近年来我国泥石流灾害时空分布规律及成因分析

中国是世界上遭受泥石流灾害最为严重的国家之一,灾害发生数量大,造成的人员伤亡和财产损失较高,同时监测和防治难度极大。本文收集了2005-2015年间发生的全部泥石流灾害共计10 927起,对灾害发生时间、地点、灾害规模、灾害损失以及灾害成因进行了统计,发现泥石流灾害具有近年来发生数量明显下降、集中分布在西部和东南沿海省份、特大型和大型灾害损失最为惨重等时空分布特点及成灾特点。通过对具体案例剖析后发现,预警技术有待提高、山区城镇建设场地选址不当、多年来泥石流灾害防治标准偏低、震区灾害防治形势严峻、灾害防治意识淡薄为我国泥石流灾害危害严重的主要原因。同时,我国正在积极应对泥石流灾害的威胁,如：主动提高震区泥石流灾害防治标准,研发新型的拦挡技术;研发具备实时可视化等功能的监测预警系统,提高监测预警效率;提高群众防灾意识,大力发展群测群防监测预警体系;转变观念,将泥石流灾害防治与城镇化发展规划有机结合。     

关于北京小流域泥石流早期预警系统的初步认识

泥石流预警系统是保障泥石流山区人民免受财产与人身损失的一个重要保护手段,但预警系统的构成由于泥石流的类型与地质、地形以及水文地质条件等的不同而有所差异。南方有效的泥石流预警系统并不一定适用于北京的泥石流类型,本文根据北京3个县区10个泥石流小流域现场调查获得的信息,提出了北京山区泥石流预譬需实施山洪与泥石流梯级预警的初步认识,供业界同仁商榷。     

Visualized localization and tracking of debris flow movement based on infrasound monitoring

During the initiation and movement of debris flow, low frequency infrasound is generated and emitted with characteristics such as strong penetration, low attenuation, and a high propagation speed that is faster than the debris flow. Monitoring infrasound has been used in debris flow detection and early warning systems; however, although the current infrasound-based warning system of debris flow can provide an alarm when debris flow occurs, it cannot locate and track the movement of debris flow in real time, and cannot determine the arrival time of debris flow to its potential victims. Thus, the potential applications of low frequency infrasound in debris flow disaster prevention and reduction have not yet been fully explored. In this study, we constructed an optimal triangular monitoring array based on factors such as the terrain of the monitoring area and characteristics of infrasound propagation. Combined with the time-delay estimation method, we determined and established an acoustic source localization model based on the time difference of arrival. Furthermore, with the help of a GIS platform, a visualized localization and tracking system for debris flow movement was developed to achieve real-time monitoring of debris flow. The performance of the system on acoustic source localization was validated using a simulation test and long-term field monitoring of debris flow at Jiangjia gully in Dongchuan, Yunnan province, China. Both the simulation and field test results showed that the system has high localization accuracy and strong real-time response. The results of the monitoring system could provide more accurate warning information of debris flow to local government and residents, allowing them to take appropriate mitigation measures well in advance to reduce the loss of life and property caused by debris flows.     

基于降雨过程自动识别的泥石流实时预警技术

本文结合对雨量数据的分析, 总结了泥石流自动实时监测预警中的一些关键技术, 并提出一种基于降雨过程的泥石流实时监测预警的解决方案。在泥石流的监测预警工作中, 目前多采用雨强与累计雨量作为主要参数, 如何正确识别一场降雨过程, 对于提高监测预警的精度具有重要的意义。结合监测数据特征, 本文采用詹钱登对降雨过程的划分标准, 基于数据库技术实现对降雨过程的自动识别, 为后续预警参数的获取提供支撑。由于受雨量计工作模式的影响, 其原始数据的时间间隔是随机的, 不能直接用于预警模型的计算, 因此对雨量监测数据进行等时间间隔的处理。在预警流程方面, 如何实现预警过程无人工干预的完全自动、实时与稳定运行, 一直是预警工作中的难点, 本研究中引入“系统服务”这一技术, 将整套预警系统作为系统级别的后台服务运行于服务器上, 能够保证整个预警过程稳定地运行, 真正意义上实现了泥石流监测预警过程的自动化与实时化。本文研究成果应用于走马岭沟泥石流监测预警中, 成功对2013年7月8日的泥石流事件进行预警。     

