有效总能量平衡方程及其它

作者在定义了单位质量气块（空气元）的有效总位能的概念基础上，采用空气元的观点双推导了有效总能量的数学表达式，导出形式上与Ｂｅｒｎｏｎｌｌｉ方程（总能量平衡方程）完全相同的有效总能量平衡方程，此外，还推导了有效总能量收支方程，并就一些可能应用的问题进行了讨论。     

大气谱模式中质量守恒格式的研究

当前在世界上广泛采用的谱模式，是以地面气压ps取对数作为展谱变量，模式大气总质量不守恒。本文研究这样的问题，提出了以热力学变量比容α代替温度变量T的方法，并以地面气压ps本身作为展谱变量，这样可以保持大气总质量守恒。同时，由于以α作展谱变量，可使重要项气压梯度项为二阶变量组成，截谱后，不会出现混淆误差。计算结果表明，这样改变后，大气总质量保持守恒。同时消除了混淆误差的出现。     

应用变分原理积分正压原始方程

将正压原始方程组无量纲化以后,把量级近似相当的动能与有效位能之和守恒作为变分约束条件,有效地控制了非线性不稳定,使长时间积分中能保持总能量守恒。其结果可和其它积分方法相比。     

大气中的位涡守恒和Rossby波的能量、波作用与拟能守恒

推导得到普遍形式的位涡度守恒方程，其条件是外源Ｇ和摩擦Ｆ组成的矢量散度为零，放松了位涡守恒的绝热无摩擦限制，对准地转位涡方程，利用ＷＫＢ近似，得到了层结可变情况下的ＲＯｓｓｂｙ波的能量、波作用和拟能守恒的条件，对于空间缓变的基本气流，它们分别是基本气流与空间坐标无关，基本气流与ｘ无关和基本气流是空间坐标的函数。最后还给出了地形存在情况下的Ｒｏｃｓｂｙ波的能量、波作用和拟能守恒的条件。     

正压准共振三波能量和拟能的传输

从准地转正压涡度方程出发，在ｋ１＋ｋ２＋ｋ３＝△ｋ、ｌ１＋ｌ２＋ｌ３＝０和ω１＋ω２＋ω３＝０的准共振条件下，分析了准共振三波能量和位涡拟能的传输。当△ｋ很小时，准共振三波组的总能量和总拟能近似守恒；三波之间能量和拟能的传输方向与共振情况基本相同，但中波向长波传输较多能量、向短波传输较多拟能和三波之间产生能量与拟能传输这三者的可能非线性准共振的面积与共振时相比均有较大的变化，而三者的面积比也有较明     

非线性发展方程的非守恒格式的计算稳定性问题

针对非线性发展方程的非守恒格式,以一维浅水波方程为例,对非守恒格式的计算稳定性进行了研究分析,探讨了非线性发展方程的非守恒格式与初值的关系.理论分析和数值试验表明,在格式结构已经确定的情况下,非守恒格式的计算稳定性主要由初值的形式所决定.     

全球大气能量的时空特征及变化趋势分析

大气能量学是大气科学重要的组成部分，了解大气能量的时空分布和变化特征，能够为大气科学研究，尤其是气候变化研究提供新的思路和手段。本文基于1948～2016年NCEP逐月再分析资料，从大气的总能量及其内能、位能、潜热和动能的分布、变化趋势和主模态变化等方面阐释了全球大气能量变化的整体特征。主要结论如下:（1）除高海拔地区外，总能量呈现从赤道向两极逐渐递减的分布，且全球大部分地区呈增加趋势，内能和位能的分布和变化与总能量较为接近；潜热能的极大值区和显著变化区均位于赤道及低纬地区；动能的极大值区分布在中纬度长波槽和西风急流出口区，其在南半球双西风急流区的变化最为显著。（2）总能量呈现出不连续的阶段性跳跃式增长特征；北半球的总能量多于南半球，而增速却慢于南半球，即两半球间的能量呈趋同趋势；海洋上空的总能量多于陆地，且海陆间差额有增大趋势；火山爆发事件可能对大气能量在年际尺度上的减少有重要作用。（3）大气各能量第一模态的空间特征与其各自变化趋势分布非常相似，并先后在1975年左右发生了年代际突变。就第二模态而言，大气的总能量、内能和位能从整体上反映出南北极与其它地区呈反向变化的特征；部分低纬度地区的潜热能与其它地区呈反向变化；动能主要呈现从热带太平洋向南北两极的经向波列分布；它们的时间系数均有一定的多年代际变化特征，可能与气候系统的内部变率有关。     

