复杂环境条件下的洞内管井降水技术研究

城市中心密集建筑群使得地铁需长距离穿越既有建（构）筑物,导致地面管井施工作业条件越来越难,降水沉降控制要求也越来越严。从轨道交通工程建设出发,当受施工场地限制时,提出在导洞内施工管井,并对降水导洞的设计、成井机械及施工工法进行了论述。针对施工降水引起的附加沉降,采用地下水三维渗流与地面沉降耦合模型计算软件——Pro-cessing Modflow,建立地下水流场与地面沉降的耦合模型,根据现场监测数据,运用参数修正后的模型,设计不同的抽降方案,分时段进行沉降预测,及时分析施工降水对周围环境的影响程度,可指导类似工程施工,具有重要的工程实际意义。     

Bioavailability of jarosite for stimulating acid mine drainage attenuation

Biological reduction of iron-sulfate minerals, such as jarosite, has the potential to contribute to the natural attenuation of acid mine drainage (AMD) sites. Previous studies of AMD attenuation at Davis Mine, an abandoned pyrite mine in Rowe Massachusetts, provided evidence of iron and sulfate reduction by indigenous bacteria. Jarosite is a large component of the sediment at Davis Mine and may play a role in AMD attenuation. In this study, microcosms were constructed with groundwater and sediment from Davis Mine and amended with glycerol, nitrogen and phosphorus (GNP) and naturally formed natrojarosite. Over time, higher total iron, sulfate, pH and sodium concentrations and lower oxidation–reduction potentials were observed in microcosms amended with GNP and jarosite, compared with unamended microcosms and killed controls. Geochemical modeling predicted jarosite precipitation under microcosm conditions, suggesting that abiotic processes were unlikely contributors to jarosite dissolution. SEM imaging at the jarosite surface showed microbial attachment. Microbial community composition analysis revealed a shift to higher populations of Clostridia, which are known to reduce both iron and sulfate. The results show that jarosite may be utilized as an electron acceptor by iron and/or sulfate reducing bacteria at Davis Mine and its presence may aid in the attenuation of AMD.     

An elastoplastic model for the analysis of a driven pile extended with a micropile

An elastoplastic model for the analysis of a driven pile extended at the bottom with a micropile under axial load is presented. The model is an extension of the integral equation method of Poulos and Davis. The finite-difference scheme used to obtain the pile displacements is reformulated to take into account the discontinuity in the stress distribution at the joint between pile and micropile. The results obtained with the proposed method are compared with the outcomes of a more sophisticated finite element simulation, and also with data from full-scale load tests. Reasonably good agreement is obtained in both cases.     

Groundwater resources management through flow modeling in lower part of Bhagirathi — Jalangi interfluve,Nadia, West Bengal

Groundwater utilization in Nadia district, West Bengal has been subjected to rapid exploitation in the wake of increasing urbanization and production of agricultural commodities. It is, therefore, necessary to evaluate the existing trend and availability of groundwater in time and space and its movement for proper planning in future. In the present study, an attempt has been made develop a groundwater management model using Visual MODFLOW software. The groundwater flow model for the study area was formulated by using input hydrogeological data and appropriate boundary conditions. The groundwater flow pattern of the study area indicates the occurrence of base flow which feed both the Rivers Bhagirathi and Jalangi throughout the year. The computed hydraulic heads were calibrated by comparing with observed groundwater level data for years 2004 to 2006 and were verified with the data of 2007. The outcome of modeling shows that this model can be used for prediction purpose in the future by updating input boundary conditions and hydrologic stresses during the preceding year. The model optimized unit draft for deep tube well as 556.5 m³/day and the same for shallow tube well as 41 m³/day keeping the existing tube well structures in running condition and maintaining the present and recent past trends of groundwater level. The model can be further improved if more spatial and temporal input parameters are available and can be incorporated into the model for more realistic characterization of groundwater flow.     

