Researches of fracture evolution induced by soft rock protective seam mining and an omni-directional stereo pressure-relief gas extraction technical system: a case study

In the absence of a suitable coal seam to serve as the protective seam in deep mining, an innovative solution of using the soft rock seam as the protective seam mining has been put forward. Taking the Luling Coal Mine as the engineering background, theoretical analysis and similar simulation experiment were conducted to study the key technologies used in soft rock protective seam (SRPS) mining. This included the characteristics of the pressure-relief gas source and accumulation zone, and the pressure-relief gas extraction of the protected seam. The results show that after mining the SRPS, the pressure-relief gas rushing out of nearby coal seams has become the major gas source in SRPS mining. An omni-directional stereo pressure-relief gas extraction system was developed, which consisted of techniques such as buried pipes in the goaf, ground extraction wells, intercepting boreholes, and seam-crossing boreholes. During the investigation, the total pressure-relief gas extraction flow amounted to 29.5 m³/min, and the gas pre-extraction rate reached 66.6% for the overlying protected seams (seams 8 and 9). The investigation into the protective effects in the cut hole showed that the maximal gas pressure and content were 0.35 MPa and 4.87 m³/t, respectively. This indicated that drilling extraction boreholes in the gas accumulation zone played a key role in obtaining an improved pressure-relief gas extraction effect. Further, these findings suggested that SRPS mining (in combination with omni-directional stereo pressure-relief gas extraction technology) could turn dangerous coal seams into ones with much less gas content, and hence free from gas outburst.     

Stress distribution characteristic analysis and control of coal and gas outburst disaster in a pressure-relief boundary area in protective layer mining

Coal and gas outburst disasters in coal seams are becoming more serious as coal mines extend deeper underground in China. Furthermore, the protective coal seam mining technology featured by economic efficiency has been proven to be the most effective and widely applied method for the prevention of coal and gas outburst disasters. However, the determinations of the protective area coal and gas outburst prevention in a pressure-relief boundary area are fundamental issues that research should be focused on. The technical method for determining stress distribution in pressure-relief boundary area during protective coal seam mining is put forward in this paper. The method is based on a stress-seepage coupled relationship within a gas-containing coal seam. The method includes complex lab experiments and on-site measurements at the Qingdong Coal Mine. The final data illustrate that the permeability and vertical stress in the pressure-relief boundary area of the coal sample form a negative exponential function relationship. Additionally, the permeability of the coal sample within the abovementioned area is significantly different compared with that located at the center of the pressure-relief area. In the pressure-relief boundary area, the gas pressure distribution gradient is 0.0375 MPa/m, while the vertical stress distribution gradient registers 0.56 MPa/m. Under this condition, coal and gas outburst disasters are prone to be triggered. Therefore, effective precautions against coal and gas outburst disasters can be put forward in accordance with stress distribution characteristics within the abovementioned “boundary area.”     

Mining thin sub-layer as self-protective coal seam to reduce the danger of coal and gas outburst

In response to the severe situation of coal mine gas disaster in China, a new method of reducing the danger of coal and gas outbursts and improving gas drainage and utilization in coal mines was introduced in this paper. The main idea of this method is to mining thin sub-layer as self-protective coal seam to eliminate or reduce the danger of coal and gas outburst. This method can be implemented by drills along seam and hydraulic jet when the mined seam with a relatively weak risk of coal and gas outbursts is soft or has a soft layer. This method was first applied in the Yian mine to verify its effectiveness. The results of application showed that mining thin sub-layer as self-protective coal seam can effectively eliminate the danger of coal and gas outburst and improve gas drainage and utilization. As this method needs less time and lower cost than conventional protective layer mining, it is of great significance for mining coal seam with the danger of coal and gas outburst.     

