利用合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术监测伊朗Bam地震同震形变场

介绍了差分干涉测量的原理、差分干涉数据对的选取方法,以及三轨法差分干涉测量数据处理的流程.利用星载合成孔径雷达差分干涉(D-InSAR)测量技术和ENVISAT ASAR雷达数据对2003年12月26日伊朗Bam 6.5级地震引起的地表形变场进行了测量试验,成功地获取了Bam地震的蝴蝶状的同震形变场生成了地表形变的等值线图,并且根据相干图确定了地震造成破坏最严重的区域的位置、分布及面积.试验证明D-InSAR技术是地表形变测量和地震研究的一个强大和有效的工具.     

激光实时干涉计量技术和雷达差分干涉技术测量形变的对比研究及其意义

分别叙述了激光干涉技术和雷达差分干涉技术的原理及应用. 采用激光实时干涉计量技术实验室观测试样在加压过程中的形变,研究不同破裂孕育区所表现的不同应变异常场特征. 采用雷达差分干涉技术可以测量地形及地表形变,并且有西藏玛尼、张北——尚义等地震前后的形变测量结果. 指出激光实时干涉计量技术与雷达差分干涉技术相似,都是以条纹变化图研究形变异常场特征. 因此, 对雷达差分干涉技术测量的孕震过程中的形变场,特别是临近大震发生前的形变场特征进行观测和以激光干涉技术进行实验及对比研究均将很有意义.      

雷达差分干涉测量技术及其应用研究--以1997年西藏玛尼7.9级地震区域形变测量为例

雷达差分干涉测量是一种最新的大地形变测量遥感技术方法,本文对差分干涉技术的原理及具体实现进行了深入研究,并讨论了差分干涉测量结果的误差.利用欧洲空间局1996年4月15日获取的ERS-1数据和4月16日获取的ERS-2数据,以及1997年12月2日获取的ERS-2数据,应用差分干涉测量技术对发生于1997年11月8日的西藏玛尼地震进行了提取区域形变场的应用研究,从得到的变化检测条纹图中可识别出地表破裂带,还可定量推算震中周围和两条断裂带附近的变形情况,差分干涉测量结果与地面调查符合得很好.     

雷达差分干涉测量技术及其应用研究——以1997年西藏玛尼7.9级地震区域形变测量为例

雷达差分干涉测量是一种最新的大地形变测量遥感技术方法，本文对差分干涉技术的原理及具体实现进行了深入研究，并讨论了差分干涉测量结果的误差。利用欧洲空间局1996年4月15日获取的ERS-1数据和4月16日获取的ERS-2数据，以及1997年12月2日获取的ERS-2数据，应用差分干涉测量技术对发生于1997年11月8日的西藏玛尼地震进行了提取区域形变场的应用研究，从得到的变化检测条纹图中可识别出地表破裂带，还可定量推算震中周围和两条断裂带附近的变形情况，差分干涉测量结果与地面调查符合得很好。     

孕震过程中几个典型形变场的实验研究

采用激光实时干涉计量技术,观测刻有不同“构造”的试样在加压过程中的形变,研究不同破裂孕育区所表现的不同应变异常场特征。其实验结果与大同6．1级地震前后的应变场分布和运用雷达差分干涉技术测量的西藏玛尼地震、张北-尚义地震后的形变结果对比发现：（1）在一个大地震前后,孕震区出现特征形变场并可以由实验验证;（2）激光实时干涉计量技术与雷达差分干涉技术相似,激光全息技术可以在各种模拟条件下研究多种形式的形变异常场特征。建议用雷达差分干涉技术测量和研究孕震过程中的形变场特别是临近大震发生前的形变场特征,并进行相应的实验和观测研究。     

基于D-InSAR技术的玉树Ms7.1地震同震形变场提取与分析

2010年4月14日青海玉树县发生了Ms7.1地震.本文利用差分干涉合成孔径雷达(D-InSAR)测量技术,通过对日本先进陆地观测卫星搭载的ALOS PALSAR获得的雷达数据进行处理,提取了此次地震的同震干涉形变场.结果表明,形变场分布特征与其发震断层甘孜-玉树断裂带的左旋走滑特征一致;最大视线向形变量为-61.4c...     

