Seismic vertical uplift capacity of horizontal strip anchors using pseudo-dynamic approach

This paper presents the pseudo-dynamic analysis to determine the seismic vertical uplift capacity of a horizontal strip anchor using upper bound limit analysis. However, in the literature, the pseudo-static approach was used by few researchers to compute the seismic vertical pullout resistance, where the real dynamic nature of earthquake accelerations cannot be considered. Under the seismic conditions, the values of the unit weight component of uplift factor f_γE are determined for different magnitudes of soil friction angle, soil amplification, embedment ratio and seismic acceleration coefficients both in the horizontal and vertical directions. It is observed that the uplift factor f_γE decreases significantly with the increase in seismic accelerations and amplification but increases with the increase in embedment ratio. The results are compared with the existing values in the literature and the significance of the present methodology for designing the horizontal strip anchor is discussed. In presence of vertical earthquake acceleration and amplification of vibration, the present values of f_γE compare reasonably well with the existing pseudo-static values obtained by modifying the horizontal acceleration coefficient.     

Site classification of Pondicherry using shear-wave velocity and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio

Site classification studies play a vital role in earthquake hazard assessment since in situ ground conditions substantially affect the characteristics of incoming seismic waves during earthquakes. Flat areas along the coast and rivers generally consist of thick layers of soft clay and sand. Such deposits amplify certain frequencies of ground motion, thereby attributing to an increase in the damage due to an earthquake. Hence, site classification studies have been carried out using shear-wave velocity, ground response, and corresponding amplification at 83 locations in Pondicherry, a coastal city in India. The present study is aimed at estimating the shear-wave velocity through multichannel analysis of surface waves and to compute the average shear-wave velocity (V _S ³⁰ ), stiffness, and N values using empirical relations. Further, site-response studies (horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio) were conducted to estimate the ground-response frequencies and corresponding amplifications through Nakamura technique. From the results, the study area was classified into three types, i.e., C-class: with V _S ³⁰ in the range of 360–760 m/s, D-class: with V _S ³⁰ in the range of 180–360 m/s, and E-class: with V _S ³⁰  < 180 m/s following the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Programme norms (BSSC in NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures (FEMA 450), part 1: provisions. Building Seismic Safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, 2003). Finally, a site classification map for Pondicherry region has been prepared, which can be used in urban planning and strengthening of existing structures against future earthquakes.     

Local site effect of a clay site in Shiraz based on seismic hazard of Shiraz Plain

Propagation of seismic waves through soil layers would drastically change the frequency content and amplitude-based features of ground motions at the surface. These alterations are known as seismic site effects. Computation of site effects of high-populated areas such as large cities is of great importance (e.g., it is used in development of seismic microzonation of a region). Shiraz is one of the most populous cities of Iran and is located in a high seismic hazardous region. A representative clay site in this city is selected to assess local site effects. The time series and random vibration theory procedure in the frequency domain are implemented to analyze the aforementioned site. Furthermore, the nonlinear dynamic soil behavior is simulated by the equivalent linear method and the nonlinear method via DEEPSOIL program. Three types of soil column uncertainties such as shear wave velocity, modulus reduction, and damping ratio of soil layers as well as depth of underlying rock half-space (D _bed) are considered herein. The mean amplification and standard deviation of natural logarithm of amplification factors are computed for a variety of analysis types. The results of the current study show that the computed mean and standard deviation of amplification factor in ln units by considering only V _S uncertainty are in good agreement with the corresponding ones by considering V _S and modulus reduction and damping ratio variabilities simultaneously for the studied site. Furthermore, it seems that the effect of bedrock depth in definition of spectral shapes of the Iranian seismic building code should be taken into account.     

Assessment of potential seismic hazard and site effect in Antakya (Hatay Province), SE Turkey

Antakya city is at risk because of strong earthquakes occurring in the area, and different soil conditions that can produce variation of the ground motion amplification. Microzonation of cities provides a basis for site-specific hazard analysis in urban settlements. In particular, seismic microzonation can be provided by means of detailed seismic assessment of the area, including earthquake recordings and geological studies. In this paper, we propose a preliminary microzonation map for the city of Antakya, based on the variation of the dominant periods and shear velocities of the sediments covering the area. The periods are retrieved from microtremor measurements conducted at 69 sites, using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio technique. The results of microtremor analysis were compared with data obtained from refraction microtremor (ReMi) measurements at four profiles crossing the studied area. According to the classification of dominant periods, Antakya city can be divided into five zones, probably prone to different levels of seismic hazard. The shorter natural periods are in inner Antakya and both the sides of Asi River (i.e., northern and southern parts). The eastern and western parts of Antakya have maximum dominant periods. The V _s ³⁰ values were calculated by using the ReMi method along the profiles. Antakya city has V _s ³⁰ values in the range of category C of the national earthquake hazard reduction programme site classification.     