再论发展方程差分格式的构造和应用

【摘　要】本文把一大类大气、海洋方程归结为一种发展方程,具体构造了若干定时间步长的显式完全平方守恒差分格式。并证明在一定条件下,这类格式也具有能量守恒、“广义能量”守恒和“平均尺度”守恒的特性,它表明这类格式具有较好的计算稳定性和省时性。文中还探讨了显式平方守恒格式与隐式平方守恒格式之间的密切联系。最后给出了令人满意的用四波的R-H波作数值检验的结果。     

广义坐标素η中的位涡方程

给出了在广义坐标系（η）中导出的位涡方程,以及它分别在笛卡尔坐标（ｚ）,气压坐标（ｐ）或等熵坐标（θ）时的具体表达式,结果表明,同此得出的各坐标系的位涡方程和过去人们在各坐标系中分别推出的位涡方程一致,并表得出位涡在绝热和无摩擦的条件下守恒。     

正压原始方程组保持总能量守恒性质的Galerkin近似

在分析能量变化过程的基础上改写了正压原始方程组,引进新的因变量和“河灵活因子”,得到了一种保持总能量守恒性质从而计算稳定的Galerkin近似。其中,非线性的隐式方程可以为线性隐式方程所代替。     

不同闪电跃增算法在北京地区应用效果对比

基于S波段多普勒天气雷达基数据、北京闪电定位网全闪定位数据和北京地区降雹的人工观测结果,对比分析Gatlin和σ两种闪电跃增算法在不同配置下对北京地区2015—2018年共177次冰雹天气过程的预警效果。结果表明：不同倍数的σ算法预警结果差别很大,2σ（要求当前闪电频数变化率超过之前平均闪电频数变化率两倍标准差）在σ算法中的预警效果最佳;不同N（总闪频数变化率的数量）配置下的Gatlin算法的预警结果差别不大,其中当N=6时的预警效果最佳。2σ算法的命中率、虚警率和临界成功指数分别为80.2%,41.6%和51.1%,N=6的Gatlin算法的相应结果分别为82.5%,62.0%和35.2%。另外,详细分析了一次多单体雷暴过程和一次飑线过程中两种算法的应用情况,结果也表明Gatlin算法比2σ算法的命中率略高,但虚警率偏高很多,临界成功指数偏低。综合Gatlin算法和σ算法对冰雹预报结果评估情况,发现2σ闪电跃增算法更适于对北京冰雹天气的预警,对提升闪电数据在北京地区冰雹预报业务的可用度有一定参考价值。     

Monthly prediction of air temperature in Australia and New Zealand with machine learning algorithms

Long-term air temperature prediction is of major importance in a large number of applications, including climate-related studies, energy, agricultural, or medical. This paper examines the performance of two Machine Learning algorithms (Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP)) in a problem of monthly mean air temperature prediction, from the previous measured values in observational stations of Australia and New Zealand, and climate indices of importance in the region. The performance of the two considered algorithms is discussed in the paper and compared to alternative approaches. The results indicate that the SVR algorithm is able to obtain the best prediction performance among all the algorithms compared in the paper. Moreover, the results obtained have shown that the mean absolute error made by the two algorithms considered is significantly larger for the last 20 years than in the previous decades, in what can be interpreted as a change in the relationship among the prediction variables involved in the training of the algorithms.     