宝鸡石油机械厂34#高层住宅楼工程降水方案设计

根据拟建场地的地层结构及地下水条件,结合周边环境和基坑支护、降水要求,确定合理的降水模型及基本设计计算参数,进行降水井设计计算。本设计采用管井方案,设计中最重要的是确定管井数量,先预设一个滤水管进水部分长度,计算出管井数量,然后进行反算、验算,遵循技术可行、节约费用的原则,最终确定出合理的井点数量。降水井投入使用后,基坑内侧的少量渗水,运用集水明排的方法排泄,取得了良好的效果。管井与集水明排相结合进行降水的方法在宝鸡市区得到了广泛应用。     

Soil Deformations During Casing Jacking and Extraction of Expanded-Shoe Piles,Using Model Tests

A small-scale 1-g transparent soil model was employed to investigate soil deformations caused by casing-assisted pile jacking of plastic tube cast-in-place concrete piles. The transparent soil was made of fused quartz and a refractive index matched blended oil. Models were sliced with a laser light sheet and digital images were employed to record jacking and extraction of the casing, allowing the use of digital image correlation to derive the generated displacement fields, non-intrusively. The effects of the shoe shape as well as use of a casing to jack the pile were investigated. It was found that under unconfined conditions, soil response to jacking is significantly affected by the pile shoe shape, with displacements adjacent to a conical shoe markedly smaller compared to a flat shoe. Moreover, casing extraction results in recovery of some of the soil deformation that takes place during pile jacking.     

On the ignition of geostrophically rotating turbidity currents

Two models of a geostrophically rotating turbidity current are examined to compare predictions for ignition with the catastrophic state. Both models describe the current as a tube of sediment-laden water traversing along and down a uniform slope. The first (four-equation) model neglects the energy required to lift the sediment from the seabed into suspension. The second (five-equation) model rectifies this shortcoming by introducing a turbulent kinetic energy equation and coupling the bottom stress to turbulence in the plume. These models can be used to predict the ignition, path and sediment deposition of a geostrophically rotating turbidity current. The criteria for ignition in the four-equation model can be described by a surface in three-dimensional phase space (for a non-entraining current). This surface lies near the geostrophic equilibrium state. For a turbidity current occurring in the Greenland Sea, velocities above 0·053 m s^–1 or volumetric concentrations of sediment above 2·7 × 10^–5 lead to ignition. In general, if the tube is started pointing downslope, then ignition is more likely than if it is initially directed alongslope. However, there exists a set of initial conditions in which the current ignites if started along or downslope, but deposits if started at an intermediate angle. The five-equation model requires a larger initial velocity (greater than 1·6 m s^–1) to ignite than does the four-equation model. Ignition is determined qualitatively by the geostrophic state and the initial normal Froude number. Solutions show a tendency to travel further alongslope during ignition, reflecting the restriction that the energy budget places on the sediment load. A qualitative difference to phase space in the five-equation model is the existence of a region in which the tube has insufficient energy to support the sediment. Turbulence dies rapidly in this region, and so the sediment is deposited almost immediately.     

深厚砂黏分界处不同工况下多圈管冻结温度场特性

多圈管冻结壁设计方案是解决深冻结问题的有效方法,为研究深厚砂黏层分界处不同工况下多圈管冻结温度场特性,采取分界处原黏性土XRD试验结果,利用ANSYS数值模拟冻结三圈管,对比分析了细砂土与膨胀性黏土在冻结管偏斜与不偏斜工况下温度场冻结壁形成与发展特性。研究表明:多圈管不偏斜冻结,细砂层与膨胀性黏土层冻结壁温度场均呈规则、对称、有序发展,主冻结中圈管间、内圈管间、中-内圈管间、中-外圈管间、外圈管依次形成交圈过程,随着冻结时间增加,中-内圈、中-外圈管间冻结温度由抛物线型发展为梯形降温形状,且温差减少,内、外圈管外侧呈倒八字型发展形态,内圈管内侧降温效果明显好于外圈管外侧。偏斜时,冻结壁温度场交圈降温不规则,冻结冷锋交圈叠加具有随机性和离散性。膨胀性黏土冻结壁形成时间严重滞后,偏斜、土性差异对冻结壁温度影响均较大,偏斜对膨胀性黏土影响尤其明显,与某矿冻结法凿井在地层-400 m以上砂黏分界处发生的多根冻结管断管事件较为吻合,研究成果可以为类似深层矿井冻结施工提供参考。      

Seismic Response Analysis of Pile Foundations

A quasi-3D continuum method is presented for the dynamic nonlinear effective stress analysis of pile foundation under earthquake excitation. The method was validated using data from centrifuge tests on single piles and pile groups in liquefiable soils conducted at the University of California at Davis. Some results from this validation studies are presented. The API approach to pile response using p–y curves was evaluated using the quasi-3D method and the results from simulated earthquake tests on a model pile in a centrifuge. The recommended API stiffnesses appear to be much too high for seismic response analysis under strong shaking, but give very good estimates of elastic response.     

