白鹤滩水电站地下厂房层状节理岩体变形机理分析

为了研究白鹤滩水电站右岸地下厂房洞室群开挖期间的变形破坏问题,通过分析地下厂区工程地质特征、地应力实测资料和微震监测结果,利用通用离散元程序UDEC建立白鹤滩水电站地下厂房层状节理模型,计算得到了地下厂房开挖后的应力场、塑性区、位移场分布规律,揭示了围岩变形破坏区域。研究结果表明:围岩变形量增加速率与开挖强度具有密切关系;主厂房上游侧位移大于下游侧,损伤更严重,上游层状节理密度比下游大是造成上下游变形差异的主要原因。白鹤滩地下厂房变形机制的研究对其后续施工及其安全运营具有重要意义。     

白鹤滩水电站初始地应力场研究分析

金沙江下游拟建的白鹤滩水电站上接乌东德梯级,下邻溪洛渡梯级,是继三峡和溪洛渡之后又一座千万千瓦级的水电站。白鹤滩水电站采用地下式厂房,其厂房的高度和跨度分别为78.5 m和32 m。为了保证地下洞室群围岩的稳定性,需要准确掌握初始地应力场的方向和大小。依据地质构造作用和现场实测方法分析发现,白鹤滩水电站左、右岸的初始地应力场,由于受到河流侵蚀和岸坡卸荷等因素影响,两岸厂区的地应力场方向在局部产生一定的偏转,从该地区的NWW方向变为NE方向,通过数值反演方法对计算区域的边界条件进行回归,与实测值比较确定回归边界条件的合理性和准确性。     

关于水电站工程区探硐封堵质量检测方法探讨与应用

水电站工程因前期勘察的需要,在坝址区、厂房区会布置一定数量的探硐,部分探硐与地下建筑物连通或穿越防渗帷幕线和坝基固结灌浆区。在施工过程中,所有探硐均需进行封堵,其中大坝建基面附近及帷幕防渗部分探硐封堵质量对工程安全质量尤其关键。因此,对关键部位探硐封堵质量的检测,是关系到整个水电站后期安全运行的重要因素。这里以溪洛渡水电站工区探硐封堵质量检测工程实践为例,根据帷幕灌浆区、固结灌浆区不同的设计要求,针对性运用钻孔压水、试验钻孔全景图像、钻孔单孔声波及芯样强度抗压试验检测方法进行质量检测。通过上述综合检测方法获取了硐室封堵段各项质量评价指标,从而进一步消除安全隐患,对类似工程问题具有借鉴意义。     

考虑洞室岩体应力型破坏特征的局部地应力反演方法及应用

介绍了一种考虑地下洞室片帮、钻孔剥落等岩体应力型破坏特征为信息源,通过数值模拟智能反演方法预测高应力大型地下洞室群围岩局部应力场的新思路。该方法将地下洞室群片帮、钻孔剥落等应力型破坏的位置、深度或者宽度进行定量描述,以弹性模型计算获得的常偏应力大于岩体启裂强度的范围来表示应力型破坏范围,通过分析实测地应力数据约束部分地应力数量,然后采用智能数值反演方法得到其他的地应力分量。采用该方法预测了白鹤滩水电站右岸地下厂房0+76断面附近围岩地应力场,反演获得最大主应力在34 MPa左右。通过其他部位岩体破裂的数值模拟和观测结果对比,验证了地应力场预测的合理性。     

爆破开挖诱发的地下交叉洞室微震特性及破裂机制分析

白鹤滩水电站右岸地下多洞室间相互施工扰动,使得母线洞等交叉洞室围岩的微震活动规律及破裂机制十分复杂。引进南非IMS微震监测系统,研究高地应力、多面临空卸荷应力环境下交叉洞室围岩的微震特性及破裂孕育机制。根据地下厂房区围岩岩性、错动带及断层分布,选取监测效果较佳的传感器并合理布置;通过定点敲击试验进行波速反演,分析震源定位的精度;以10#母线洞掉块案例为工程背景,分析爆破开挖诱发的交叉洞室岩体破裂微震事件与能量释放时空演化规律,并基于S波和P波的能量比（ES /EP）,归纳、总结了掉块发生过程中岩体破裂演化机制：大量张拉事件发生（爆破冲击诱发）→拉剪、压剪事件发生→张拉事件、剪切事件交替发生（集中应力和节理综合影响）→掉块发生（重力和节理综合作用）。研究结果有利于优化白鹤滩水电站右岸地下洞室群交叉部位的开挖方案,同时对类似工程的开挖和支护具有重要借鉴意义。     

