整治工程影响下的河口拦门沙航道回淤特征及成因——以射阳港航道为例

通过不同时期实测地形资料,对比分析射阳港拦门沙航道一期整治工程建设后航道的回淤分布特征;利用实测水文泥沙资料和潮流数学模型计算分析射阳河口拦门沙航道开挖后的水流、含沙量特征;探讨了射阳港拦门沙航道淤积的泥沙来源和淤积成因。研究表明:航道开挖后沿程普遍淤积,尤其是口门及堤根区段航道淤积严重。导致航道淤积的主要原因为:有掩护航道内涨潮流速大、落潮流速小,口门外高含沙量水体进入航道后泥沙很难被带出航道,导致航道内普遍淤积;口门内2 km范围内回淤较大是由于越堤流输沙和口门内侧涨潮期间存在明显回流;导堤根部航道段回淤较大是由于射阳河与黄沙港河汇流后河道放宽,落潮期间出河口的水体挟沙力突然降低。     

长江口北支河槽容积变化特征的定量分析

北支河槽容积变化是北支河道演变趋势在定量上的直接表现,河道边界条件和河床泥沙运动是影响河槽容积变化的主要因素。收集1986—2013年长江口北支河道年实测地形资料,利用GIS技术建立不同时期水下数字高程模型,进行北支河槽容积变化和河床冲淤变化特征分析。结果表明,北支岸线圈围和泥沙淤积导致了1986年以来河槽容积萎缩。北支河槽0m线以下容积共减少约7.110亿m3,岸线圈围引起河槽容积减少4.000亿m3,占比56.3%;泥沙淤积引起的河槽容积减少3.110亿m3,占比43.7%。具体而言,北支上段河槽容积萎缩主要是泥沙淤积所致,其航道开发综合利用应遵循上段的泥沙运动规律特点;中段则是边滩圈围和沙洲并岸引起,边界调整后束流作用加强,河床冲刷,断面形态调整后水深条件更加有利于中段的航道利用开发;下段是泥沙淤积和边滩圈围共同影响所致,泥沙淤积影响略大,但下段沿北岸-5m深槽始终存在且稳定,具备航道开发利用的河势基础,且南侧河道边界仍具有可圈围的余地。     

长江口泥沙运动形式分类及对深水航道淤积影响

潮汐河口泥沙运动复杂多变,科学划分泥沙运动形式并评估其对航道淤积的影响,是厘清航道淤积泥沙来源、制定有效减淤措施的关键。基于长江口深水航道所处南港—北槽河段2015年和2018年洪季、枯季表层沉积物和近底悬沙的现场采样数据,分析提出潮汐条件下推移质、悬移质和时推时悬泥沙3类泥沙运动形式的粒径划分方法,量化3类泥沙对深水航道淤积的贡献比例。结果表明：近底悬沙级配曲线上拐点粒径对泥沙由推移质向悬移质转化具有较好的指示意义;长江口南港—北槽悬沙、底沙交换显著,深水航道淤积物中除仅做推移质或悬移质运动的泥沙外,还包括大量的时推时悬泥沙,其在航道淤积泥沙中的占比最高,约达50%～60%;南港段航道洪季、枯季推移质淤积占比分别为36%和26%,高于悬移质的6%和13%;北槽段航道悬移质落淤泥沙占比为44%～48%,明显较推移质3%～6%的占比高。3类泥沙运动形式粒径划分方法为深化潮汐河口泥沙运动规律认识、判别航道淤积泥沙来源提供了新途径。     

三峡蓄水后洞庭湖水沙环境变化对湖区航道的影响

江湖关系变化是影响洞庭湖水文泥沙环境的重要因素,关系到湖区航运的安全。以实测水文及地形数据为基础,研究了洞庭湖区水沙环境的变化特征,并分析了其对湖区航道的影响。结果表明:① 三峡蓄水后,枯季湖区月均流量趋于减少,湖区淤积减缓甚至出现冲刷,枯水期湖口低水位有所上升,湖面比降趋于降低;② 受来沙减少影响,湖区航道有所冲刷,湖口低水位上升使得湖区通航保证率水位有一定幅度上升,航道水深增加,三峡蓄水初期江湖关系变化对湖区航道的影响总体为积极因素,对湖区湘江航道的影响要大于开湖航道。     