Paleostress reconstructions of Jabal Hafit structures,Southeast of Al Ain City,United Arab Emirates (UAE)

This paper presents the first paleostress results obtained from displacement and fracture systems within the Lower Eocene sediments at Jabal Hafit, Abu Dhabi Emirate, UAE. Detailed investigation of Paleogene structures at Jabal Hafit reveal the existence of both extensional structures (normal faults) and compressional structures (strike-slip and reverse faults). Structural analysis and paleostress reconstructions show that the Paleogene kinematic history is characterized by the succession of four paleostress stages. Orientation of principal stresses was found from fault-slip data using an improved right-dihedra method, followed by rotational optimisation (TENSOR program).The paleostress results confirm four transtensional tectonic stages (T1–T4) which affected the study area. The first tectonic stage (T1) is characterized by S_Hmax NW–SE σ₂-orientation. This stage produced NW–SE striking joints (tension veins) and E–W to ENE–WSW striking dextral strike-slip faults. The proposed age of this stage is Early Eocene. The second stage (T2) had S_Hmax N–S σ₂-orientation. N–S striking joints and NNE–SSW striking sinistral strike-slip faults, E–W striking reverse faults and N–S striking normal faults were created during this stage. The T2 stage is interpreted to be post-Early Eocene in age. The third stage (T3) is characterized by S_Hmax E–W σ₂-orientation. This stage reactivated the E–W reverse faults as sinistral strike-slip faults and created E–W striking joints and NE–SW reverse faults. The proposed age for T3 is post-Middle Eocene. During the T3 (S_Hmax E–W σ₂-orientation) stage the NNW-plunging Hafit anticline was formed. The last tectonic stage that affected the study area (T4) is characterized by S_Hmax NE–SW σ₂-orientation. During this stage, the ENE–WSW faults were reactivated as sinistral strike-slip and reverse faults. NE–SW oriented joints were also created during the T4 (S_Hmax NE–SW σ₂-orientation) stage. The interpreted age of this stage is post-Middle Miocene time but younger than T3 (S_Hmax E–W σ₂-orientation) stage.     

Spectral width parameter for wind-generated ocean waves

An evaluation of the spectral width parameter for wind-generated ocean waves is presented based on the analysis of wave data obtained through the ship-borne wave recorder fitted to RVGaveshani. The coverage of wave data includes deep as well as shallow waters on the east and west coasts of India. Considering that the spectral width parameter ?₀ derived from Tucker's wave analysis provides a reasonably accurate estimate, a comparative study has been made for the other band-width definitions available in the literature. The results indicate some bias in the estimation of spectral width information using higher-order moments, e.g. ? _S andv, and with the alteration of spectral forms that are usually associated with multiple- or single-peaked wave spectra. Such a bias is not seen in the case of Goda's peakedness parameterQ _p with variation of spectral form. The effect of the ratio of the high-frequency cut-off to the spectral peak period on ? _S ,v andQ _p is also investigated.     

Spatial-seasonal dynamics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Lake Taihu, a large eutrophic, shallow lake in China

