Ground-Space Correlation of TM Data and Its Application to the Prediction of Gold Deposits

It has been inferred and proved by the remote sensing equations under rational hypotheses in atmospheric physics that there is a linear correlation between the ground reflective brightness Wij and the total reflective brightness Rij received in different bands with a remote sensor. Nine models delineating the ground-space correlation between the ground spectra and the optimal bands of images of the typical gold deposits have been established based on the ground-space correlativity and field measurements of the ground spectra of the typical gold deposits in the Ailaoshan area. According to the 9 correlation models, TM images were inverted into ground-space correlation images that are related to the typical gold deposits within the area and then recognized by a computer. Research on the ground . spectra and TM data in the Ailaoshan area shows that the correlation analysis of the ground spectra and TM data of gold deposits can be effectively applied to the prediction of gold deposits, location of prospecti     

Model of Reflection Spectra of Rock Surface in 2π Space

This paper deals with reflection spectra and polarized reflection spectra of 20 sorts of rock in 2π space, and then creates a model of reflection spectra of rock surface in 2π space. We measured the change of reflection and polarized reflection spectra as altering the incidence angle, vertex angle, azimuth angle, band and polarization. The results show that influence of the incidence angle on spectral curves is very strong. And when the vertex angle is constant, the horizontal azimuth polarizes rock spectra, and distorts the circular spectrum to become elliptic. The polarization influences the reflection intensity of rock spectra, but has no evident influence on the characteristics of wave forms of rock in 2π space. Therefore, we can describe the whole reflection spectral characteristics, including polarization, of rock surface in 2π space by measuring and calculating the e and p values in several key directions.     

An Effective Method for Free Vibration of Plate on Elastic Half Space

The vibration analysis of a plate on an elastic foundation is an important problem in engineering. It is the interaction of a plate with the three-dimensional half space and the plate is usually loaded from both the upper and lower surfaces. The contact pressure from the soil can not be predefined. According to Lambs solution for a single oscillating force acting on a point on the surface of an elastic half space, and the relevant approximation formulae, a relation between the local pressure and the deflection of the plate has been proposed. Based on this analysis, the reaction of the soil can be represented as the deformation of the plate. Therefore, the plate can be separated from the soil and only needs to be divided by a number of elements in the analysis. The following procedure is the same as the standard finite element method. This is a semi-analytical and semi-numerical method. It has been applied to the dynamic analysis of circular or rectangular plates on the elastic half space, at low or high frequency vibration, and on rigid, soft or flexible foundations. The results show that this method is versatile and highly accurate.     

Prediction of Overpressure Contributed Mainly by Structural Compression Using Impedance Inversion in Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin

The origin and distribution of formation overpressure have effect not only on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation, but also on technique of drilling well. The study and prediction of overpressure are very important in basin analysis. At present, overpressure is mostly predicted by stack velocity.The process in calculating inter-velocity from stack velocity is very complex and inevitably leads to errors. Especially, this method is not available in the case that structural compression contribution to overpressure occurred. This paper introduces a new method, impedance inversion, to predict overpressure,and the principle is discussed. This method is used to predict the overpressure in Kuqa depression, Tarim basin and as a result, the absolute errors are less than 0.1, and relative errors are less than 5％ for predicted fluid pressure coefficients to the drill stem test (DST) measurements. It suggests that this method can be widely used to predict overpressure in foreland basins.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114000255

Geophysical studies point to a complex tectonic and geodynamic evolution of the Alboran Basin and Gulf of Cadiz.Tomographic images show strong seismic waves velocity contrasts in the upper mantle.The high velocity anomaly beneath the Alboran Sea recovered by a number of studies is now a well established feature.Several geodynamic reconstructions have been proposed also on the base of these images.We present and elaborate on results coming from a recent tomography study which concentrates on both the Alboran and the adjacent Atlantic region.These new results,while they confirm the existence of the fast anomaly below the Alboran region,also show interesting features of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system below the Atlantic.A high velocity body is imaged roughly below the Horseshoe Abyssal plain down to sub-lithospheric depths.This feature suggests either a possible initiation or relic subduction.Pronounced low velocity anomalies pervade the upper mantle below the Atlantic region and separate the lithospheres of the two regions.We also notice a strong change of the upper mantle velocity structure going from south to north across the Gorringe Bank.This variation in structure could be related to the different evolution in the opening of the central and northern Atlantic oceans.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711500095X