澽河入黄段输沙量计算及泥沙淤积变化规律分析

澽河系黄河右岸的一级支流,发源于陕西省黄龙县黄龙山主脊冢字梁,自西北向东南流经黄龙、韩城两县(市),于韩城市芝川镇司马庙东汇入黄河,流域面积1 083 km~2。澽河入黄段因黄河洪水倒灌淤积,河床不断抬升,加之黄河主槽不断西移,导致澽河入黄口己上提2.50 km。通过对澽河入黄段河道输沙量进行计算,并对泥沙淤积规律进行分析,结果表明,实际产沙进入澽河的流域面积为119 km~2,年平均进入澽河河口段的泥沙量为6.77万m~3。澽河入黄泥沙量较小,对河道淤积影响不大,澽河下游黄河洪水倒灌段受黄河高含沙洪水倒灌影响,淤积明显,倒灌段以上河段冲淤平衡。为该河段治理工程建设、防汛工作和黄河流域同类型河流泥沙分析提供参考。     

复杂边界作用下三峡水库泥沙淤积特征与趋势

受上游水沙条件和水库调度过程等影响,三峡水库实际淤积过程较为复杂。本文基于一维泥沙数学模型,分析上下游边界条件变化对三峡水库淤积特征的综合影响,建立入库沙量和汛期坝前水位与库区淤积的经验关系,讨论了其贡献及未来淤积趋势。结果表明：上游干支流入库沙量和汛期坝前水位是影响三峡水库淤积的主要因素,其变化均将造成库区淤积重心的偏移,变动回水区下段及常年回水区上段的泥沙分选及冲淤情况受影响最为明显;2013—2020年,干流来沙对三峡库区淤积的贡献减小(由65%减小至42%),支流来沙贡献逐步增大(由32%增大至56%);汛期坝前水位变化对该时段库区淤积较2003—2012年期间的影响已经较小(1.6%～1.8%);当遭遇平常水文年水沙过程,未来三峡水库泥沙淤积量约在0.5亿t/a左右;当遭遇不利洪水组合水文年,尤其是支流发生大规模强降雨使岷江和嘉陵江洪峰流量大于30 000 m³/s时,三峡水库泥沙淤积量约在1.6亿t/a左右。     

船闸泄水作用下引航道中动水冲沙规律

结合工程实际,研究利用船闸泄水进行下游引航道清淤,对减少清淤成本、提高通航效率有着重要的工程价值。建立枢纽及船闸下游引航道的二维水沙数学模型,采用已有模型试验对水流场和泥沙场进行验证。研究引航道及口门区的泥沙淤积规律,在此基础上,分析船闸输水系统的水力特性,研究了不同冲刷流量、冲刷时间和初始淤积厚度下引航道及口门区的冲刷效果,得出船闸泄水量与引航道及口门区最大淤积厚度的关系。结果表明,在同一初始淤积地形和冲刷流量下,引航道及口门区的最大淤积厚度与冲刷时间呈线性变化,冲刷流量越大,泥沙厚度下降的斜率越大。淤积厚度低于一定值后,随冲刷时间的增加,冲刷效果开始减弱。     

长江口12.5 m深水航道回淤特征

针对长江口12.5 m深水航道的回淤问题,收集整理了2010—2012年的航道回淤资料和水文测验资料,研究了航道回淤的时空变化特征及其与径流、潮流和含沙量的关系。结果表明:航道回淤呈洪季大、枯季小的年内变化特征,大风骤淤明显;航道回淤沿程主要集中在南港—圆圆沙段和北槽中下段,其回淤量占全航道的80%以上。南港—圆圆沙段回淤的泥沙颗粒以细砂为主,回淤强度与径流的关系不密切,与潮流的关系表现为大潮大、小潮小。北槽航道回淤泥沙颗粒以粉砂为主,回淤部位随径、潮流变化而变化,表现为径流增大,回淤部位下移;潮动力减弱,回淤部位上提。长江口拦门沙水域泥沙的再悬浮,可能是航道淤积最主要的泥沙来源。     

