African Easterly Waves and convective activity in wet and dry sequences of the West African Monsoon

Janicot and Sultan (Geophys Res Lett 28(3):523–526, 2001) and Sultan et al. (J Clim 16(21):3389–3406, 2003) showed evidence of an intraseasonal signal of Sahelian rainfall corresponding to wet and dry sequences of the West African Monsoon. Using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, NOAA outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and observed daily rainfall over West Africa from 1968 to 1990, this paper investigates the variability of 3 to 5-day African Easterly Waves (AEWs), convection and their relationship with rainfall in these wet and dry sequences. The mean daily value rainfall during wet sequences is twice the mean value during dry sequences but the number of dry or wet sequences per year is not correlated with the annual rainfall. Wet sequences account for 39% of the annual accumulated rainfall while dry sequences account for 22%. The number of 3 to 5-day AEWs increases during wet years in wet sequences and the activity tends to be larger during wet years in both wet and dry sequences. These AEWs explain 40% of the accumulated rainfall during wet sequences whereas they contribute to 26% of the accumulated rainfall observed during dry sequences. Generally, they contribute to the increase of rainfall during these sequences. Mean convection is stronger and there are twice as many low OLR days (<225W/m²) during wet than dry sequences. The mean rainfall for days with high convective activity (convective days) is also twice as great during wet sequences. Rainfall that occurs during days without low OLR (weak convection with warm cloud tops or isolated deep convection) contributes to 69% of the total rainfall during dry sequences and 45% during wet sequences. A composite study was performed from day D ₀−10 to day D ₀+10 in each sequence. Wet (dry) sequences of the African monsoon start with a decrease (slight increase) of the negative meridional Ertel Potential Vorticity (PV) gradient at 700 hPa, associated with an increase (decrease) of the spectral density of AEWs. During the wet sequence, the African Easterly Jet (AEJ), detected by 700 hPa zonal wind, decreases and moves northward, whereas the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ), detected at 200 hPa, increases and shifts southward. Convective activity increases from D ₀−6 to D ₀−3 and remains high for 4 days in wet sequences. The daily rainfall increases (decreases) between D ₀−6 and D ₀ and returns to the mean value at D ₀+4 for wet (dry) sequences.     

影响浙闽沿海的两次东风波过程对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP1°×1°再分析资料对2001年8月3～4日和2009年9月29日～10月1日发生在浙闽沿海的两次东风波过程进行对比分析.结果表明:前者属于深厚对流层东风波过程,后者则为低层东风波过程.通过对这两次过程的对比分析找出了它们之间的共同点和不同点,而对两次过程动力条件的进一步对比分析,探讨了涡...     

African Easterly Jet South: control,maintenance mechanisms and link with Southern subtropical waves

The African Easterly Jet South (AEJ-S) is an important feature of the central African mid tropospheric circulation and has been identified as a key contributor to convection over the region. This study uses 21-year (1983–2003) Reanalysis data sets of ERA-Interim, NCEP2 and MERRA2 to establish mechanisms related to AEJ-S dynamics. Results demonstrate that AEJ-S is dominated by rotational circulation and is maintained by a mid-level high that forms over the Kalahari region during September to November. Because of the role played by this high pressure system in the AEJ-S dynamics, an effort is made to understand how this anticyclone develops. We show that this mid-tropospheric high over the Kalahari region is established in response to lower tropospheric dry convection over the region from September to November. At the core of this high, anticyclonic circulation is induced and maintains AEJ-S located at the northern flank of the high. A link between AEJ-S dynamics and southern subtropical westerly waves is also revealed. It is shown that, when waves amplify over the southern subtropics, they modify lower tropospheric heating. Depending on the phase of the wave, this modifies the cross latitude temperature gradient throughout equatorial regions, therefore modulating the intensity of the jet. By clarifying the mechanisms that govern the AEJ-S, this research work contributes to insight into central Africa climate mechanisms and also suggests a link between central Africa and Southern Africa climate systems. This research work also improves the foundation of new mechanisms that help to identify suitable metrics for the evaluation of Global models over the Central Africa region.     