基于栅格径流汇流模拟的西藏林芝市泥石流灾害预警模型初探

西藏林芝市泥石流灾害频发,亟需建立泥石流灾害预警模型,预测林芝市泥石流灾害可能发生的区域,减少泥石流灾害导致的损失。文章提出了一种基于栅格径流汇流的林芝市泥石流灾害预警模型,从栅格像元尺度上模拟流域各位置上的水深,以提高泥石流预警的空间针对性。该模型将泥石流致灾因子分为背景因子和激发因子。通过林芝市裸岩率、河床纵比降等因子的逻辑回归,获取林芝市泥石流灾害概率,作为泥石流预警模型的背景因子;引入栅格径流汇流模型,以站点降水和雪水当量为模型的水量输入,模拟预警时段内的流域各位置上的模型水深,作为泥石流预警模型的激发因子。利用二元逻辑回归的方法计算背景因子和激发因子的权重,建立泥石流预警模型。利用2011—2020年18次历史灾害对模型进行验证,落入预警区内的灾害点占比64.4%,预警精度较高,对于林芝市泥石流灾害预警具有一定的指导意义。     

泥石流自动化监测预警技术的应用以贵州省望谟县望谟河泥石流为例

贵州省望谟县望谟河流域地质条件复杂,地形落差大,汇流作用强,富有大量松散物质,发育有3条主沟。在强降雨条件下,各沟渠发育的小规模泥石流同时爆发流入主沟,最终汇流于望谟河内,导致流量增大,泥沙含量增多,易产生特大洪涝沟谷型泥石流灾害,对沿岸居民和下游的望谟县城存在极大的安全隐患。2011年6月6日特大洪涝泥石流灾害的爆发给当地居民的生命财产造成了严重的损失。为减少泥石流危害,基于流域内泥石流的形成条件和发育特点的调研,以雨量、次声、水位和影像为监测内容,合理布置了雨量计、物位计、次声警报仪和视频系统,构成了针对该流域的泥石流监测网,拟定了预警阈值并划分了预警等级,形成了集采集、解译、传输、分析、决策、控制和预警为一体的自动化监测预警系统。通过对异常数据、缺失数据、波状数据和噪音的优化处理,取得了有效的监测成果,实现了对流域内雨量、次声、水位、影像信息的实时动态监控,为望谟河泥石流预警预报提供一定保证。     

北京山区泥石流预警阈值初步研究

泥石流预警阈值,是突发地质灾害防灾减灾的重要参考指标。本文结合北京山区泥石流灾害特点和已有降雨阈值研究成果,一方面在泥石流沟易发性、物源和危害人数进行分级的基础上,提出不同级别沟谷在不同前期降雨条件下,不同发灾概率的激发雨量,极大地方便了中短期预警实际工作;另一方面将泥石流流域降雨量、土壤含水率、次声、泥位4个参数,作为泥石流短临灾害预警关键物理参数,开展了泥石流专业监测设备预警阈值研究。最终,从技术层面上构建不同时间维度的泥石流监测预警阈值体系,为北京山区泥石流监测预警提供技术支持。     

汶川震区暴雨泥石流激发雨型特征

汶川地震后暴雨诱发的泥石流不断增加,通过收集整理降雨资料,分析汶川震区不同地域泥石流暴发的激发雨强及前期有效累计降雨量变化过程,揭示震区暴雨泥石流的激发雨型特征,为暴雨泥石流的预报提供科学依据。研究结果表明,汶川震区的暴雨泥石流激发雨型可分为短期突然降雨型、中期持续降雨型和长期间断降雨型3种类型,主要表现为引发泥石流的激发雨强及前期有效累计降雨量的不同。暴雨泥石流的形成机制体现为降雨导致流域内松散土体渗透、饱和及侵蚀移动的过程。激发雨型与激发雨强及前期有效累计降雨量存在相关关系,短期突然降雨型的激发雨强最大,前期有效累计降雨量最少;中期持续降雨型的激发雨强居中,前期有效累计降雨量最多;长期间断降雨型的激发雨强最小,前期有效累计降雨量居中。对四川茂县叠溪镇新磨村突发山体高位垮塌碎屑流进行验证,初步判定是由长期间断降雨型引发岩体抗剪强度降低而引起的。对不同激发雨型特征的研究能够为汶川震区泥石流监测预警提供科学依据。     