珠江口东平海域海采工程后泥沙蚀淤趋势预测研究

通过收集和实测到的研究区水位、潮位、潮流验证、沉积物类型和粒度参数、水深地形、风、径流值等边界条件,运用泥沙运动控制方程、泥沙再悬浮及再沉积方程,进行了工区泥沙运移相关参数的计算和模拟分析,并预测了工程实施后,工区内、外动力作用的程度和泥沙的蚀淤趋势发展。结果表明：开采区海采项目结束后,其淤积速度自NE 2～5 cm/...     

三峡水库运行初期的泥沙淤积特点

针对三峡蓄水运行后的泥沙淤积问题,基于实测资料,采用输沙率法和断面法分析了三峡水库运行初期的泥沙淤积特点.结果表明:三峡水库2003—2013年泥沙淤积总量为15.31亿t,平均排沙比为24.5%,均较论证阶段降低;库区泥沙淤积主要分布在常年回水区的宽谷和弯道河段,宽谷段全断面发生淤积、弯道断面流速较小一侧淤积、峡谷无累积性淤积;常年库区近坝段泥沙淤积速度逐年减小,而上段泥沙淤积速度则呈增大趋势;淤积物粒径沿程分选不明显,常年回水区淤积物中值粒径多在0.01 mm以下.库区峡谷段深泓线无明显变化、尚未出现泥沙淤积三角洲、库尾泥沙淤积上延和尾水抬高不明显,据此初步推断峡谷河段存在富余挟沙力而成为局部侵蚀基准面,整个库区将无统一平衡比降的趋势.     

A numerical study of storm surges caused by cold-air outbreaks in the Bohai Sea

Storm surges in the Bohai Sea are not only associated with tropical cyclones and extra-tropical cyclones, but also cold-air outbreaks. Cold-air outbreaks attack China from four major tracks, with each track having its own prevailing wind over the Bohai Sea. As the pressure field of cold-air outbreaks can be converted into the surface wind, storm surges can be investigated by the pressure field of cold-air outbreaks entirely. This paper took the different major tracks, pressure field, and high wind period into consideration and constructed 20 scenarios to describe the actual situation of cold-air outbreaks. Based on the results modeled by FVCOM, the influence of various cold-air outbreaks on the maximum surge in the Bohai Sea and the probability of the surge elevation at three typical tide gauges were investigated. Finally, a powerful decision-making tool to estimate storm surges induced by cold-air outbreaks was provided.     

Debris flow erosion and deposition in Jiangjia Gully, Yunnan, China

The erosion and deposition of debris flows at Jiangjia Gully in Dongchuan section of Yunnan province, southwestern China, was surveyed at 12 cross sections from 1999 to 2003. Deposition occurred in most sections because of the low debris-flow magnitude. The result was an increase in their elevations except for two sections at D17 and D19, where the channel was diverted in September 1999. As the annual sediment discharge of debris flow increased, the deposited volume decreased in the upper channel and increased in the lower channel. In each debris flow event, the erosion or deposition at the upper and the lower channel were different, but the eroded/deposited volume and the trend of erosion or deposition were similar between the neighboring sections. The average elevation change of all cross sections between consecutive surveys can reasonably represent the debris flow influence on the channel. Its relationship with the total sediment discharge between two surveys follows a three-stage pattern: when debris flow magnitude is small, deposition in the channel increases with the magnitude. When the magnitude reaches a certain level, the deposition begins to decrease and eventually erosion takes place. In three typical cross sections which had similar channel width, the debris flow showed a clear trend that the deposited volume decreased, while the eroded volume increased as the discharge of debris flow sediments increased.     