2004/2005年冬季强寒潮事件与大气低频波动关系的研究

2004/2005年冬季中国出现了两次大范围寒潮过程,造成长时期的降温和严寒天气,从而改变了从1986年以来中国大部分地区连续出现18个暖冬的局面。利用2004年10月1日～2005年3月31日中国740站逐日平均温度和NCEP/NCAR的逐日高度场和风场资料,分析了2004/2005冬季的强寒潮事件,并对寒潮爆发的周期、低频波动特征及其影响寒潮爆发的可能原因进行研究。结果表明:2004/2005年冬季两次主要强寒潮事件（12月22日～1月1日和2月14～21日）是在强10～20天低频振荡背景下发生的。在一次季节内低频振荡过程中,寒潮经历了高空形势相似的3个阶段,它们分别是乌拉尔东侧阻塞脊建立、阻塞脊下游横槽发展、横槽转竖与南支槽耦合重建东亚大槽最后导致寒潮爆发。进一步分析表明,乌拉尔东侧阻塞脊和里海高度脊是导致这两次寒潮的主要系统。研究还表明在寒潮爆发过程中,10～20天低频波动在40°N南北独立传播,南北波列耦合寒潮全面爆发;寒潮爆发后期低频波动引起我国东南部低空辐散异常、高空辐合异常,从而导致我国南部地区偏北风增强,使寒潮向南爆发程度和高空东亚急流明显加强。     

影响桂东南东风波特征及其概念模型

利用NCEP 2.5°×2.5°风场每6h再分析资料和常规观测资料,分析了近40a(1970.7～2009.9)35次影响桂东南的东风波天气过程。通过降雨强度、雨区分布及系统结构的统计分析,对东风波进行了归类。基于典型东风波过程,运用合成分析方法建立了各类东风波天气概念模型,结合本地预报经验提出了桂东南东风波的预报着眼点。     

干旱与高温热浪的区别与联系

该文较系统地评述了干旱与高温热浪在定义、标准与类型、地理分布、时间和强度变化特征、危害性质和程度及其影响、形成机制和产生原因、对全球气候变暖响应的表现形式和程度、监测和预测与预警方法与技术、减灾技术及应对策略和防御措施等8个方面,既对比了两者间在以上8方面的明显的差异,也指出两者间还有密不可分的内在联系,当高温天气频繁发生,大气降水量就会明显减少.高温加快了土壤的蒸散速度,加大了土壤水分和植株水分的散失,这种关系在夏季尤其显著.从而造成干旱的发生或加重严重程度.     

冬奥会延庆赛区降雪与边界层东风的关系

受特殊地理环境影响,北京地区冬季降雪常与边界层东风相伴,边界层东风所引起的水汽输送和动力辐合效应对降雪发生发展有重要意义。不同于已有边界层东风对平原地区降雪影响的研究,本文结合2022年冬奥会北京延庆赛区的地形特征,对比相似天气背景下不同温湿特性、不同发展高度的边界层东风对降雪的作用机制,研究表明:(1)途经渤海湾的路径较长有利于边界层东风的明显增湿,反之增湿效果则较弱;(2)"干冷"性质的偏东风可形成冷垫抬升北京平原及低海拔地区的暖湿空气;当偏东风在垂直方向发展较为深厚(600 m以上)时,能够翻越延庆东部海拔较低的军都山并在背风坡形成绕流汇合,同时受西部海拔较高的海陀山阻挡,形成迎风坡的强迫抬升,二者共同作用导致延庆区的辐合东强西弱,进而造成降雪分布呈东多西少的特征;(3)"暖湿"性质的边界层东风因垂直延展高度较低,无法向西越过军都山,对延庆赛区降雪基本无影响;(4)空中500 hPa为西北气流影响时,除考虑边界层东风能否越山之外,若存在与地形高度接近的、700 hPa高度附近饱和区与抬升运动的有利配合,将导致延庆赛区的高海拔山区出现明显降雪。     