岩溶管道-裂隙-孔隙三重空隙介质地下水流模型及模拟方法研究

岩溶含水介质由管道、裂隙与孔隙３类空隙介质组成，它们对地下水流动具有不同的贡献。简述了当前岩溶水的几种主要定量评价方法，提出折算渗透系数尺概念，建立了岩溶三重空隙介质地下水流统一的控制方程，引出管道与裂隙在达西流与非达西流状态下的渗透系数与折算渗透系数的表达式，从而将达西流与非达西流耦合在一个模型中。本文提出岩溶三重介质地下水流的模拟方法，并给出理想模型的模拟结果。     

南昆铁路钢管格栅膨胀土挡墙边坡加固机理模型试验研究

膨胀土边坡加固一直是铁路(公路)建设中的难题，常规刚性结构严格约束膨胀土变形，易使结构受力过大而破坏，柔性结构易使坡体变形过大而失稳，往往难以达到预期效果。本文提出钢管格栅膨胀土挡墙，合理协调结构的受力和变形，达到加固膨胀土边坡的目的:膨胀土做挡墙本体填料、土工格栅增强墙体整体性、纵向贯穿钢管提高墙体刚度。采用大比例尺相似模型试验，在模拟降雨条件下，对比该新型结构与常规结构的加固效果，通过监测挡墙水平位移、墙背土压力、钢管变形，研究钢管格栅膨胀土挡墙加固边坡机理。结果表明:钢管格栅挡墙与常规格栅挡墙相比，变形显著降低且更趋协调，承载能力明显提高，纵向贯穿墙体且深入地基的钢管有效改善了墙体的受力。研究成果可为膨胀土边坡加固结构选型及其构造设计提供理论参考。     

The pre-Landnám fauna of Iceland: a palaeontological contribution

The origins of the Icelandic biota are discussed with particular reference to recent work on Coleopteran (beetle) and Trichopteran (caddis fly) fossils from deposits which are earlier than the arrival of man (Landnám) in the country. The hypothesis of survival through Pleistocene glaciations in refugia is discounted in favour of immigration on ice floes during Late Glacial/Early Holocene deglaciation. Consideration of the nature of the insect fauna and the extent of Late Glacial ice sheets, with the evidence from ocean circulation patterns, suggests a source area in the fjords of south-west Norway. The model is applicable to the origins of the biota on all the North Atlantic islands, east of the Davis Strait.     

Characterizing coal beds in western Kentucky with the AlLaSc coherent triad

Cyclic sedimentation and lateral facies changes make coal bed correlations inconclusive and difficult. This uncertainty can be further complicated if a coal basin has been structurally deformed.Coal macerals can be studied to indicate the nature and degree of coalification. Their use in coal bed correlation, however, is limited. Most of the trace elements and their ratios that have been studied show significant within-bed lateral and stratigraphic variations, and thus are not effective in correlating coal beds regionally.Geochemically coherent groups of elements, such as rare earth elements (REE) and platinum group elements (PGE), appear to be highly differentiated in coal-forming environments. Geochemical coherent elemental triads appear to be useful for coal bed identification or fingerprinting. The best triad which was demonstrated to be effective in coal bed characterization in western Kentucky, is that of Al, La and Sc. These three elements are highly correlated with one another and they can be determined accurately and simultaneously with instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA).The elemental triad AlLaSc is used to identify and fingerprint three key coal beds in western Kentucky: the Springfield (western Kentucky No. 9), the Davis (western Kentucky No. 6), and the Mining City and Dawson Springs are both considered to be the No. 4 coal bed in western Kentucky). Four distinct groupings can be recognized by use of the AlLaSc triad. The Dawson Springs coals have the highest Al/(La + Sc) ratios, followed by the Springfield, the Davis and the Mining City. The Mining City coal bed generally has the highest La/Sc ratio. However, the Dawson Springs is not correlated with the Mining City using the triad analysis, even though they have reportedly similar stratigraphic positions in the western Kentucky coal basin.The AlLaSe triad appears to be effective in discriminating between the Springfield and the Davis coal beds throughout the entire Illinois Basin. Furthermore, the range of concentration variation of the ALLaSc triad suggests individual groupings of the No. 4 coal in western Kentucky. In addition to characterizing these coal beds, the AlLaSc triad may be used to confirm stratigraphic correlations.     