下伏煤层瓦斯压力消散数值模拟

平煤五矿己15煤层为低瓦斯煤层,下伏己16-17煤层为高瓦斯煤层,相对层间距比例1.0-4。己16-17煤层煤厚3.5m,为主采煤层。为降低己16-17煤层的瓦斯压力,实现安全高效生产,该矿以已15煤层为保护层,采用上保护层开采技术改变具有突出危险的煤层瓦斯赋存状态,降低被保护层的瓦斯压力。基于多孔介质流体流动理论,利用有限元数值模拟技术,模拟平顶山五矿超近上保护层的开挖过程,分析被保护煤层的瓦斯流动过程和煤层瓦斯压力的变化规律,论证保护层开采技术可以改变高突、高瓦斯煤层瓦斯赋存状态的可行性。     

气动定向钻进技术在松软煤层条带瓦斯预抽中的应用

针对淮北矿区松软煤巷条带消突采用“底板巷—穿层钻孔”成本高且效率低现状,采用顺层气动定向钻进技术,按钻孔设计精准控制钻孔轨迹于预抽条带煤层中,通过钻孔抽采瓦斯实现煤巷条带消突。根据淮北矿区松软煤层特性,开展煤巷条带预抽瓦斯定向孔设计、气动定向钻进装备选型、软煤定向孔成孔与护孔工艺、抽采效果评价等研究。该技术成功应用于淮北某矿Ⅲ635工作面煤巷条带消突,试验7个孔深均大于300 m钻孔,且全程下筛管,创造两淮软煤矿区顺层钻孔372 m最深记录,成功保障煤巷掘进,减少底板巷和穿层钻孔,为软煤矿区煤巷条带瓦斯高效治理探索出新方法。      

突出煤层CO2气相压裂高效抽采防突掘进技术

我国煤矿煤与瓦斯突出灾害严重影响煤矿安全生产。尽管近10年来这一灾害事故大幅度减少,但恶性事故依然发生,给矿工生命和煤矿安全生产造成严重损失。国内外现阶段的防治瓦斯突出技术,如水力压裂、水力割缝、水力冲孔、深孔爆破、密集钻孔等,不同程度地解决了防突安全掘进,但对于一些高瓦斯低渗透突出煤层,上述技术还难以从根本上解决消突安全快速掘进。所以,防突技术仍然是我国煤炭领域亟待攻关的重大科技难题。选取山西寿阳县新元煤矿31002工作面为试验案例,介绍CO₂气相压裂技术方法,并探讨其防突掘进效果。新元煤矿开采的山西组3号煤层为低渗透突出煤层,前期主要采用密集钻孔预抽瓦斯防突措施,抽采达标时间长,掘进速度慢。高效抽采瓦斯,防止煤与瓦斯突出,保障煤巷安全快速掘进,是新元煤矿安全高效生产的重大技术难题。在新元矿采取的气相压裂措施概况如下:在掘进工作面前方实施双钻孔气相压裂;完成9个瓦斯抽采钻孔以覆盖巷道两侧各15 m安全范围;全部11个钻孔联网抽采3~5 d,防突参数K₁值达标后恢复掘进。试验数据表明,气相压裂抽采防突技术措施的强化抽采效果显著,抽采效率大幅度提高,煤炮等动力现象减少,K₁值降低,掘进割煤时巷道瓦斯浓度得以降低和均化,保障了连续安全掘进。实践证明,CO₂气相压裂技术能够实现连续安全快速掘进理技术,在全国类似瓦斯地质条件煤矿中具有推广应用意义。      

陕北侏罗纪煤田榆神矿区中鸡勘查区煤层厚度混合分布特征及其意义

煤层厚度统计分布及空间变化规律研究对煤矿勘探和生产建设具有重要作用.以陕北侏罗纪煤田榆神矿区中鸡勘查区详查工作中获取的83个钻孔数据为例,对三大主要可采煤层2-2煤、3-1煤、4-3煤的煤厚数据进行了探索性数据分析,认为3个层煤的煤厚数据均具有混合分布特征,进而采用MML-EM算法对煤层厚度数据进行了高斯有限混合总体筛分.由总体筛分结果可见2-2煤、3-1煤的煤厚数据近似服从由2个子分布组成的混合正态分布,4-3煤厚数据近似服从由3个子分布组成的混合正态分布.讨论了煤层底板高程与煤厚的相关关系,认为煤厚变化主要受底板高程变化影响.筛分所获取的低值与高值2个子正态分布可能分别对应于2种不同的沉积环境,即低值总体指示泥沙及砾石等沉积物的沉积速度大于植物遗体的沉积环境,高值总体则反之.     