Pseudosection modelling is rapidly becoming an essential part of a petrologist's toolkit and often forms the basis of interpreting the tectonothermal evolution of a rock sample,outcrop,or geological region.Of the several factors that can affect the accuracy and precision of such calculated phase diagrams, "geological" uncertainty related to natural petrographic variation at the hand sample- and/or thin section-scale is rarely considered.Such uncertainty influences the sample's bulk composition,which is the primary control on its equilibrium phase relationships and thus the interpreted pressure-temperature(P-T) conditions of formation.Two case study examples-a garnet-cordierite granofels and a garnet-staurolite-kyanite schist-are used to compare the relative importance that geological uncertainty has on bulk compositions determined via(1) X-ray fluorescence(XRF) or(2) point counting techniques.We show that only minor mineralogical variation at the thin-section scale propagates through the phase equilibria modelling procedure and affects the absolute P-T conditions at which key assemblages are stable.Absolute displacements of equilibria can approach ±1 kbar for only a moderate degree of modal proportion uncertainty,thus being essentially similar to the magnitudes reported for analytical uncertainties in conventional thermobarometry.Bulk compositions determined from multiple thin sections of a heterogeneous garnet-staurolite-kyanite schist show a wide range in major-element oxides,owing to notable variation in mineral proportions.Pseudosections constructed for individual point count-derived bulks accurately reproduce this variability on a case-by-case basis,though averaged proportions do not correlate with those calculated at equivalent peak P-T conditions for a whole-rock XRF-derived bulk composition.The main discrepancies relate to varying proportions of matrix phases(primarily mica) relative to porphyroblasts(primarily staurolite and kyanite),indicating that point counting preserves small-scale petrographic features that are otherwise averaged out in XRF analysis of a larger sample.Careful consideration of the size of the equilibration volume,the constituents that comprise the effective bulk composition,and the best technique to employ for its determination based on rock type and petrographic character,offer the best chance to produce trustworthy data from pseudosection analysis.     

Crustal Motion Characteristics in the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau and Adjacent Regions after the Wenchuan Earthquake

The Wenchuan earthquake has altered the crustal motion characteristics in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions.Using discontinuous GPS survey data for 2008–2012, the velocity field for the Eurasia reference framework has been obtained, and the general trend of contemporary crustal motion after the occurrence of the Wenchuan earthquake has been studied.In addition, using the velocity field, the block movement velocity has been estimated by least-squares fitting.Furthermore, the properties and displacement rates of main faults have been obtained from the differences in velocity vectors of the blocks on both sides of the faults.The results reveal that there are no obvious changes in the general characteristics of crustal motion in this area after the Wenchuan earthquake.The earthquake mainly changed the rate of the movement of the Chuan-Qing block and caused variation in the movement direction of the South China block.The effect of the earthquake on faults is mainly reflected in variations in fault displacement velocity; there is no fundamental change in the properties of fault activity.The displacement rates of the Xianshuihe fault decreased by 3–4 mm/a, the Longmenshan fault increased by 9–10 mm/a, and the northern segment of the Anninghe fault increased by approximately 9 mm/a.Furthermore, the displacement rates of the Minjiang, Xueshan, Huya, Longquanshan, and Xinjin faults increased by 2–3 mm/a.This implies that the effects of the Wenchuan earthquake on crustal movement can mainly be observed in the Chuan-Qing, South China, and N-Chuan-Dian blocks and their internal faults, as well as the Xianshuihe and Longmenshan faults and the northern section of the Anninghe fault.The reason for this is that the Wenchuan earthquake disturbed the kinematic and dynamic balance in the region.     

Correlation Fractal and Multifractal Characteristics of Seismic Activity in the Taiwan Area, China

Based on the analysis of newly collected data of plate tectonics, distribution of active faults and crustal deformation, the Taiwan area is divided into two seismic regions and six seismic belts. Then, correlation fractal dimensions of all the regions and belts are calculated, and the fractal characteristics of hypocenteral distribution can be quantitatively analyzed. Finally, multifractal dimensions Dq and f(α) are calculated by using the earthquake catalog of the past 11 years in the Taiwan area. This study indicates that (1) there exists a favorable corresponding relationship between spatial images of seismic activity described with correlation fractal dimension analysis and tectonic settings; (2) the temporal structure of earthquakes is not single but multifractal fractal, and the pattern of Dq variation with time is a good indicator for predicting strong earthquake events.     