发电站厂房地应力测试钻孔的施工技术

采用空心包体式全方位地应力测试法测试地下发电站厂房站位的地应力。主要介绍了探洞内水平测试钻孔的钻进技术、工艺参数以及设备选择和注意事项。     

金狮子水电站厂房混凝土浇筑施工技术研究

水电站厂房作为水电站重要的组成部分,其施工质量的优劣对整个水电站的安全、可靠及持久运作有着直接的影响。主要根据工程实例,阐述水电站厂房混凝土浇筑施工技术及质量控制,主要做好混凝土配合比设计和拌合控制和质量检验环节,严格按照要求保证施工质量,从而保证厂房建设质量。     

高边坡坝基柱状节理玄武岩开挖卸荷时效松弛特性

柱状节理玄武岩在开挖卸荷条件下容易松弛与开裂,是白鹤滩水电站坝基稳定的主要挑战。以白鹤滩水电站左岸坝基柱状节理玄武岩试验区为工程背景,采用单孔声波、钻孔摄像等原位测试技术,研究了分梯段开挖及时间效应条件下Ⅲ1类和Ⅲ2类柱状节理玄武岩松弛深度、松弛程度的时空演化规律,探讨了坝基柱状节理岩体松弛特征的原因。分析结果表明：柱状节理玄武岩的松弛深度主要由开挖引起,临近开挖面岩体的松弛程度随时间呈负指数增长,其时效期不超过半年。柱状节理岩体松弛特征与岩体质量关系密切,两类岩体的松弛深度、松弛程度的时效性及松弛程度随孔深的分布规律差异较大。坝基柱状节理岩体时效松弛是由内部节理张开导致的岩体强度参数的时效劣化引起。该研究对认识柱状节理岩体卸荷力学行为及优化坝基柱状节理岩体开挖保护方案具有重要意义。     

分幅开挖方式下高应力硬岩地下洞室的微震特性及稳定性分析

高应力硬岩大型地下洞室开挖卸荷导致围岩片帮、塌方事故频发,严重威胁现场施工人员及设备的安全。从降低围岩局部破坏风险的角度考虑,白鹤滩水电站右岸主变室第Ⅳ层采用分幅开挖方案。通过构建微震监测系统,研究分幅开挖下岩体的微震特性及稳定性,监测结果表明：上游半幅开挖诱发的微震事件、能量大于下游半幅诱发的,且上、下游半幅开挖均表现出了掌子面贯通前微震事件、能量增大的特性,这主要受两相向掘进掌子面前方支承压力叠加的影响;上游半幅开挖诱发微震事件频发且出现了丛集现象,下游半幅开挖诱发的微震事件较少且事件空间分布离散,规律性不明显;采用Schmidt数、事件活动率与累积视体积、能量指数与累积视体积评价研究区域的稳定性,结果显示,较之于应变硬化阶段,处于应变软化阶段的岩体发生不稳定变形破坏的风险较大。研究结果可为白鹤滩水电站地下洞室施工方案的优化提供重要参考,同时也可为其他类似工程的施工提供借鉴。     

柱状节理岩体隧洞松弛深度的变异特性与确定方法

柱状节理玄武岩是火山岩区所特有的地质现象,其地质成因独特,工程特性、开挖响应特征明显不同于一般常见岩体。针对节理岩体中不同钻孔属性条件下松弛深度测试结果存在变异性的问题,提出单孔声波测试与数字钻孔摄像综合的原位测试手段和松弛深度评价方法,获得了柱状节理条件下不同角度及不同孔径的岩体卸荷松弛特性。研究结果表明,在节理岩体中进行围岩的松弛深度测试时,不同孔径钻孔测试的松弛深度未有显著影响,但在不同钻孔角度条件下测试时,钻孔偏差角度、钻孔轴线与节理方位的夹角均对测试结果有较大影响,围岩松弛深度随节理方位与测孔轴线角度增大而增大。基于现场测试的结果与柱状节理的各向异性特征,进一步探讨了不同钻孔条件下松弛深度变异的机制。该研究结果对柱状节理围岩松弛测试评价、稳定性分析以及支护方案优化有显著价值。     