热带东风喷射气流之天气学研究

根据台湾省及东南亚地区高空天气图资料及探空资料，分析东风喷射气流之平均位置和特性，并就青藏高原、副热带西风喷射气流和东风喷射气流之关系，讨论东风喷射气流之成因以及对北半球天气和气候之影响，东风喷射气流之南北两侧存在着极强烈的混切现象，这种温切现象不但与东风喷射气流有关，而且对高空民航机之飞航安全有极重大的影响。     

低纬大气Kelvin波和Rossby波的非线性相互作用

利用多重尺度摄动法,对低纬大气Kelvin波和Rossby波的波包演变进行了分析,得到两波的非线性相互作用方程为耦合的非线性复系数Landau方程组。数值计算表明两波相遇将使波振幅变化,波宽变窄;两波非线性相互作用可能是低纬强烈天气突然爆发的原因之一。     

一次高层东风波背景下风雹过程成因分析

2015年7月29日浙江出现大范围冰雹和雷雨大风,影响范围、强度远超各级台站预判。利用地面气象站、区域自动站、FY-2G红外云图、多普勒雷达产品、NCEP(1°×1°)分析资料,对该过程进行综合分析。结果表明:1)由多单体风暴组成、位于高层东风波槽前的中尺度对流复合体是本次大范围强对流天气过程的直接制造者。2)中等偏弱的垂直风切变、上干下湿的水汽垂直分布及东风波西进叠加于低层暖区之上形成强不稳定层结是多单体风暴发生发展的有利环境背景。3)热带东风急流和高层东风波形成的辐散抽吸、近地面非绝热加热升温、地形抬升和边界层辐合线为对流发生发展提供有利动力抬升和对流触发条件。4)逆风区的出现、发展和控制与雹暴单体强度的发展、维持和减弱阶段有很好的对应关系。脉冲风暴单体中层径向气流辐合与核心反射率因子的下降对地面大风预报存在2个体扫的时间提前量。5)东风波系统以动能转换的方式为本次对流天气过程中的中尺度系统发展提供动能补给。6)加强500 h Pa以上中高层东向系统的监测和雷达产品短临实时监测,可提高此类对流过程预报的时间提前量。     

ENSO发展和衰亡阶段中非线性项的作用

利用哈得来中心海表温度（HadISST）和美国马里兰大学海洋同化（Simple Ocean Data Assimilation,SODA 2.2.4）数据集,分析了1979-2015年赤道太平洋地区海表温度异常的偏度特征;并通过诊断混合层热量收支平衡方程着重探讨了非线性项在不同类型ENSO发展衰亡过程中起的不同作用。研究结果表明,中部型厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件的偏度很弱,且符号相反、强度相当,而东部型厄尔尼诺的偏度为很强的正值,即ENSO的强度非对称性主要来自东部型厄尔尼诺的贡献,中部型厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜的海表温度异常呈现准对称特征。在ENSO事件的发展阶段,非线性项对东部型厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜均有很强的正贡献,而对中部型厄尔尼诺的正贡献相对较弱,这会促进东部型厄尔尼诺强度的增强而抑制拉尼娜振幅的发展,从而有利于ENSO强度非对称性的产生;在ENSO事件的衰亡阶段,非线性项对拉尼娜维持正贡献但强度大为减弱,对东部型厄尔尼诺和中部型厄尔尼诺的衰减则分别起促进和抑制作用,这可能是东部型厄尔尼诺衰减速度较快而中部型厄尔尼诺衰减速度较慢的重要原因之一。      

Interaction between Planetary-Scale Diffluent Flow and Synoptic-Scale Waves During the Life Cycle of Blocking