利用星载D-INSAR技术获取的地表形变场研究张北-尚义地震震源破裂特征

近 10年来 ,合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术 (D INSAR ,DifferentialInterferometricSyn theticApertureRadar,简称 :雷达差分干涉测量 )取得了令世人瞩目的成绩 ,已成为极具有潜力的空间对地观测新技术。但如何利用D INSAR测量结果来揭示震源破裂信息 ,成为目前被关注的问题。本文简单地论述了震源位错模型的基本原理 ,并以 1998年 1月 10日张北 -尚义地震为例 ,利用差分干涉形变场图像 ,采用弹性半空间介质中的震源位错模型 ,正演了发震断层某些几何学和运动学性质。结果表明 :张北 -尚义地震破裂面属左旋逆走滑断层 ,走向SEE NWW2 72° ,倾角 4 6° ;破裂方向为由SEE至NWW的单侧破裂 ;破裂面长 9km ,宽 8km ,深度 8km ;三个方向的位移矢量分别为 :2 90mm、5 6 0mm和 0mm。     

D-InSAR技术应用于汶川地震地表位移场的空间分析

基于星载合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术(D-InSAR),利用7个条带共112景日本ALOS/PALSAR raw格式雷达数据,采用两通差分干涉处理模式,获取了2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震发震断层周围约450km×500km区域的同震形变干涉纹图。通过对干涉纹图的定性分析,确定了非相干带的分布范围,据此对相位连续条带和相位不连续条带采用不同的相位解缠方案,实现了7个条带的成功解缠,获得了数值化的干涉形变场图像,并通过形变等值线和跨断层形变剖面线等方法对干涉形变场的空间分布和演化特征进行了分析。结果表明:汶川地震造成的地表形变场沿映秀-北川断裂带分布,形变范围很大,但主要集中在发震断层南北两侧各约100km的近场区。其中断层附近由西向东宽约3015km,长约250km的区域为非相干带,是本次地震中变形最强烈并伴有地表破裂发生的区域,其形变梯度已超出InSAR测度能力。在非相干带两侧宽度各约70km,具有清晰可辨连续完整并向发震断层收敛的包络状干涉条纹区域是次一级形变区,距离发震断层越近,形变梯度和幅度越大,其视线向位移为北盘沉降,南盘抬升。相对于数据条带南北边缘,北盘最大累积沉     

基于D-InSAR技术的伊朗巴姆地震地表形变监测

以伊朗巴姆地区为例,对伊朗巴姆地震造成的地表形变进行了差分干涉测量,得到了垂直向的同震三维形变场,并运用GIS三维分析技术对形变场进行了分析。实验结果表明,地震在巴姆城市的东侧造成了较大形变,在西侧也产生了微量形变。巴姆城市北部地块沉降,南部地块隆起。同时在巴姆城市南部可明显看到地震造成的断层。实验结果验证了基于C波段的SAR数据的D-InSAR技术在干燥地区监测地表形变方面的可行性。本文对产生去相关效应的原因进行了解释,认为对于干燥少植被的地区干涉效果较好。并指出,如果能够通过技术进步提高雷达干涉测量的精度并降低观测成本,同时将该技术与GPS、GIS等技术相结合,从而更好地研究形变机理,这将对地质灾害的研究产生重大意义。     

巴姆地震地表形变的差分雷达干涉测量

利用星载合成孔径差分雷达干涉技术和ENVISAT卫星雷达数据, 获得了2003年12月26日伊朗巴姆的里氏6.5级地震引起的同震地表形变场,并详细地介绍了信号处理的过程. 利用地震前后的相干图的差异及形变场的突变棱线, 精确确定了地面上断层裂缝的位置、形状和长度. 这对震源理论模型的参数估计提供了依据. 由雷达干涉技术测量得到的形变场与理论模型模拟的结果一致.      

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Dissolved Carbohydrate Concentration,Composition, and Bioavailability to Microbial Heterotrophs in Stream Water

Dissolved total carbohydrates (DTCH), dissolved free monosaccharides (DFMS), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biodegradable DOC (BDOC), and humic substances (HS) were measured in White Clay Creek (WCC), a stream in southeastern Pennsylvania Piedmont, USA. Samples were collected over different seasons and under baseflow and stormflow conditions. DOC concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 12.8 mg/L C with the highest concentrations associated with stormflows. Carbohydrates ranged from 0.42 to 12.4 μM and accounted for 2.9 to 12.7% of the DOC. Humic substances represented the major DOC fraction, accounting for 55 to 72% of the DOC pool under all flow conditions. The humic fraction had a lower carbohydrate content (4.4%) than the non-humic fraction of DOC (7.2%). Stormflow DOC was enriched in carbohydrates relative to baseflow DOC, but the percentage of humic-C changed little. Carbohydrates were primarily present as dissolved polysaccharides (55%), but a significant fraction was bound to humic substances (40%), while a small proportion was present as monosaccharides (5%). The major monosaccharides in stream water, listed in order of decreasing concentration, included glucose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, and fucose. On average (30.6 ± 7.4)% (n = 44) of the stream water DOC was biodegradable, and carbohydrates accounted for 9.9 to 17.7% of the BDOC.