大气中动能的双向转化和单向转化

根据绝热无耗散大气总动能和总位涡拟能守恒的特性，本文讨论了二维平面上动能谱分布随时间变化的规律。结果表明，大气谱动能变化必然涉及至少三种不同的空间尺度；或遵从双向转化原则，或遵从单向转化原则。在讨论能量的双向转化和单向转化条件的基础上，本文还分别研究斜压大气和正压大气中能量转化的一般状况。     

The Bayliss-Isaacson algorithm and the constraint restoration method are equivalent

Summary Bayliss and Isaacson (1975) method of modifying any given difference scheme so as to ensure total conservation of the appropriate physical invariants is shown to be equivalent to the constraint restoration method of Miele et al. (1968, 1969) subject to the requirement of least-square change of the state-vector coordinates.Both methods are applied to enforce conservation of total energy and potential enstrophy in global shallow-water equations models. Some algorithmic differences between the methods are discussed as well as some implications of a posteriori enforcement of conservation of integral invariants on the performance of meteorological numerical weather prediction (NWP) models and the internal energy distribution.With 2 Figures     

THE FORMULATION OF FIDELITY SCHEMES OF PHYSICAL CONSERVATION LAWS AND IMPROVEMENTS ON A TRADITIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL OF BAROCLINIC PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS FOR NUMERICAL PREDICTION*

In this paper,two formulation theorems of time-difference fidelity schemes for general quadratic and cubic physical conservation laws are respectively constructed and proved,with earlier major conserving time-discretized schemes given as special cases.These two theorems can provide new mathematical basis for solving basic formulation problems of more types of conservative time-discrete fidelity schemes,and even for formulating conservative temporal-spatial discrete fidelity schemes by combining existing instantly conserving space-discretized schemes.Besides.the two theorems can also solve two large categories of problems about linear and nonlinear computational instability.The traditional global spectral-vertical finite-difference semi-implicit model for baroclinic primitive equations is currently used in many countries in the world for operational weather forecast and numerical simulations of general circulation.The present work,however,based on Theorem 2 formulated in this paper,develops and realizes a high-order total energy conserving semi-implicit time-difference fidelity scheme for global spectral-vertical finite-difference model of baroclinic primitive equations.Prior to this,such a basic formulation problem remains unsolved for long,whether in terms of theory or practice.The total energy conserving semi-implicit scheme formulated here is applicable to real data long-term numerical integration.The experiment of thirteen FGGE data 30-day numerical integration indicates that the new type of total energy conserving semi-implicit fidelity scheme can surely modify the systematic deviation of energy and mass conserving of the traditional scheme.It should be particularly noted that,under the experiment conditions of the present work,the systematic errors induced by the violation of physical laws of conservation in the time-discretized process regarding the traditional scheme designs(called type Z errors for short) can contribute up to one-third of the total systematic root-mean-square(RMS) error at the end of second week of the integration and exceed one half of the total amount four weeks afterwards.In contrast,by realizing a total energy conserving semi-implicit fidelity scheme and thereby eliminating corresponding type Z errors,roughly an average of one-fourth of the RMS errors in the traditional forecast cases can be reduced at the end of second week of the integration,and averagely more than one-third reduced at integral time of four weeks afterwards.In addition,experiment results also reveal that,in a sense,the effects of type Z errors are no less great than that of the real topographic forcing of the model.The prospects of the new type of total energy conserving fidelity schemes are very encouraging.     

THE FORMULATION OF FIDELITY SCHEMES OF PHYSICAL CONSERVATION LAWS AND IMPROVEMENTS ON A TRADITIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL OF BAROCLINIC PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS FOR NUMERICAL PREDICTION

In this paper,two formulation theorems of time-difference fidelity schemes for generalquadratic and cubic physical conservation laws are respectively constructed and proved,with earliermajor conserving time-discretized schemes given as special cases.These two theorems can providenew mathematical basis for solving basic formulation problems of more types of conservative time-discrete fidelity schemes,and even for formulating conservative temporal-spatial discrete fidelityschemes by combining existing instantly conserving space-discretized schemes.Besides.the twotheorems can also solve two large categories of problems about linear and nonlinear computationalinstability.The traditional global spectral-vertical finite-difference semi-implicit model for baroclinicprimitive equations is currently used in many countries in the world for operational weatherforecast and numerical simulations of general circulation.The present work,however,based onTheorem 2 formulated in this paper,develops and realizes a high-order total energy conservingsemi-implicit time-difference fidelity scheme for global spectral-vertical finite-difference model ofbaroclinic primitive equations.Prior to this,such a basic formulation problem remains unsolved forlong,whether in terms of theory or practice.The total energy conserving semi-implicit schemeformulated here is applicable to real data long-term numerical integration.The experiment of thirteen FGGE data 30-day numerical integration indicates that the newtype of total energy conserving semi-implicit fidelity scheme can surely modify the systematicdeviation of energy and mass conserving of the traditional scheme.It should be particularly notedthat,under the experiment conditions of the present work,the systematic errors induced by theviolation of physical laws of conservation in the time-discretized process regarding the traditionalscheme designs(called type Z errors for short)can contribute up to one-third of the totalsystematic root-mean-square(RMS)error at the end of second week of the integration and exceedone half of the total amount four weeks afterwards.In contrast,by realizing a total energyconserving semi-implicit fidelity scheme and thereby eliminating corresponding type Z errors,roughly an average of one-fourth of the RMS errors in the traditional forecast cases can be reducedat the end of second week of the integration,and averagely more than one-third reduced at integraltime of four weeks afterwards.In addition,experiment results also reveal that,in a sense,theeffects of type Z errors are no less great than that of the real topographic forcing of the model.The prospects of the new type of total energy conserving fidelity schemes are very encouraging.     

