存在着一致性和差异性两种特征。一致性特征主要表现为致密岩石的横波各向异性随纵波各向异性的增强而增强;差异性特征主要表现为在平行和垂直层理、板理的两个方向上,纵波波速的各向异性指数大于横波,亦即纵波波速的各向异性比横波更为显著。从横观各向同性弹性介质的波速方程出发,通过具体的算例对这两种特征进行了较好的理论分析。     

Evaluation of equivalent medium methods for stress wave propagation in jointed rock mass

This paper evaluates the existing equivalent medium methods for jointed rock mass and further develops the equivalent viscoelastic medium method proposed by the authors. The advantages and limitations of different equivalences to the discontinuous rock mass are discussed. Theoretical derivation of stress wave propagation through the equivalent viscoelastic medium is carried out by adopting the Fourier transformation method, and the parameters of the equivalent viscoelastic medium method are determined analytically. The frequency dependence and the wave attenuation phenomenon can be properly described when the imaginary terms of the complex moduli of the rock mass are included. The results show that the equivalent viscoelastic medium method is able to predict the effective velocity and the stress wave transmission coefficient in a rock mass more accurately than the conventional effective elastic moduli methods. An example of the stress wave propagation through rock mass with parallel joints shows that the equivalent viscoelastic medium method is promising and worthy to be further explored for application in practical rock engineering problems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

In-situ rock stress measurement from rock cores using the acoustic emission method and deformation rate analysis

In this study the possibilities of the acoustic emission (AE) technique and deformation rate analysis (DRA) were investigated to measure in situ rock stress. The rock cores were obtained from three vertically drilled exploratory boreholes from the surface and one borehole drilled from within an underground coal mine. The AE method was found to determine in situ rock stress with reasonable accuracy using AE signatures in repeated loadings of a rock core specimen. Based on the results of in situ stress estimation from the AE method, the time interval, up to seven years, did not strongly influence the previous stress determination using the AE method. Cored rock recollected the in situ stress condition reasonably well (within ±10%), when compared to the results from over coring and hydraulic fracturing technique. Also, there was significant correlation between overburden pressure and estimated vertical stress from the AE method.