四川凉山州冕宁县彝海镇“6·26”大型泥石流成因分析

2020年6月26日晚21时左右,彝海镇大马乌村和大堡子村爆发大型山洪泥石流,此次泥石流灾害造成重大人员伤亡及财产损失。灾后通过收集当地基础资料,结合现场调访及野外勘察等手段分析泥石流成因：此次泥石流是由于前期地震及人类工程活动影响下,导致该流域松散固体物质丰富且未及时疏通治理;流域中上游坡体坡度较大,地势陡峭,为泥石流发育提供了良好的自然条件,6月26日晚上突降特大暴雨,超出降雨阈值,造成安宁河洪水泛滥,冲毁堤坝,引发特大泥石流。此次泥石流灾害给我们以重大警示：应加强泥石流防灾减灾知识宣传,指导当地居民选择合理场地进行工程活动并及时疏通河道,加强山地灾害监测预警,完善群测群防体系建设。     

基于功效系数法的泥石流灾害预警研究

泥石流灾害破坏力巨大,预测预报泥石流发生的可能性是防灾减灾的重要手段,也是国内外学者研究的热点。基于功效系数法原理,在综合分析泥石流灾害发生的气象、地质环境影响因素的基础上,选取了山坡坡度、相对高差、植被覆盖率、沿沟松散物储量、5 d累计降雨量、最大小时雨强和当日雨量为评价因子,采用改进后的层次分析法计算评价因子的权重系数,建立了泥石流预测预警模型。以岫岩地区泥石流为例对预警模型进行检验,预测结果较好地反映了实际情况。表明基于功效系数法的泥石流预测预警模型具备较高的可靠性和实用性,研究结果为泥石流预测预警提供了一种新的思路和方法。     

基于激发条件和堆积体稳定性的冰川降雨型泥石流预警模型研究

在全球变暖的背景下,冰川泥石流将进入高发期。分析了冰川泥石流成因,选取日最高温度、日降雨量、泥水位、地表位移、含水率作为泥石流监测预警指标。通过层次分析法确定了5个指标的权重,提出了基于激发条件和堆积体稳定性的冰川降雨型泥石流预警模型。应用该模型成功对天山公路K636冰川泥石流沟2017年7月14日爆发的泥石流进行了预警,证明该预警模型有一定的可靠性和实用价值,为冰川泥石流预警研究提供了一种新的参考。     

北京山区泥石流专业监测技术要求及实践

泥石流是北京山区主要突发地质灾害之一,虽然发育规模以中小型居多,但危险性很大,开展专业监测十分必要。科学选取监测对象、合理选择监测方法、监测设备类型和可靠的安装位置,明确监测技术要求,是泥石流监测预警的关键。根据北京市突发地质灾害监测预警系统(二期工程)建设的工作实践,在北京山区泥石流特征分析的基础上,总结得出泥石流监测对象选择、监测方法及设备、监测点位确定方法及技术要求等,并以小梁后沟印子峪泥石流专业监测实践为例,验证了上述原则、方法和技术的合理性。研究成果可为泥石流监测预警的前期选点工作提供思路方法和借鉴参考。     

舟曲三眼峪泥石流监测预警方案设计

对泥石流的防治不仅要有工程治理措施,而且应配合相应的监测预警措施,以达到有效减缓地质灾害风险的目的.笔者以舟曲三眼峪泥石流为例,设计了针对泥石流触发因素的降雨监测方案;针对泥石流发生和变化过程的次声、泥位、红外线遮断、视频监测方案;针对泥石流物源的滑坡崩塌监测方案;以及针对泥石流防治工程拦挡坝的应力应变监测方案;在此基...     