From 2005 to 2009, the spatial distribution and the seasonal dynamics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were explored in Lake Taihu in eastern China. The spatial-seasonal dynamics of CDOM absorption and three CDOM composition variables, including spectral slope (S), spectral slope ratio (S_R) and the M value, defined as the ratio of absorption at 250 nm/365 nm, were analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, river input processes and degradation of phytoplankton were studied to assess their impact on CDOM composition and the factors involved in the spatial-seasonal variability of CDOM. The CDOM absorption coefficient at a wavelength of 350 nm, a(350), ranged from 1.37-9.55 m⁻¹ with a mean of 3.33 ± 1.32 m⁻¹. Spatially, higher a(350) values, but lower spectral slope, spectral slope ratio and M values, were recorded in the northern algae dominated bays while lower values were recorded in southeastern macrophyte dominated bays. The a(350) was significantly higher in inshore waters than in offshore waters. Values of S, S_R and M decreased during the flood and algal bloom season in spring and summer whereas a(350) increased. In the three river profiles, the gradual decrease of a(350) along the trajectory from the river mouth into the lake during the flood season showed the contribution of allochthonous CDOM. A laboratory phytoplankton degradation experiment was conducted to determine the contribution of CDOM production from phytoplankton. The significant increase of a(350) with time in the CDOM production experiment underlines the importance of autochthonous CDOM production during the algal bloom season. In summary, the significant increase of a(350) in spring and summer (algal bloom season) may be due to both the allochthonous CDOM input from the surrounding rivers and the autochthonous production of CDOM from degrading phytoplankton.     

Re-evaluations of seismic hazard of Iraq

In recent years, Iraq has experienced an increase in seismic activity, especially, near the east boundary with Iran. Previous studies present their results in terms of PGA and for return periods of 500 years and less, and other studies not continued to include the whole PSHA process whereas some recent studies continued to include the whole PSHA process using earthquakes data till 2009 including dependent events. This study includes two main stages, the first is collecting the earthquakes records including the recent events till the end of March 2016 and applying data processing to get the net catalog to independent events. The second stage is applying the steps of PSHA method. Matlab programs have been built to execute these two stages and to convert the results of PSHA computations into contours of 5% damping PGA and spectral accelerations at 0.2 and 1.0 s for a return period of 2475 years, and for rock sites. Also, spectral acceleration against period has been presented for main cities. Also, the PGA map, for a return period of 475 years, has been plotted and then prepared together with similar maps of neighbor countries in one map for comparison. In general, this comparison indicates the similarity in behavior but, the values reveal a relative agreement and they are between Turkish and Iranian values.     

Effect of Source Energy for SASW Testing on Geological Sites

A number of Rayleigh wave tests were performed on two geological sites by employing a cylindrical mass of 65 kg dropped from a height ranging from 1 to 4 m. For each test, the mass was dropped freely either (1) directly on ground surface, or (2) on a steel circular base plate kept on the ground. Various combinations of source to first receiver distance (S) and receiver spacing (X) were employed. It has been noted that the value of λ _max increases continuously with an increase in the source energy; where λ _max refers to the maximum wavelength up to which the shear wave velocity profile can be obtained with the usage of the spectral analysis of surface waves tests. The inclusion of the steel base plate below the dropping mass leads to a further increase in the value of λ _max . It is also observed that, for the same height of fall, a ground stratum with relatively greater stiffness tends to provide an increased value of λ _max .     

Estimating hydraulic parameters of a heterogeneous aquitard using long-term multi-extensometer and groundwater level data

The classical aquitard-drainage model COMPAC has been modified to simulate the compaction process of a heterogeneous aquitard consisting of multiple sub-units (Multi-COMPAC). By coupling Multi-COMPAC with the parameter estimation code PEST++, the vertical hydraulic conductivity (K _v) and elastic (S _ske) and inelastic (S _skp) skeletal specific-storage values of each sub-unit can be estimated using observed long-term multi-extensometer and groundwater level data. The approach was first tested through a synthetic case with known parameters. Results of the synthetic case revealed that it was possible to accurately estimate the three parameters for each sub-unit. Next, the methodology was applied to a field site located in Changzhou city, China. Based on the detailed stratigraphic information and extensometer data, the aquitard of interest was subdivided into three sub-units. Parameters K _v, S _ske and S _skp of each sub-unit were estimated simultaneously and then were compared with laboratory results and with bulk values and geologic data from previous studies, demonstrating the reliability of parameter estimates. Estimated S _skp values ranged within the magnitude of 10^?4 m^?1, while K _v ranged over 10^?10–10^?8 m/s, suggesting moderately high heterogeneity of the aquitard. However, the elastic deformation of the third sub-unit, consisting of soft plastic silty clay, is masked by delayed drainage, and the inverse procedure leads to large uncertainty in the S _ske estimate for this sub-unit.     