In Situ Stress Measurements in the Lhasa Terrane, Tibetan Plateau, China

Tectonic activities are frequent in the Lhasa terrane because of the ongoing collision between the India and Eurasia plates. Knowledge of the stress state is critical to evaluate the crustal stability and the design of underground excavations. Because of the limitations imposed by natural conditions,little research has been performed on the present crustal in situ stress in the Tibetan Plateau,and further study is imperative. In this study,hydraulic fracturing measurements were conducted in Nyching County(LZX) and Lang County(LX),Lhasa terrane to characterize the shallow crustal stress state. The results indicate that the stress state in the LZX borehole is markedly different from that in the LX borehole,in both magnitude and orientation. At the same measurement depths,the magnitudes of horizontal principal stresses in the LX borehole are 1.5–3.0 times larger than those in the LZX borehole. The stress regime in the LX borehole favors reverse faulting characterized by SHShSv,where SH,Sh,and Sv are maximum horizontal,minimum horizontal,and vertical principal stresses,respectively. The SH and Sh values are approximately three and two times greater than Sv. Fracture impression results reveal that SH in the LX borehole are predominantly N–S,while in the LZX borehole the maximum horizontal principal stress is mainly in the NNE-direction. The heterogeneity of the regional stress state might be a result of the population and distribution of local structures and seismic activities. The stress state in the LX borehole has exceeded the critical state of failure equilibrium,and there is an optimally orientated pre-existing fault near the borehole. It can be concluded that the optimally orientated fault is likely to be active when the stress has built up sufficiently to destroy the frictional equilibrium; it is suggested that research focus should be placed on this in future. The stress states in boreholes LZX and LX indicate uniformity of the regional stress field and diversity of the local stress fields resulting from the interactions among regional dynamic forces,tectonic stress field,and geological structures.     

雪峰山深孔水压致裂地应力测量及其意义

利用最新研制的深孔水压致裂地应力测量设备在雪峰山2000 m科钻先导孔内开展了原地应力测量,在孔深170~2021 m范围内获得了16个测段的有效地应力测量数据,是国内首次利用水压致裂法获得的孔深超过2000 m深度的原地应力测量成果。测量结果表明,地应力随孔深增加而逐渐加大,对实测数据进行线性回归,得到最大和最小水平主应力随深度变化的关系分别为:S_H=0.03328H+5.25408,S_h=0.0203H+4.5662,在孔深2021 m深度,其实测值分别为66.31 MPa和43.33 MPa。基于实测数据,结合钻孔成像测试和井温测试结果,对测点应力状态进行了综合分析。在170~800 m深度范围,三向主应力关系为S_H > S_h > S_v,有利于逆断层活动;孔深1000~2021 m表现为S_H > S_v > S_h,表明该区域深部应力结构属于走滑型。最大水平主应力方向为北西-北西西方向。基于实测地应力数据及莫尔-库伦破裂准则,对测区附近断层活动性进行了分析讨论,认为该区域断层处于稳定状态。      

川西郭达山隧道水平孔地应力测量与工程意义

新建川藏铁路穿越鲜水河活动构造带,沿线构造应力场极其复杂,隧道围岩工程破坏问题突出。为了揭示该区构造应力场特征,为深埋隧道设计、施工提供基础参数,采用新型水压致裂地应力测量系统在川西郭达山隧道水平孔获得10段有效地应力测量数据,最大测量深度达508.10 m,创造了水平孔地应力测量最深记录。测量结果表明,在148.4~508.1 m测量深度范围,郭达山隧道水平孔截面上最大主应力值为3.59~13.72 MPa,最小主应力值为3.28~8.36 MPa。根据印模实验结果,除浅部钻孔截面上最大主应力倾角较大外,深部钻孔截面上最大主应力倾角近水平。根据地应力状态将0~280 m段划分为应力释放区,280~330 m段为应力集中区,大于330 m段为原地应力区。基于地应力测量结果对郭达山隧道水平孔围岩稳定性进行了预判分析,在孔深292.9 m、508.10 m处隧道围岩有轻微至中等程度岩爆可能,其余段无岩爆可能性。     

The present-day stress field of New South Wales,Australia

The Australian continent displays the most complex pattern of present-day tectonic stress observed in any major continental area. Although plate boundary forces provide a well-established control on the large-scale (>500 km) orientation of maximum horizontal stress (S_Hmax), smaller-scale variations, caused by local forces, are poorly understood in Australia. Prior to this study, the World Stress Map database contained 101 S_Hmax orientation measurements for New South Wales (NSW), Australia, with the bulk of the data coming from shallow engineering tests in the Sydney Basin. In this study we interpret present-day stress indicators analysed from 58.6 km of borehole image logs in 135 coal-seam gas and petroleum wells in different sedimentary basins of NSW, including the Gunnedah, Clarence-Moreton, Sydney, Gloucester, Darling and Bowen–Surat basins. This study provides a refined stress map of NSW, with a total of 340 (A–E quality) S_Hmax orientations consisting of 186 stress indicators from borehole breakouts, 69 stress measurements from shallow engineering methods, 48 stress indicators from drilling-induced fractures, and 37 stress indicators from earthquake focal mechanism solutions. We define seven stress provinces throughout NSW and determine the mean orientation of the S_Hmax for each stress province. The results show that the S_Hmax is variable across the state, but broadly ranges from NE–SW to ESE–WNW. The S_Hmax is approximately E–W to ESE–WNW in the Darling Basin and Southeastern Seismogenic Zone that covers the west and south of NSW, respectively. However, the present-day S_Hmax rotates across the northeastern part of NSW, from approximately NE–SW in the South Sydney and Gloucester basins to ENE–WSW in the North Sydney, Clarence-Moreton and Gunnedah basins. Comparisons between the observed S_Hmax orientations and Australian stress models in the available literature reveal that previous numerical models were unable to satisfactorily predict the state of stress in NSW. Although clear regional present-day stress trends exist in NSW, there are also large perturbations observed locally within most stress provinces that demonstrate the significant control on local intraplate sources of stress. Local S_Hmax perturbations are interpreted to be due to basement topography, basin geometry, lithological contrasts, igneous intrusions, faults and fractures. Understanding and predicting local stress perturbations has major implications for determining the most productive fractures in petroleum systems, and for modelling the propagation direction and vertical height growth of induced hydraulic fractures in simulation of unconventional reservoirs.     