In this paper, a new transient forced quasi-resonant triad interactiontheory in a beta channel is proposed to investigate the interaction betweenplanetary-scale diffluent flow composed of zonal wavenumbers 1--3 andsynoptic-scale waves produced continuously by a synoptic-scale vorticitysource fixed upstream of an incipient blocking region during the life cycleof blocking. It is shown that the superposition of initial three Rossbywaves for zonal wavenumbers 1 (monopole), 2 (dipole), and 3 (monopole),which permit triad quasi-resonance, can represent an incipient blockingevent. The synoptic-scale eddies may act to amplify the incipient blockingand to excite a blocking circulation with a strong meander, whose flowpattern depends on the initial amplitudes of the planetary waves and boththe intensity and location of preexisting synoptic-scale waves. The onset(decay) of the planetary-scale split-flow blocking is mainly represented bya strong increase (decrease) in the amplitude of the zonal wavenumber 2component, having a dipole meridional structure related to the preexistingsynoptic-scale eddies. The typical persistence time of the model blockingwas of about 20 days, consistent with observations of blocking patterns.In our model, isolated asymmetric dipole blocking is formed bysynoptic-scale waves. The instantaneous fields of total streamfunctionsexhibit a remarkable resemblance to the synoptic maps observed during thelife cycle of blocking. During the onset stage, the synoptic-scale waves areenhanced and split into two branches around the blocking region due to thefeedback of the amplified blocking, in agreement with the observed changesof synoptic-scale waves in real blocking events. In addition, a diagnosticcase study of blocking is presented to confirm the forced quasi-resonanttriad interaction theory proposed here.     

Correlations between microphysical properties of large-scale semi-transparent cirrus and the state of the atmosphere

By making use of TOVS Path-B satellite retrievals and ECMWF reanalyses, correlations between bulk microphysical properties of large-scale semi-transparent cirrus (visible optical thickness between 0.7 and 3.8) and thermodynamic and dynamic properties of the surrounding atmosphere have been studied on a global scale. These clouds constitute about half of all high clouds. The global averages (from 60°N to 60°S) of mean ice crystal diameter, D_e, and ice water path (IWP) of these clouds are 55 μm and 30 g m⁻², respectively. IWP of these cirrus is slightly increasing with cloud-top temperature, whereas D_e of cold cirrus does not depend on this parameter. Correlations between D_e and IWp of large-scale cirrus seem to be different in the midlatitudes and in the tropics. However, we observe in general stronger correlations between D_e and IWP and atmospheric humidity and winds deduced from the ECMWF reanalyses: D_e and IWP increase both with increasing atmospheric water vapour. There is also a good distinction between different dynamical situations: In humid situations, IWP is on average about 10 gm⁻² larger in regions with strong large-scale vertical updraft only that in regions with strong large-scale horizontal winds only, whereas the mean D_e of cold large-scale cirrus decreases by about 10 μm if both strong large-scale updraft and horizontal winds are present.     

登陆华南热带气旋强度变化与大尺度环流的关系

应用UK再分析资料,采用合成分析方法,对比分析了登陆华南的登陆前迅速增强的TC（Rapid Intensifying TC,简称RITC）和迅速减弱的TC（Rapid FillingTC,简称RFTC）登陆前24h的大尺度环流背景特征。结果表明：从外流、入流强度和范围上看,RITC的低空入流和高空外流均明显强于RFTC,两类TC高空外流强度的差异比低空入流明显,RITC的次级环流径向范围大;从外流垂直伸展高度上看,RITC的平均外流主要集中在500hPa以上,而RFFC的平均外流比较分散,向下伸展到850hPa;从高空流场配置看,RITC上空除西北象限外均有较强外流,而RVrC仅在东北象限有较强外流,相应的RITC和RVrC的高空辐散在范围和强度上均有明显的差异,其中RITC的高空辐散明显强于RFTC;强烈的西南季风水汽输送是登陆华南的TC登陆前突然加强的先兆条件,RITC的对流活动明显比RFTc活跃;RITC的纬向风垂直切变比RFTC小,有利于RITC的强度增强。     

A Survey of Statistical Relationships between Tropical Cyclone Genesis and Convectively Coupled Equatorial Rossby Waves