Region-specific deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of Kanpur city

A seismic hazard map of Kanpur city has been developed considering the region-specific seismotectonic parameters within a 500-km radius by deterministic and probabilistic approaches. The maximum probable earthquake magnitude (M _max) for each seismic source has been estimated by considering the regional rupture characteristics method and has been compared with the maximum magnitude observed \(\left ({M_{\max }^{\text {obs}}}\right )\), \(M_{\max }^{\text {obs}} +0.5\) and Kijko method. The best suitable ground motion prediction equations (GMPE) were selected from 27 applicable GMPEs based on the ‘efficacy test’. Furthermore, different weight factors were assigned to different M _max values and the selected GMPE to calculate the final hazard value. Peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration at 0.2 and 1 s were estimated and mapped for worst-case scenario and 2 and 10% probability of exceedance for 50 years. Peak ground acceleration (PGA) showed a variation from 0.04 to 0.36 g for DSHA, from 0.02 to 0.32 g and 0.092 to 0.1525 g for 2 and 10% probability in 50 years, respectively. A normalised site-specific design spectrum has been developed considering three vulnerable sources based on deaggregation at the city center and the results are compared with the recent 2011 Sikkim and 2015 Nepal earthquakes, and the Indian seismic code IS 1893.     

Evaluating the S-isotope fractionation associated with Phanerozoic pyrite burial

This study examines the sulfur isotope record of seawater sulfate proxies using δ³⁴S and Δ³³S to place constraints on the average global fractionation (Δ³⁴S_py) associated with pyrite formation and burial and the exponent λ that relates variations of the ³⁴S/³²S to variations of the ³³S/³²S. The results presented here use an analysis of the sulfur isotope record from seawater sulfate proxies and sedimentary sulfide to extract this quantity as the arithmetic difference between δ³⁴S of seawater sulfate and contemporaneous sulfide. It also uses an independent method that draws on inferences about the Δ³³S evolution of seawater sulfate to evaluate this further. These two methods yield similar results suggesting that Δ³⁴S_py and λ changed over the course of the Phanerozoic from slightly lower values of Δ³⁴S_py (lower values of λ) in the early Phanerozoic (Cambrian-Permian) to higher values of Δ³⁴S_py (higher values of λ) starting in the Triassic. This change of Δ³⁴S_py and the exponent λ is interpreted to reflect a change in the proportion of sulfide that was reoxidized and processed by bacterial disproportionation on a global scale. The revised record of Δ³⁴S_py also yields model pyrite burial curves making them more closely resemble model evolution curves for other element systems and global sea level curves. It is suggested that possible links to sea level may occur via changes in the area of submerged continental shelves which would provide additional loci for pyrite burial.The slightly different constraints used by the two approaches to calculate this fractionation may allow for additional information to be obtained about the sulfur cycle with future studies. For instance, the correspondence of these results suggests that the inferred variation of ³⁴S/³²S of pyrite is real, and that there is no significant missing sink of fractionated sulfur at the resolution of the present study (such as might be associated with organic sulfur). Burial of organic sulfur may, however, have been important at some times in the Phanerozoic and shorter timescale deviations between results provided by these methods may be observed with higher resolution sampling. If observed, this would suggest either that the record for pyrite (or less likely sulfate) is biased, or that another sink (possibly as organic sulfur) was important during these times in the Phanerozoic.     

Deep RATAN-600 surveys at the declination of SS 433 carried out in 1987–2000 at 7.6 and 2.7 cm

We discuss the results of deep surveys of a ±10′ strip of the sky, centered on the declination of SS 433, carried out on the Northern sector of the RATAN-600 telescope at 2.7 and 7.6 cm in 1987–2000. The survey objects are cross-identified with sources in the NVSS catalog and the corresponding two-frequency spectral indices determined. We find a decrease in the mean spectral index in the transition from objects with flux densities S ₂₁ ≥ 30 mJy to those with 15 < S ₂₁ < 30 mJy. The constructed log N — logS relation at 2.7 cm has a slope of 3/2 at flux densities ≥300 mJy and flattens at weaker flux densities. The 1.4 GHz (NVSS), 3.94 GHz (RATAN-600), and 11.11 GHz (RATAN-600) data are used to estimate the number of objects per square degree at a wavelength of 1 cm.     

Analysis of pumping test data for determining unconfined-aquifer parameters: Composite analysis or not?