底板梳状长钻孔替代穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采技术可行性

底板岩巷穿层钻孔抽采技术和本煤层定向长钻孔抽采技术是目前高瓦斯和突出矿井回采工作面最为主要的瓦斯治理措施。晋城矿区赵庄矿煤层具松软低透气性特点,主要采用岩巷穿层钻孔消突为主,本煤层顺层钻孔消突为辅的瓦斯治理方法。但底板岩巷穿层钻孔存在工程量大、施工周期长及成本高等缺点,本煤层钻孔存在钻孔抽采不均匀、钻孔覆盖密度不足等技术缺陷。为对比考察底板梳状长钻孔与底板岩巷穿层钻孔的抽采效果,在赵庄矿1307采面开展了2种瓦斯治理方法。结果表明:抽采条件和抽采范围相同条件下,5个底板梳状长钻孔的瓦斯抽采总量占到底板岩巷穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采总量的75.4%,而底板梳状长钻孔的经济投入仅占底板岩巷穿层钻孔经济投入的29.2%。由此得出,研究区梳状长钻孔替代穿层钻孔的瓦斯抽采技术是可行的。该研究为底板梳状长钻孔替代底板岩巷的技术可行性提供了实践参考,为松软低透的高瓦斯和突出矿井的瓦斯治理提供了更为经济可行的治理方案。      

碎软煤层顶板梳状长钻孔水力压裂区域瓦斯高效抽采模式

瓦斯区域超前治理是实现煤矿安全、高效及智能化开采的重要保障,针对碎软煤层区域瓦斯高效抽采难题,以陕西韩城矿区3号煤层为研究对象,提出井下煤层顶板梳状长钻孔水力压裂区域瓦斯抽采模式。采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验等多手段相结合的方法,验证模式适用性,阐明紧邻煤层顶板梳状钻孔压裂裂缝延展规律、抽采机理和压裂曲线特征,进而建立适用于500 m孔深的集地质条件动态分析、分段水力压裂、封隔器遇阻解卡和压裂范围连续探查于一体的顶板梳状长钻孔裸眼分段水力压裂关键技术体系,实现煤层顶板梳状钻孔主孔轨迹距离煤层5 m左右、多段均匀压裂、压裂范围全孔监测和孔内事故高效处理。以此为基础,在韩城桑树坪二号井开展2孔次的工程实践：压裂主孔深度588 m、距3号煤层2 m左右,单孔压裂6段,压裂范围探查深度381 m、压裂影响半径20 m以上;压裂后,钻孔抽采瓦斯平均体积分数40%以上、瓦斯抽采量1 m3/min以上,抽采效果是常规钻孔的4倍,120 d瓦斯抽采有效半径可达9 m,实现了碎软煤层瓦斯区域高效抽采。并提出了适用于碎软煤层大区域瓦斯抽采以及高瓦斯压力碎软强突煤层远程区域抽采卸压等规模化应用技术思路。     

An integrated technology for gas control and green mining in deep mines based on ultra-thin seam mining

With the increasing demand for coal resources, coal mining has gradually entered into the deep strata of coal seams. Although the increase in mining depth improves energy security, it is associated with severe hazards, especially coal and gas outburst. Protective seam mining is an efficient method for gas control and has been widely used in major coal-producing countries. However, studies on deep ultra-thin protective seam (thickness 0.1–1 m, average thickness 0.5 m) mining and its related problems have been rarely reported. Focusing on the challenges resulting from deep mining (mining depth >1100 m) and the research gap, a coal and gas co-exploitation technique, which combines the gas control technology and green mining (including coal preparation and backfilling), has been proposed in this work. Significant benefits have been achieved in the twelfth coal mine of the Pingdingshan coalfield (study area) following the implementation of this technique. The application of the gas control technology markedly improved the gas drainage efficiency, promoted increased gas utilization, and reduced the greenhouse gas emission, providing notable economic and environmental benefits. In addition, implementation of green mining improved the coal quality, relieved the burden of the transport system, and, in particular, effectively prevented surface subsidence, thus protecting the ecological environment of the mining area, which offered significant economic, environmental, and social benefits. The practice in the twelfth coal mine could be used as a valuable example for coal mines with similar geological conditions.     