甘肃省白龙江流域降雨型潜在泥石流危险性预报模型

【研究目的】泥石流灾害是白龙江流域分布广泛并常引起群死群伤的重大地质灾害,准确评价泥石流活动规模及其危险度,是泥石流危险性预警预报的前提,合理构建危险性预报模型是泥石流防灾减灾的关键。【研究方法】本文以研究区历史泥石流案例和对应降雨资料为基础数据,采用统计分析方法,通过分析形成泥石流关键地质环境条件及其相互关系,构建了白龙江流域潜在泥石流危险度定量评价模型,提出了两类泥石流危险级别临界判别模式。【研究结果】结果表明：（1）以泥石流活动规模、沟床平均比降、流域切割密度、不稳定沟床比例为判断因子的泥石流危险度动态定量计算模型,能快速准确预测未来不同工程情景和降雨频率工况下泥石流危险度;（2）影响降雨型泥石流发生的地形条件由流域面积、10°~40°斜坡坡度面积比、沟床平均纵比降等组成,降雨条件主要由泥石流爆发前的24 h累积降雨量、触发泥石流1 h降雨量或10 min降雨量等组成;（3）依据30条典型泥石流沟危险度计算结果,获得泥石流危险性临界判别值,提出了降雨型潜在泥石流危险性1 h预报模型（Ⅰ类）和10 min预报模型（Ⅱ类）,其中Ⅰ类模型高危险度以上泥石流预测精度大于87.5%,Ⅱ类模型中等危险度以上泥石流预测精度大于80%,而两类预报模型验证准确率为83.3%。【结论】研究成果为泥石流精准预警预报提供了技术支撑,对建立中小尺度泥石流实时化预警系统具有一定参考意义。创新点：通过确定与泥石流相对应关键地质环境因子,构建了泥石流危险度动态定量评价模型,依据泥石流危险性1 h和10 min临界判别模式可准确实现潜在泥石流预警预报。     

非匀质泥石流运动特征与峰值流量关系研究

对非匀质泥石流运动变化特征进行预测评价是泥石流防治工程规划和预警预报系统建设的重要内容,也是目前泥石流领域亟需完善的重点问题。通过对泥石流泥位和流速实测资料整理和分析,构建了非匀质泥石流运动特征值预测模型,该模型在前人成果的基础上,利用较少因子就能够判别研究区泥石流运动变化特征,并以陇南地区礼县下胡杨沟泥石流为例,通过FLO-2D流体模型对50年一遇(2%频率)和20年一遇(5%频率)降水条件下泥石流运动特征进行模拟。结果表明泥石流容重为1. 83 t ·m-3时,下胡杨沟20年一遇的泥石流运动特征值最小且差异性不大;当泥石流容重为1. 97 t ·m-3时,下胡杨沟50年一遇的泥石流运动特征值最大且差异性悬殊;当不同规模泥石流流量达到峰值时均产生较大的泥位深度。进一步将泥石流运动特征值模拟结果与实测断面相结合检验分析,并反推已发生泥石流事件的峰值流量,与实际情况都具有较好的一致性,表明采用本文预测模型计算的结果具有一定的可靠性,可为泥石流防灾减灾和泥石流监测预警示范区建设提供参考。     

城市泥石流灾害预警问题探讨

随着城市灾害日益加剧,城市安全引起更广泛的关注,加强防御、控制城市泥石流灾害,增强城市综合减灾抗灾能力是泥石流减灾工作的重点。近几十年来,泥石流预警减灾的作用已得到了高度重视,探讨现代预警技术方法目的在于为城市减灾提供可靠的应急防灾对策。指出改进目前城市泥石流监测预警状况可以大大减轻泥石流暴发带来的损失。在分析国内外泥石流预警研究进展的基础上,针对目前存在的问题,提出当前城市泥石流防灾研究中应重视开展预警工作,注重将泥石流预警与形成机制、新技术方法和减灾决策系统等相结合,其中要特别加强城市数字减灾系统、城市防灾预案,以及城市风险管理和损失评估系统的综合研究。     

暴雨型泥石流预警模型初步研究

2010年8月13日四川都江堰市龙池地区暴发了特大规模的群发性暴雨型泥石流过程,给龙池地区的震后恢复重建带来了巨大的灾难,因此,研究该区泥石流发生机理和预警十分必要。本文在总结前人关于泥石流暴发与降雨条件研究成果基础上,发现泥石流物源含水量及地表径流流深等是导致流域内松散物源启动的主要原因。根据其前期降雨量和有效降雨强度等特征,建立了泥石流流域物源土体颗粒个别启动、局部启动和大量启动的判别式,建立了适合该区域暴雨泥石流预警模型,将可能诱发泥石流暴发的不同降雨条件划分为蓝、黄和红色3个危险等级,为该区泥石流监测预警提供了科学依据。     

基于数字滑坡技术的暴雨滑坡、泥石流预警、监测模型研究

中国学者在暴雨滑坡、泥石流预测预报研究领域取得的成果为采用数字滑坡技术进行暴雨滑坡、泥石流预警、监测模型研究提供了宝贵的基础,应用数字滑坡技术建立暴雨滑坡、泥石流预测模型的原则是：（1）必须在滑坡、泥石流形成条件理论指导下;（2）应了解研究区地质环境及滑坡、泥石流特征;（3）就基于数字滑坡技术而言,只能选取遥感方法可能...     