探空仪湿度测量误差研究现状及其对云识别的影响

云在地球系统能量平衡和水循环中扮演着至关重要的作用,其特征的准确获取对于理解大气物理过程、改进天气和气候模拟具有重要意义。地基云遥感反演是了解云特征、评估卫星云观测能力的重要手段。自20世纪80年代以来,地基云遥感反演获得快速发展,各种地基云遥感反演方法涌现,在2010年前后达到一个相对瓶颈期,已有的地基云遥感反演方法有几十种之多。从遥感手段上来说,地基云遥感包括主动遥感和被动遥感。从遥感对象上来说,地基云遥感包括宏观特征遥感反演和微观特征遥感反演。就宏观特征来说,可以分为三个类别：云识别或云量的探测方法、云边界的确定方法以及云相态的反演方法。就微观特征来说,地基云遥感反演方法基本分为两大类型,最优化求解法和经验参数化方法。任何一种云遥感反演方法都有其相对优势和不足,对其进行b了总结归纳,论述地基云遥感反演的进展。不同地基云遥感反演产品直接存在着巨大差异,远大于单个遥感反演方法所给定的不确定性信息,表明现有地基云遥感反演仍然存在巨大挑战,归纳提出了云遥感反演中存在的若干挑战,以期为未来云遥感的发展提供了方向参考。

     

能源补贴政策及其改革——为减排提供经济激励

The subsidy, as a measure, is widely applied by governments at all levels around the world as a way of policy interventions. However, there are two completely opposite opinions of subsidies on energy and environmental protection. The only reason for subsidy in existence is the internalization of external benefit. The paper firstly examines the energy subsidy policies relevant to climate change mitigation in China and their effectiveness, then points out the deficiency existing in energy conservation policies and renewable energy development policies, and finally suggests that China should exert positive role of subsidy policies and reduce negative effects in promoting climate change mitigation.     

超级计算机上矩阵乘的并行计算与实现

数值预报系统中经常要用到矩阵乘运算。在分布式超级计算机 (如IBM-SP) 上, 矩阵乘的并行计算需要较多的数据移动, 有效的数据传输对矩阵乘的实现至关重要。该文讨论了两种矩阵乘的并行算法, 一种是基于矩阵的列-行划分方式, 一种是基于矩阵的网格划分方式。在IBM-SP计算机上的实验结果表明, 网格划分的矩阵乘并行算法通讯开销更小, 并行效率更高, 其并行加速比较列-行并行算法改善约10 %。     

基于MODIS数据地表温度反演劈窗算法的比较研究

选取QIN和SOB两种代表性劈窗算法对辽宁地区地表温度进行反演,并分析二者的精度和误差分布。结果表明：QIN和SOB算法反演的地表温度（TS）与地面气象台站准同步观测的气温和地温的线性拟合显著,SOB算法线性拟合更好;从误差分布直方图上看,两种算法的反演结果与地温更接近,SOB算法与同步气温和地温在±2 ℃之间的误差比例略高于QIN算法;在野外开展与卫星遥感空间尺度一致的地表温度观测试验,QIN和SOB算法与实测值的平均绝对误差均为1.5 ℃;与NASA官网发布的地表温度产品对比发现,QIN和SOB算法的平均绝对误差分别为1.75 ℃、1.70 ℃;因此QIN、SOB算法在辽宁地区均适用,SOB算法误差更小。