Speciation of sulfate components in size-fractionated aerosol particles using sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure （XANES）

Sulfates are a main constituent of aerosols, which sulfate aerosols, it is necessary to determine what can cause various environmental problems sulfate ions are contained in these aerosols In the evaluation of the influence of In this study, sulfur K-edge XANES was used to determine sulfate species present in size-fractionated aerosol particles based on the post-edge structure after the main absorption peak in the XANES region. Aerosol samples were collected as part of the Japan-China joint project, ＂Asian Dust Experiment on Climate Impact＂ using a low-volume Andersen-type air sampler. XANES was measured at Beamline BL-9A at Photon Factory, Japan. A comparison of the XANES spectra of reference sulfate materials and aerosol samples collected in Tsukuba in Japan clearly showed that （NH4）2SO4 was the main sulfur species in particles with a smaller diameter and gypsum was the main sulfur species in particles with a larger diameter. A simulation of the XANES spectra by reference materials allows us to obtain the quantitative mixing ratios of the different sulfate species present in the aerosol samples. The presence of minor sulfur species other than （NH4）2SO4 and gypsum at the surface of mineral aerosols is suggested in our simulations and by a surface-sensitive conversion electron/He-ion yield XANES. In the absence of a contribution from a large dust event, the mole concentration of gypsum in the mineral aerosol fraction determined by XANES is similar to that of Ca which is determined independently using ion chromatography. This shows that the Ca and sulfate in the mineral aerosols are present only as gypsum. Considering that calcite is the main Ca mineral in the original material arising from an arid and semi-arid area in China, it is strongly suggested that gypsum is formed in aerosol during its long-range transportation by a reaction between calcite and sulfate ions.     

Physico—Mechanical Property Changes Associated with mineral Phase Transition in Granite

Variations in elastic wave velocity, low-frequency internal friction and acous-tic emission in granite were experimentally studied as a function of temperature.It is found that the wave velocity and Young‘s modulus tend to decrease with temperature.In association with the α-β transition of quartz a sharp internal friction peak can be recognized accompanied by a drastic drop in wave velocity and modulus and by a second peak of acoustic emission rate.     

干涉波场重建衰减OBC层间多次波

由于OBC(ocean bottom cable)数据的采集方式为接收电缆铺设在海底,炮点在海面,常规的层间多次波压制方法不再适用,这给实际数据的处理带来了巨大的困难。本文利用地震波场干涉重建方法,对采集到的OBC数据进行波场重建,得到炮点和检波点都位于海底的虚拟炮集记录,与常规的在地表激发、地表接收的炮集一样,把OBC数据的层间多次波转化成常规的表面相关多次波和层间多次波,再进行预测。将其结果与共聚焦点(CFP)边界算法去除层间多次波的结果进行了对比,体现干涉重建技术在OBC数据层间多次波预测方面的准确性。     

基于波场延拓的多次波压制技术及其改进

水层多次波是海上地震勘探过程中的一个重要干扰因素。为压制水层多次波,本文在倾斜模型条件下采用基本的正向延拓方法去除多次波,取得了较好的压制效果。在此基础上实现了弯曲水底情况下正、反向波场延拓方法压制多次波;经对比发现,反向延拓方法克服了复杂水下介质情况下对格林函数求取的干扰,消除多次波效果更好。     

高精度相位相关速度分析技术在海上地震资料中的应用

海上复杂构造区地震资料数据信噪比低,以叠加能量法为主的常规速度分析方法其速度分辨率和精度不能满足精细处理的要求。以南海东部某工区为靶区,对比研究了高精度相位相关速度分析法与常规叠加能量速度分析法,前者提高了速度谱在空间和时间上的精度,得到效果较好的地震叠加剖面,特别是低信噪比区域的成像精度有较大提高。     

逆数据域表面多次波压制方法

基于波动方程压制表面多次波的反馈迭代方法,推导出压制表面多次波的逆数据域方法。该方法利用了一次波和表面多次波在逆数据域的可分离性质。含表面多次波的地震数据变换到逆数据域后,表面多次波的能量在逆数据域形成能量聚焦区域,可通过简单切除能量聚焦区域的信号实现表面多次波压制,避免了基于波动方程预测减去方法中的自适应相减过程,完全损伤不到一次波的能量。单道地震记录和合成炮数据模型试算表明：逆数据域多次被压制方法简单易行,可有效压制表面多次波,并保持一次波振幅不受损失。与常规的基于波动方程的表面多次被压制方法（SRME方法）对比表明,逆数据域方法能更好地应对有效波和多次波同相轴相交的情况。     

陆上地震数据多次波压制策略

在陆上地震勘探中,多次波反射与其他干扰波一样,干扰了有效波反射信号并降低了资料的信噪比。根据陆上地震数据中多次波与一次波所表现的不同特点,提出利用动校正叠加技术和频率-波数(f-k)滤波方法相结合的策略以压制地震数据中的多次波。使用一次波速度的动校正叠加技术可以衰减地震数据中的一部分多次波能量;根据叠加剖面确定包含剩余多次波的CMP范围,将f-k滤波方法应用于这些CMP道集上进一步压制多次波。模型试算和实际数据处理结果表明,所提出的多次波压制策略,不仅能有效地衰减多次波能量,而且在处理过程中可以减少对有效波信号的伤害。     