低透气松软突出煤层快速揭煤技术

随着矿井开采深度的加大,矿井的透气性越来越小,煤与瓦斯突出事故频发,揭煤难度也越来越大。孟津煤矿开采山西组二。煤层,属于构造煤,煤层松软,透气性低,矿井一水平开采深度为760m,瓦斯压力高。副井清理斜巷需穿过二,煤层,为了尽快揭开煤层,采用液压钻机配乳化液泵以提高钻探水压的冲煤措施,使高应力低透气松软煤层在揭煤时的不利因素转化为可利用因素。从施工的55个揭煤孔来看,单孔冲出煤量最大为2.3t,最小为0．4t,平均为1．06t,总计冲出煤量为58．5t。通过对控制区域6个点瓦斯含量的测定,结果表明,瓦斯含量降到了8m3／t以下．清除了突出危险。采用瓦斯解析指标进行了三次效果检验,Ah：最大值为190MPa;在岩柱1．5m布置爆破孔,采用震动爆破揭开煤层,瞬时最大瓦斯涌出量为2．4m3／min,说明达到了快速揭煤的目的。     

急倾斜上保护层开采瓦斯越流固-气耦合模型及保护范围

开采保护层是防治煤与瓦斯突出最有效的措施之一,其关键是保护范围的合理确定。针对急倾斜多煤层上保护层开采有效保护范围的划定问题,基于煤层瓦斯越流理论,根据煤岩层变形与瓦斯渗流的固-气耦合作用,建立了瓦斯渗流场方程和煤岩体变形场方程,得到了急倾斜上保护层开采瓦斯越流固-气耦合数学模型。以南桐矿区某矿上保护层开采为实例,通过多物理场耦合系统,建立了该矿上保护层开采瓦斯越流几何模型并进行数值计算,获得了上保护层工作面开采后被保护层瓦斯压力的分布规律,确定了上保护层开采的卸压保护范围。数值计算与现场考察试验结果具有一致性,由此验证了数值计算的合理性。研究结果可以对现场保护范围的划定及卸压瓦斯抽放等提供理论指导,具有实际工程意义。     

基于瓦斯抽采钻孔的煤矿瓦斯地质精细勘查

通过实例表明了详细查明地质构造是确保煤层瓦斯抽采均衡、避免瓦斯灾害的重要基础工作。提出了综合利用瓦斯抽采钻孔开展煤矿瓦斯地质精细勘查的主要任务、施工要求,以及采掘工作面前方隐伏断层探测和瓦斯抽采方案。隐伏断层探测方案的可行性得到了煤矿生产实践的验证。研究结果表明,综合利用瓦斯抽采钻孔对煤层顶（底）板实施连续探测,能够及时发现隐伏构造,是提高瓦斯地质勘查精度,防治瓦斯灾害的一种实用、经济和有效的技术途径。      

韩城矿区碎软煤层顶板梳状孔水力压裂瓦斯抽采工程实践

韩城矿区碎软煤层发育,煤层透气性差,本煤层钻孔钻进困难,瓦斯抽采效果差。顶板梳状孔水力压裂技术结合了水力压裂技术和定向钻进技术二者的优势,是解决碎软低渗煤层瓦斯抽采难题的有效技术途径。在韩城矿区王峰煤矿3号煤层顶板粉砂岩中施工长钻孔并向煤层开分支,采用套管+封隔器座封的整体压裂方式进行水力压裂工程试验。钻孔总长度344 m,有效压裂长度284 m,累计注水量874.79 m3,最大泵注压力9.4 MPa。试验结束后对钻孔瓦斯抽采相关参数连续监测86 d,钻孔瓦斯抽采体积分数27%~51%,平均42.11%,钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量8.25~21.41 m3/min,平均17.02 m3/min,钻孔累计抽采瓦斯量约210万m3。与常规的穿层钻孔水力冲孔技术相比,该技术百米钻孔瓦斯抽采量提高了11.48倍,初步证明了该技术在碎软煤层瓦斯强化抽采领域的适用性。      

松藻矿区岩溶瓦斯“四位一体”防治技术及应用研究

岩溶瓦斯问题已成为影响和制约煤矿安全生产的重要致灾因素。为保障岩溶影响区岩石巷道掘进过程中的施工安全,有效防治岩溶瓦斯灾害,以重庆松藻矿区为研究对象,分析了岩溶瓦斯来源及岩溶瓦斯赋存规律,提出了基于岩溶瓦斯小块段区域预测、梯级渐进式局部探测、近距离局部防治和安全防护措施的"四位一体"防治技术。现场应用表明,严格实施"四位一体"防治技术能够有效防止岩溶瓦斯事故。     