Debris flows caused by failure of fill slopes: early detection,warning, and loss prevention

This paper describes early detection, warning, and loss prevention for debris flows originating as failures of fill slopes. Worldwide, fill slopes constructed on steep terrain for roads, hillside residential developments, timber harvest landings, etc., are an increasing source of debris-flow hazards. Some fill failures that generate debris flows are the final stage of incremental failures that provide warning signs of instability in the months or years before the debris flow. Mapping and analysis of minor features, such as cracks and small scarps, on paved or unpaved surfaces of fills can identify incipient and impending fill failures that are major debris-flow hazards. Potential debris-flow paths can be mapped and risk assessments conducted. Loss prevention or reduction can be achieved by (1) prioritized maintenance, (2) prioritized repair, (3) monitoring, (4) warnings for emergency officials and the public, and (5) risk avoidance or reduction in land-use planning, zoning, cooperation between jurisdictions, and project development.     

A regional real-time debris-flow warning system for the District of North Vancouver, Canada

Engineered (structural) debris-flow mitigation for all creeks with elements at risk and subject to debris flows is often outside of the financial capability of the regulating government, and heavy task-specific taxation may be politically undesirable. Structural debris-flow mitigation may only be achieved over long (decadal scale) time periods. Where immediate structural mitigation is cost-prohibitive, an interim solution can be identified to manage residual risk. This can be achieved by implementing a debris-flow warning system that enables residents to reduce their personal risk for loss of life through timely evacuation. This paper describes Canada??s first real-time debris-flow warning system which has been operated for 2 years for the District of North Vancouver. The system was developed based on discriminant function analyses of 20 hydrometric input variables consisting of antecedent rainfall and storm rainfall intensities for a total of 63 storms. Of these 27 resulted in shallow landslides and subsequent debris flows, while 36 storms were sampled that did not reportedly result in debris flows. The discriminant function analysis identified as the three most significant variables: the 4-week antecedent rainfall, the 2-day antecedent rainfall, and the 48-h rainfall intensity during the landslide-triggering storm. Discriminant functions were developed and tested for robustness against a nearby rain gauge dataset. The resulting classification functions provide a measure for the likelihood of debris-flow initiation. Several system complexities were added to render the classification functions into a usable and defensible warning system. This involved the addition of various functionality criteria such as not skipping warning levels, providing sufficient warning time before debris flows would occur, and hourly adjustment of actual rainfall vs. predicted rainfall since predicted rainfall is not error-free. After numerous iterations that involved warning threshold and cancelation refinements and further model calibrations, an optimal solution was found that best matches the actual debris-flow data record. Back-calculation of the model??s 21-year record confirmed that 76% of all debris flows would have occurred during warning or severe warning levels. Adding the past 2 years of system operation, this percentage increases marginally to 77%. With respect to the District of North Vancouver boundaries, all debris flows occur during Warning and Severe Warnings emphasizing the validity of the system to the area for which it was intended. To operate the system, real-time rainfall data are obtained from a rain gauge in the District of North Vancouver. Antecedent rainfall is automatically calculated as a sliding time window for the 4-week and 2-day periods every hour. The predicted 48-h storm rainfall data are provided by the Geophysical Disaster Computational Fluid Dynamics Centre at the Earth and Ocean Science Department at the University of British Columbia and is updated every hour as rainfall is recorded during a given storm. The warning system differentiates five different stages: no watch, watch level 1 (the warning level is unlikely to be reached), watch level 2 (the warning level is likely to be reached), warning, and severe warning. The debris-flow warning system has operated from October 1, 2009 to April 30, 2010 and October 1, 2010 and April 30, 2011. Fortunately, we were able to evaluate model performance because the exact times of debris flows during November 2009 and January 2010 were recorded. In both cases, the debris flows did not only occur during the warning level but coincided with peaks in the warning graphs. Furthermore, four debris flows occurred during a warning period in November 2009 in the Metro Vancouver watershed though their exact time of day is unknown. The warning level was reached 13 times, and in four of these cases, debris flows were recorded in the study area. One debris flow was recorded during watch II level. There was no severe warning during the 2 years of operation. The current warning level during the wet season (October to April) is accessible via District of North Vancouver??s homepage (www.dnv.org) and by automated telephone message during the rainy season.