Recently, composite analysis (CA), which simultaneously analyzes all drawdown data from multiple observation wells, has been applied to determine the hydraulic parameters of an unconfined aquifer. Moench (1994) claimed that the value of specific yield (S _y) determined from non-composite analysis (nonCA) is sometimes unrealistically low as compared with that obtained by water-balance calculation, and results from CA are better representative of aquifer properties than those from nonCA. To examine the validity of this assertion, the drawdown data from a pumping test conducted at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA, were analyzed using both nonCA and CA methods. The results show that the mean estimates of hydraulic conductivity and S _y determined from CA are close to those determined from nonCA. In some cases the analysis based on CA also results in low estimates of S _y as compared with those determined based on nonCA. A hypothetical case study is presented, which examines the effect of measurement errors on the estimated parameters. The results indicate that the CA method also gives poorer estimates of S _y than the nonCA method if the pumping test data contain measurement errors. Moench AF (1994) Specific yield as determined by type-curve analysis of aquifer-test data. Ground Water, 32(6):949–957.     

Estimation of seismic hazard in Gujarat region, India

The seismic hazard in the Gujarat region has been evaluated. The scenario hazard maps showing the spatial distribution of various parameters like peak ground acceleration, characteristics site frequency and spectral acceleration for different periods have been presented. These parameters have been extracted from the simulated earthquake strong ground motions. The expected damage to buildings from future large earthquakes in Gujarat region has been estimated. It has been observed that the seismic hazard of Kachchh region is more in comparison with Saurashtra and mainland. All the cities of Kachchh can expect peak acceleration in excess of 500?cm/s² at surface in case of future large earthquakes from major faults in Kachchh region. The cities of Saurashtra can expect accelerations of less than 200?cm/s² at surface. The mainland Gujarat is having the lowest seismic hazard as compared with other two regions of Gujarat. The expected accelerations are less than 50?cm/s² at most of the places. The single- and double-story buildings in Kachchh region are at highest risk as they can expect large accelerations corresponding to natural periods of such small structures. Such structures are relatively safe in mainland region. The buildings of 3?C4 stories and tall structures that exist mostly in cities of Saurashtra and mainland can expect accelerations in excess of 100?cm/s² during a large earthquake in Kachchh region. It has been found that a total of 0.11 million buildings in Rajkot taluka of Saurashtra are vulnerable to total damage. In Kachchh region, 0.37 million buildings are vulnerable. Most vulnerable talukas are Bhuj, Anjar, Rapar, Bhachau, and Mandvi in Kachchh district and Rajkot, Junagadh, Jamnagar, Surendernagar and Porbandar in Saurashtra. In mainland region, buildings in Bharuch taluka are more vulnerable due to proximity to active Narmada-Son geo-fracture. The scenario hazard maps presented in this study for moderate as well as large earthquakes in the region may be used to augment the information available in the probabilistic seismic hazard maps of the region.     

Determination of undrained strength of fine-grained soils by means of SPT and its application in Turkey

The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is one of the oldest and the most common in situ test used in soil explorations. In the recent years with the advent of new technology and techniques in determining the drawbacks in SPT, several researchers have attempted to correlate corrected field measured values with several soil properties. In this context, corrections applied to field values have become critical. In this study a questionnaire including the performance of the standard penetration test and equipment used in practice in Turkey is circulated in order to determine the relevant correction factors. Thus the appropriate corrections are used in acquiring corrected SPT-N values. The relationships between SPT-N and the undrained shear strength (S_u) are examined from the statistical point of view by taking the test types and SPT corrections into consideration, and comparison is made with previous studies. It is observed that SPT corrections play an important role on the obtained correlation equations. In addition, the importance of the effects of test types on the correlations is also emphasized. The Standard Penetration Test is found to be sufficient for reliable assessment of S_u.     

Upper bound solutions of bearing capacity of strip footing by pseudo-dynamic approach

This paper presents the pseudo-dynamic analysis of seismic bearing capacity of a strip footing using upper bound limit analysis. However, in the literature, the pseudo-static approach was frequently used by several researchers to compute the seismic bearing capacity factor theoretically, where the real dynamic nature of the earthquake accelerations cannot be considered. Under the seismic conditions, the values of the unit weight component of bearing capacity factor N _γE are determined for different magnitudes of soil friction angle, soil amplification and seismic acceleration coefficients both in the horizontal and vertical directions. The results obtained from the present study are shown both graphically as well as in the tabular form. It is observed that the bearing capacity factor N _γE decreases significantly with the increase in seismic accelerations and amplification. The results are thoroughly compared with the existing values in the literature and the significance of the present methodology for designing the shallow footing is discussed.     