深部强冲击地压易发矿区厚煤层开采解放层卸压效果数值模拟

为研究深部强冲击厚煤层开采上、下解放层的卸压效果。采用数值模拟方法,分析不开采解放层,开采下解放层,开采上、下解放层条件下,被解放层的应力变化情况及应力变化规律,计算开采下解放层后的合理卸压角,确定解放层平巷位置。模拟结果表明开采上、下解放层后,应力明显减小,但仍存在高应力区,易发生冲击地压,必要条件下应采用其它辅助卸压方式。证明了煤壁前方应力增加区域一般在煤壁前方8～25m。该研究为工作面开采设计提供理论指导,对防治冲击地压具有一定的现实意义。     

煤田地质勘探钻孔瓦斯突出危险性评价

基于灰色关联分析法和模糊综合评判理论,综合考虑煤体结构、瓦斯压力和含量、地质构造、煤层埋深以及煤厚等因素,利用勘探钻孔所测瓦斯资料,建立了勘探钻孔煤层瓦斯突出危险性评价模型,并以重庆松藻矿区为例,对矿区勘探钻孔附近煤层瓦斯突出危险性进行了评价。结果表明:模型评判结果与矿井实际生产揭露情况一致,评判结果可靠。该模型避免了以往勘探阶段仅利用单项指标或简单综合指标进行突出危险评价的不足,使评价指标更全面,评判结果更可靠。      

基于高瓦斯煤层保护层开采的煤矿水害防治技术

晋煤集团赵庄矿3号煤层为高瓦斯煤层,瓦斯抽采难度大,存在煤与瓦斯突出的安全隐患,防治水方面还存在底板带压开采问题,严重制约了矿井安全高效生产。通过提出保护层开采方案,先期开采下伏8-1号薄煤层,释放3号煤层应力,增加煤层透气性,同时制定8-1号煤带压开采的防治水技术策略,最终实现了3号煤瓦斯安全疏放抽采,防治水工作顺利开展,对同时存在高瓦斯和承压水上采煤问题的类似矿井具有指导意义。      

地面垂直钻孔预抽特厚煤层瓦斯数值试验与应用

为解决塔山煤矿高强度开采条件下瓦斯低含量、高涌出的问题,同时为了弥补大型物理实验和现场试验成本高、操作难的缺点,根据该矿8101工作面所属区域煤层的地质和瓦斯赋存条件,确定了数值试验方案,对地面垂直钻孔预抽特厚煤层瓦斯的效果进行优化分析。基于煤岩（体）的孔隙特征,构建了含瓦斯煤岩（体）破裂过程气-固耦合和渗透率-损伤耦合数学本构模型。采用RFPA2D瓦斯分析版软件建立地面钻孔抽放瓦斯的数值计算模型,设置有关简化条件、边界条件和物性参数,通过数值试验得出：地面垂直钻孔的终孔位置布置在煤层底部比较合理;在综合考虑地面垂直钻孔投入成本和瓦斯抽采效果的基础上,确定地面垂直钻孔间距为50～60 m比较合理。同时,由8101工作面地面垂直钻孔抽采煤层瓦斯的实际应用效果分析可知,当地面垂直钻孔的终孔位置布置在煤层底部,且钻孔间距布置为50 m时,能够实现良好的瓦斯抽放效果,这也从一定程度上进一步验证了数值试验的合理性和可行性。     

石门揭煤突出模拟实验台的设计与应用

基于石门揭煤过程中采掘应力场与瓦斯突出关系研究的需要,针对目前石门揭煤突出模型还处在实验室研究的阶段,而大部分都未能综合考虑瓦斯压力、地应力、煤的物理力学性质等对突出的影响,研制出一套能够综合考虑地应力、瓦斯压力及煤体结构的石门揭煤突出模拟试验系统。为取得准确、客观的试验效果,进行了密封、快速开启装置及氮气平衡系统等关键技术的设计,介绍了试验系统的主要组成结构、功能。利用该实验台进行石门揭煤突出试验,试验结果反映出在突出过程中地应力和瓦斯压力的变化情况,可为研究和揭示煤与瓦斯突出机制、突出过程中地应力和瓦斯压力的变化规律提供新的技术手段。