川甘陕交汇地区现今地应力环境与地震危险性

川甘陕交汇地区新构造活动强烈、地震频发,具有复杂多样的构造变形模式和构造强烈活动特征,为一潜在地震危险性研究的关键构造部位。为了查明川甘陕交汇关键构造部位地壳浅表层现今地应力环境和潜在地震危险性,在甘肃省水市甘谷县及四川省广元市三堆镇实施机械岩心钻探工程和水压致裂地应力测量。地应力测量结果表明,甘谷钻孔3个主应力关系为SHShSv,甘谷地区现今水平主应力起主导作用,且具有较高地应力值,钻孔附近最大水平主压应力方位平均为N41°E,易于钻孔附近北西西向西秦岭北缘断裂产生左旋走滑兼逆冲活动;三堆钻孔3个主应力关系为SHShSv,该地区现今水平主应力起主导作用,钻孔附近最大水平主压应力方位平均为N85°W,利于钻孔附近北东向青川断裂产生右旋走滑兼逆冲活动。利用库仑摩擦滑动准则对断裂活动进行分析,结果表明天水和广元地区的地应力大小均已经达到了使地壳浅部断层产生滑动失稳的临界条件,需加强地应力实时监测和分析。该研究成果为川甘陕交汇关键构造部位的断裂活动性分析和地质环境安全评价提供科学依据。     

中国大陆科学钻主孔现今地应力状态

用钻孔崩落法确定了中国大陆科学钻探主钻孔5 047 m深度以上的现今地应力状态.由钻孔声波成像测井资料发现, 科学钻主钻孔在1 200 m深度以下出现了钻孔崩落现象.我们从1 216~5 047 m的深度范围内采集了143个钻孔成像测井图象资料, 对钻孔崩落椭圆长轴方位进行了统计, 结果表明崩落椭圆长轴平均方位为319.5°±3.5°, 最大水平主应力方位平均为49.5°±3.5°.利用崩落形状要素(崩落深度和崩落宽度) 以及岩石的内聚力和内摩擦角, 估算了1 269 m至5 047 m范围内52个深度上的最大和最小水平主应力的大小.结果表明, 在浅处1 216 m深度, 最大水平主应力为42 MPa, 最小水平主应力为30.3 MPa; 在深处5 000 mm深度, 最大水平主应力为160.5 MPa, 最小水平主应力为120 MPa; 地应力随深度近于线性增加.据岩石密度测井资料计算了各个深度上静负载应力.3个主应力的大小和方向反映出科学钻主孔位置的应力场处于走滑应力状态, 与临近地区地震震源机制解和其他方法得到的应力场一致.利用声发射法对岩心试件进行了声发射测量, 得到了最大水平主应力幅值, 并与崩落法测量结果进行了对比, 两者十分一致.      

Stress orientation and tectonic regime in the northwestern Valencia Trough from borehole data

The orientation of the maximum horizontal stress S_H is obtained from the analysis of borehole breakouts, covering a depth range from 300 to 3415 m (below sea level) in twelve offshore exploration wells in the northwestern Valencia Trough. The orientation of S_H is roughly coincident with the strike of major extensional structures. From N to S it changes counterclockwise from a NE–SW orientation to a N–S orientation. Estimates of the tectonic regimes indicate that the area is characterised predominantly by normal-faulting with a strike-slip component. Both the stress orientations and the tectonic regimes are consistent with neotectonic studies in the nearby Catalan Coastal Ranges. An established method of estimating the tectonic regime by Moos and Zoback (1990) was modified by the inclusion of a nontrivial cohesion, but this changes the results insignificantly.     

三峡库首区现今构造应力场的形成体制分析

本文从地质、地震、形变、地应力测量等方面对三峡库首区现今构造应力场进行了系统的分析和论证,并用数值模拟进行了验证,认为三峡库首区现今构造应力场属于纯剪切变形体制,即:在来自西部NE-SW方向主压应力挤压的基础上,同时叠加有因江汉-洞庭盆地拉张而引起的NWW-SEE向主张应力的作用,这两种力源近于直交,可以分别作为研究区现今构造应力场的主压应力(σ₁)和主张应力(σ₃).