A statistical analysis of methanol maser groups

An analysis of the flux densities of the 5₁-6₀ A ⁺ (6.7 GHz) and 2₀-3_?1 E (12.2 GHz) class II methanol maser lines in a large and homogeneous sample of maser sources has been carried out. For convenience, the maser lines were divided into three groups: group I contains spectral features for the lines most prominent in the 5₁-6₀ A ⁺ (6.7 GHz) transition, group II contains spectral features for the lines strongest in the 2₀-3_?1 E (12.2 GHz) transition, group III contains spectral features for which the velocities of the emission maxima of the two lines coincide. The same dependence was found for group II and group III: log S _6.7=(0.79±0.05)×log S _12.2+(0.79±0.05). The spectral features in group I do not obey this relation, and deviations from a linear dependence are considerably greater. It is suggested that methanol class II masers be divided into a subclass IIa, which has special conditions favoring 6.7 GHz masers, and a subclass IIb, which is comprised of the 12.2 GHz masers and those 6.7 GHz masers that necessarily accompany them under the same conditions.     

Surface wave studies for shear wave velocity and bedrock depth estimation over basalts

Shear wave velocity (V _S) estimation is of paramount importance in earthquake hazard assessment and other geotechnical/geo engineering studies. In our study, the shear wave velocity was estimated from ground roll using multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) technique making use of dispersive characteristics of Rayleigh type surface waves followed by imaging the shallow subsurface basaltic layers in an earthquake-prone region near Jabalpur, India. The reliability of MASW depends on the accurate determination of phase velocities for horizontally traveling fundamental mode Rayleigh waves. Inversion of data from surface waves resulted in a shear wave velocity (V _S) in the range of 200–1,200 m/s covering the top soil to weathering and up to bedrock corresponding to a depth of 10–30 m. The P-wave velocity (V _P) obtained from refraction seismic studies at these locations found to be comparable with V _S at an assumed specific Poisson’s ratio. A pair of selected set of V _S profiles over basalt which did not result in a hazardous situation in an earthquake of moderate magnitude are presented here as a case study; in other words, the shear wave velocity range of more than 200 m/s indicate that the area is highly unlikely prone to liquefaction during a moderate or strong earthquake. The estimated depth to basalt is found to be 10–12 m in both the cases which is also supported by refraction studies.     

Probabilistic seismic hazard at the archaeological site of Gol Gumbaz in Vijayapura,south India

Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is carried out for the archaeological site of Vijayapura in south India in order to obtain hazard consistent seismic input ground-motions for seismic risk assessment and design of seismic protection measures for monuments, where warranted. For this purpose the standard Cornell-McGuire approach, based on seismogenic zones with uniformly distributed seismicity is employed. The main features of this study are the usage of an updated and unified seismic catalogue based on moment magnitude, new seismogenic source models and recent ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) in logic tree framework. Seismic hazard at the site is evaluated for level and rock site condition with 10% and 2% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years, and the corresponding peak ground accelerations (PGAs) are 0.074 and 0.142 g, respectively. In addition, the uniform hazard spectra (UHS) of the site are compared to the Indian code-defined spectrum. Comparisons are also made with results from National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA 2010), in terms of PGA and pseudo spectral accelerations (PSAs) at T = 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.25 s for 475- and 2475-yr return periods. Results of the present study are in good agreement with the PGA calculated from isoseismal map of the Killari earthquake, \({\hbox {M}}_{\mathrm{w}} = 6.4\) (1993). Disaggregation of PSHA results for the PGA and spectral acceleration (\({\hbox {S}}_{\mathrm{a}}\)) at 0.5 s, displays the controlling scenario earthquake for the study region as low to moderate magnitude with the source being at a short distance from the study site. Deterministic seismic hazard (DSHA) is also carried out by taking into account three scenario earthquakes. The UHS corresponding to 475-yr return period (RP) is used to define the target spectrum and accordingly, the spectrum-compatible natural accelerograms are selected from the suite of recorded accelerograms.