Modeling the impact of land reclamation on storm surges in Bohai Sea,China

A nested model for the simulation of tides and storm surges in the Bohai Sea, China, has been developed based on the three-dimensional finite-volume coastal ocean model. The larger domain covers the entire Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea with a horizontal resolution of ~10 km, and the smaller domain focuses on the Bohai Sea with a fine resolution up to ~300 m. For the four representative storm surges caused by extratropical storms and typhoons, the simulated surge heights are in good agreement with observations at coastal tide gauges. A series of sensitivity experiments are carried out to assess the influence of coastline change due to land reclamation in recent decades on water levels during storm surges. Simulation results suggest that changes in coastline cause changes in the amplitude and phase of the tidal elevation, and fluctuations of surge height after the peak stage of the storm surges. Hence, for the assessment of the influence of coastline changes on the total water level during storm surges, the amplitudes and phases of both the tidal and surge heights need to be taken into account. For the three major ports in the Bohai Bay, model results suggest that land reclamation has created a coastline structure that favors increasing the maximum water level by 0.1–0.2 m. Considering that during the storm surges the total water level is close to or even exceeds the warning level for these ports, further increasing the maximum water level by 0.1–0.2 m has the potential to cause severe damages and losses in these ports.

     

海南岛东南部海岸砂丘风暴冲越沉积记录

通过海南岛东南部海岸详细的古风暴学考察,在尖岭海岸发现了含有风暴冲越沉积物的海岸沙丘剖面,分别命名为JL-1和JL-2剖面,试图从海岸沙丘沉积记录中提取历史上的风暴事件信息。沉积物粒度、磁化率等参数的指标分析表明,这两个剖面含有典型的风暴冲越沉积物,利用放射性核素AMS14C测年、OSL测年分析,并结合历史文献记载,确定这些风暴沉积层是多次台风作用的产物,其形成机制与风暴浪越过海岸沙丘的堆积有关,风暴流越过沙丘顶部后不能回流,导致风暴流携带的沉积物迅速沉积。此外,依据Stockdon经验公式计算结果,该地点沉积记录所代表的最大风暴事件相当于100到200年一遇的重现期。研究表明,该处海岸沙丘冲越沉积含有南海台风强度与重现期的重要信息。     

Modelling a storm surge under future climate scenarios: case study of extratropical cyclone Gudrun (2005)

Weather Research and Forecasting atmosphere model and Finite Volume Community Ocean Model were for the first time used under the pseudo-climate simulation approach, to study the parameters of an extreme storm in the Baltic Sea area. We reconstructed the met-ocean conditions during the historical storm Gudrun (which caused a record-high +275 cm surge in Pärnu Bay on 9 January 2005) and simulated the future equivalent of Gudrun by modifying the background conditions using monthly mean value differences in sea surface temperature (SST), atmospheric air temperature and relative humidity from MIROC5 in accordance with the IPCC scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 for 2050 and 2100. The simulated storm route and storm surge parameters were in good accordance with the observed ones. Despite expecting the continuation of recently observed intensification of cyclonic activity in winter months, our numerical simulations showed that intensity of the strongest storms and storm surges in the Baltic Sea might not increase by the end of twenty-first century. Unlike tropical cyclones, which derive their energy from the increasing SST, the extratropical cyclones (ETCs) harvest their primary energy from the thermal differences on the sides of the polar front, which may decrease if the Arctic warms up. For climatological generalizations on future ETCs, however, it is necessary to re-calculate a larger number of storms, including those with different tracks and in different thermal conditions.     

Impact of wind gusts on sea surface height in storm surge modelling, application to the North Sea

Storm surge models usually do not take into account the explicit effect of wind gusts on the sea surface height. However, as the wind speed enters quadratically into the shallow water equations, short-term fluctuations around the mean value do not average out. We investigate the impact of explicitly added gustiness on storm surge forecasts in the North Sea, using the WAQUA/DCSM model. The sensitivity of the model results to gustiness is tested with Monte Carlo simulations, and these are used to derive a parametrisation of the effect of gustiness on characteristics of storm surges. With the parametrisation and input from the ECMWF model archive, we run hindcasts for a few individual cases and also the 2007–2008 winter storm season. Although the explicit inclusion of gustiness increases the surge levels, it does not help to explain, and hence reduce, the errors in the model results. Moreover, the errors made by ignoring gustiness are small compared to other errors. We conclude that, at present, there is no need to include gustiness explicitly in storm surge calculations for the North Sea.     