Convectively coupled equatorial Rossby waves(ERW)modulate tropical cyclone activities over tropical oceans.This study presents a survey of the statistical relationship between intraseasonal ERWs and tropical cyclone genesis(TCG)over major global TC basins using four-decade-long outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)and TC best-track datasets.Intraseasonal ERWs are identified from the OLR anomalies using an empirical orthogonal function(EOF)analysis method without imposing equatorial symmetry.We find that westward-propagating ERWs are most significant in four tropical ocean basins over the summer hemisphere and that ERWs exhibit similar northeast-southwest(southeast-northwest)tilted phase lines in the northern(southern)hemisphere,with an appreciable poleward advance of wave energy in most TC basins.The EOF-based ERW indices quantitatively show that ERWs significantly modulate TC genesis.The convectively active(suppressed)phases of ERWs coincide with increased(reduced)TCG occurrences.The TCG modulation by ERWs achieves the maximum where the ERWs propagate through the climatological TCG hotspots.As a result,the total number of TCG occurrences in the TC basins varies significantly according to the ERW phase.The ERW-TCG relationship is significant over the northwestern Pacific Ocean,northeastern Pacific Ocean,and the northern Indian Ocean during the northern summer seasons.In the southern summer season,the ERW-TCG relationship is significant over the southern Indian Ocean,Indonesian-Australia basin,and the southwestern Pacific Ocean.However,ERW activities are weak in the main TC development region of the Atlantic Ocean;and the impact on Atlantic TCG appears to be insignificant.     

复杂地形下北京一次局地雷暴新生和增强机制初探

利用变分多普勒雷达分析系统, 结合多普勒雷达观测、 地面自动站、 风廓线仪、 加密探空等非常规观测资料, 对北京地区2011年8月9日局地雷暴的新生和增强机制进行了较精细的分析。结果表明: 该过程是一次发生在弱垂直风切变环境下的局地强对流雷暴大风过程, 环境场有较强的不稳定能量(CAPE达2 798 J·㎏^-1), 地面高比湿带(＞20 g·kg^-1)在山前聚集, 城区西部山前存在一较强γ中尺度热辐合中心, 前期大气环境条件十分有利于对流发生发展; 上游移进北京的强雷暴受地形强迫作用影响, 其产生的冷池出流被抬高, 冷空气叠加在地面γ中尺度热辐合中心之上, 使山前局地大气层结更不稳定, 另一方面, 强冷池出流产生的边界层高层偏北风与近地面弱的偏南风构成有利于对流新生的垂直风切变, 地面热辐合中心、 边界层热力和动力不稳定的增强共同作用是局地雷暴新生的主要机制; 上游冷池出流边界(阵风锋)伴有的强温度梯度和边界层辐合上升运动是原有局地新生雷暴显著增强的主要原因; 多单体雷暴相互碰撞合并产生的辐合上升运动是局地雷暴得以持续的关键因素。     

青藏高原东部重力波过程与西南涡活动的统计关系

本文利用2012～2015年西南涡加密观测大气科学实验的剑阁、金川、九龙和名山四站探空资料,统计分析了6～7月西南涡活动期间对流层中、高层（6～12 km）的重力波过程,结果表明:青藏高原东部川西高原南部的九龙站与其余三站不同,重力波源主要来自对流层上层,波能传播方向向上,剑阁、金川和名山三站重力的波源主要来自对流层下层,波能传播方向向下。重力波过程在不同类型的西南涡活动中有明显差异,在移出型西南涡活动初期,重力波水平传播方向主要为东北向,其上传概率远大于下传概率,波动的动能和潜能较大且变化剧烈;而对应源地型西南涡,初期主要呈西北—东南向传播且重力波上传与下传概率相当,动能和潜能较小且变化相对平缓同时本次研究表明,重力波水平传播方向对西南涡的移动方向也有一定指示作用。按照发生时刻本文将重力波分为日发型重力波和夜发型重力波,在夜发型西南涡初期,重力波活动夜发（北京时20:00～08:00）的概率较大,这表明重力波的夜发性与西南涡的夜发性可能存在一定关联。