南海东沙海域天然气水合物地震数据多次压制及速度特征

多次波衰减是海洋地震数据处理中的一个关键问题。东沙海域多次波极其发育,由于地形的急剧变化和地质条件的影响,多次波变形严重(不符合双曲线规律)。采用常规的处理方法效果并不明显,并可能造成成果剖面上出现明显的多次压制痕迹,很难达到保幅处理。针对此区多次波的特点,提出一种频率分离的方法将数据分离后再进行不同处理,可以很好地解决多次波的压制并突出有效波;在没有有效反射的位置,剖面的背景噪音也更符合视觉习惯;更重要的是,处理中没有频率损失,处理结果更和谐。另外,叠前偏移处理技术的运用可以使含水合物地层的接触关系、反射特征更清楚。叠前时间偏移所建立的速度模型也能够表现含水合物地层、BSR与含游离气层的相对速度关系。     

基于f-x EMD波场分离的绕射多次波压制方法

自由表面多次波压制（SRME）方法是海洋地震数据处理中的关键步骤。当存在崎岖海底条件时,绕射波十分发育,常规SRME算法很难将复杂绕射多次波有效消除。对压制效果较差的多次波进行成因分析,首先基于f-x EMD波场分离算法,将全数据分解为反射部分和绕射部分,再对其进行多次波预测,获得绕射预测多次波子集：反射-绕射预测多次波、绕射-反射预测多次波和绕射-绕射预测多次波。然后,改进常规SRME算法的迭代过程,在SRME的迭代过程中使用与原数据中多次波更加匹配的绕射多次波子集进行多次波压制。与常规SRME算法的对比结果表明,改进的SRME算法在理论数据和实际数据处理中对多次波的压制都取得更好的效果。     

利用多次波和二维匹配滤波的近偏移距数据重构方法

在地震资料采集时,受地表条件、震源等因素的影响,几乎无法采集到近偏移距数据,不利于后续数据的处理。针对这一问题,研究了一种利用多次波和二维匹配滤波的近偏移距数据重构方法。首先给出了由表层多次波构建准一次波的互相关方法;然后在时间-空间滑动窗口内利用准一次波计算二维匹配滤波器,并用该滤波器重构近偏移距数据;最后使用均方根振幅校正方法校正重构数据的振幅。整个数据重构的过程在频率域进行,避免了基于维纳滤波方法求取滤波器的大量计算;同时使用快速傅里叶变换算法,提高了计算效率。与一维匹配滤波的近偏移距重构方法相比,采用二维匹配滤波方法的重构数据在空间上连续性更好。通过对Sigsbee 2B数据的处理及实际资料的测试,验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

改善地震勘探记录的4项技术

为改善地震勘探记录、提高信噪比,近年来提出了基于混沌理论的混沌振子滤波技术（CVM）、基于多道最小平方原理和CVM的时空域双曲滤波技术（HTDF）、基于时频分析和Wigner-Ville分布的时频峰值滤波技术（TFPF）以及基于独立分量分析（ICA）的多次波消减技术。用CVM技术可以在强随机噪声背景中确定同相轴的时空位置;HTDF是CVM的后续处理,使湮没在噪声中的同相轴显现出来。大量仿真实验和实际资料处理表明,TFPF技术可应用于消减地震记录中的随机噪声。基于ICA的多次波消减技术可确定输出信号的振幅和次序。上述4项技术若应用于实际资料,尚需要分别解决诸如计算时间、辅助性处理、因子振幅谱补频、变时窗技术、处理流程的系统工程等问题。     

聚类分析方法在测井曲线重构中的应用

由于受地质和钻井技术条件所限,在探井时存在井眼垮塌等现象,对测井约束反演的结果会产生很大的影响。为消除各种影响,得到反映地层真实物性的测井曲线,笔者运用聚类分析方法来重构纵波、密度、横波曲线,该方法突破了常规的岩石物理方法框架,以一种统计学的角度来提高反演的精度。S-W工区的S5井及P工区的P3井运用效果表明,运用该方法重构的曲线制作合成记录取得的效果较好。在P3井中,重构的纵波速度与密度求取的纵波阻抗曲线所获得的合成记录道与原始地震记录道的相关性由非重构的0.59提高到0.84。