Three-Dimensional Simulation of Water Circulation in the Java Sea: Influence of Wind Waves on Surface and Bottom Stresses

A one-year simulation of tide- andwind-driven circulation in the Java Sea, which is one ofthe Indonesian seas located in a tropical area, hasbeen carried out using a three-dimensionalhydrodynamic model incorporating the influence of thewind waves generated at the sea surface. This area isinfluenced by the monsoon climate (east- andwest-monsoon). Six hourly-wind fields at 10 m abovethe sea surface were used as a representative windfield. In other respects, the effect of waves on thethree-dimensional hydrodynamic model has beenrepresented by the surface and bottom stresses. Athird-generation wave model called WAM (WAMDI, 1988)was used to calculate the wave parameters and thewave dependence of the drag coefficient. Thetrajectory of water particles induced by thecalculated velocity fields in the Java Sea was then simulated.In dealing with hazardous phenomena, this modelwill be extended to predict suspended sediment fluxes,particularly those relating to catastrophic changes in seabottom topography and beach erosion. It is also animportant tool for the prediction of storm surge events.     

黄河下游漫滩高含沙洪水滩槽界定及泥沙时空沉积特性

黄河下游漫滩高含沙洪水河床调整剧烈,多数断面洪水后形成"相对窄深河槽",洪水前后河槽宽度发生明显变化。分别以观测断面洪水前后的河槽宽度为基准,计算漫滩高含沙洪水期泥沙时空沉积分布,结果表明,漫滩高含沙洪水与非漫滩高含沙洪水相比,能将主河槽内淤积泥沙量的59.3%搬运至嫩滩或滩地,减缓主河槽淤积。在分析研究基础上,建立了洪水后漫滩河段河槽相对缩窄率与洪水前期河槽宽度的量化关系,洪水后主槽宽度缩窄率为15.5%~44.0%;分析遴选了漫滩高含沙洪水滩地淤积量与主要水力因子间关联度及物理含义,给出了漫滩高含沙洪水滩地淤积量与相应水力因子间的响应函数;初步提出漫滩洪水河道塑槽淤滩的临界水沙配置指标,临界水沙系数取值为0.025~0.040。成果对高含沙洪水调控具有一定的指导意义。     

A review of major storm impacts on coastal wetland elevations

Storms have long been recognized as agents of geomorphic change to coastal wetlands. A review of recent data on soil elevation dynamics before and after storms revealed that storms affected wetland elevations by storm surge, high winds, and freshwater flushing of the estuary (inferred). The data also indicate that measures of sediment deposition and erosion can often misrepresent the amount and even direction of elevation change because of storm influences on subsurface processes. Simultaneous influence on both surface and subsurface processe by storms means that soil elevation cannot always be accurately estimated from surface process data alone. Eight processes are identified as potentially influencing soil elevation: sediment deposition, sediment erosion, sediment compaction, soil shrinkage, root decomposition (following tree mortality from high winds), root growth (following flushing with freshwater, inferred), soil swelling, and lateral folding of the marsh root mat. Local wetland condition (e.g., marsh health, tide height, groundwater level) and the physical characteristics of the storm (e.g., angle of approach, proximity, amount of rain, wind speed, and storm surge height) were apparently important factors determining the storm's effect on soil elevation. Storm effect on elevation were both permanent (on an ecological time scale) and short-lived, but event short-term changes have potentially important ecological consequences. Shallow soil subsidence or expansion caused by a storm must be considered when calculating local rates of relative sea level rise and evaluating storm effects on wetland stability.     

地面沉降对渤海湾风暴潮灾害防治的影响研究

渤海湾沿海地区地面沉降严重、风暴潮灾害频发。本文以天津作为典型区域,对风暴潮潮位测定、风暴潮灾害和防风暴潮预案措施等方面开展研究,认为地面沉降对上述3方面均有的不同程度的影响,在风暴潮灾害防治中必须考虑地面沉降问题。