新型锚管构架在边坡加固中的应用

针对边坡病害治理工程往往存在工期紧、施工场地受限等特点,研究了一种用于边坡加固的新型结构,即锚管构架。介绍了锚管构架的组成和特点,基于Winkler理论,建立了锚管构架的力学计算模型,并编制了弹性杆系有限元计算程序。将锚管构架应用于西气东输管道沿线某填土边坡的病害治理中,结果表明,按照Winkler理论建立的计算模型较好的反映了锚管构架实际的受力和变形形态,输气管道的安全运营得到了保障。     

滑动测微管抗渗能力的测试装置及试验研究

使用滑动测微技术进行桩身内力测试,测管安装时的防渗处理是该技术实现高质量测试的关键,已有处理措施鲜有其防渗效果的定量研究。研发了一套滑动测微管抗渗能力测试装置,对3种常用防渗处理措施不同压差下的渗流量进行了测定,得到计算渗流量的公式,结合现场条件分析了测管安装的注意事项。结果表明,测管内压力大时的渗流量要远大于测管外压力大时的渗流量;涂胶是一种效果非常好的防渗措施,采用该措施后一般不会有超过0.005 mm粒径的颗粒进入测管;增加测管内水头有利于减少杂质进入测管,但测管内水头不能高出桩孔内液面太多;灌注混凝土后,若测管内有水溢出应封闭测管限制水的溢出,若测管内水位下降,则应开放测管允许气体进入测管。     

Experimental investigation of contaminant migration in filled fracture

Experiment equipments involved in the single tube fracture and double tube fracture models are designed to research the characteristics of groundwater flow and solute transport in filled fracture. During the experiment, the state of groundwater flow can be characterized as linear flow, and satisfies Darcy’s law. Therefore, based on the pipe flow of hydraulics and Darcy’s law, the flow rate and water flow velocity can be calculated. Also, dispersion parameters were calculated with the fitting of observed data and analytical solution in the single tube fracture model. Furthermore, effects of some factors on solute transport are involved in the double tube fracture model, and length of branch fracture, particles’ diameter and flow rate in water inlet have been discussed. Results show that the arrival time of concentration peak value in the single tube fracture model is faster than that in the double tube fracture model, and two concentration peak values exist in the double tube fracture model. Arrival time of concentration peak value is faster with the increase of branch fracture length. Furthermore, if the branch fracture is longer, arrival time of the first concentration peak value is faster, while arrival time of the second concentration peak value is slower, relative to short branch fracture.     

Slope stability analysis by means of finite element limit analysis and finite element strength reduction techniques. Part II: Back analyses of a case history

This paper deals with a back analysis of a slope failure. The case history investigated is located in an alpine environment in central Europe and is characterized by a very steep original terrain, indicating in situ soil with high strength. To study the factor of safety, two different approaches applying the so-called φ′/c′ reduction are used, namely finite element limit analysis and strength reduction finite element analysis. Comparison of a strength reduction technique with rigorous finite element limit analysis confirms that the factors of safety (FoS) obtained are very similar for associated plasticity, an intrinsic assumption of limit analysis. For non-associated plasticity, a modified version of the so-called Davis approach has been applied because it has been shown that the original formulation proposed by Davis works well when the FoS is defined in terms of loads but is not appropriate when the FoS is defined in terms of soil strength. The results show that, with the modified Davis parameter, both strength reduction finite element analyses and finite element limit analyses provide very similar factors of safety. The key advantage of limit analysis, however, is that the value of the FoS can be bracketed from above and below with upper and lower bound calculations.     

粘土中圆形隧道上限解的研究

根据极限分析上限理论,基于Davis等人提出的隧道垮落模型,提出了剪切区参数α等于1时的新的隧道垮落模型。由不可压缩性条件和速度连续性条件求出了剪切区速度和间断线表达式,计算了该模型间断线上能量耗损、剪切区能量耗损和总外力所做的功。利用功能原理,求出了稳定率的表达式,并计算了相应的稳定率。从求解结果来看,所得上限解小于Davis等人的结果,因而该上限解将更接近真实解。从与实验结果比较来看,该上限解位于实验值附近,能与实验结果比较好地吻合,从而说明该模型更加接近真实隧道垮落情形。该上限解可为隧道支护提供理论依据。     

深基坑降水中不同的地质模型有限元应用研究

分析水-土耦合场相互作用时,将岩土视作弹塑性材料。在非线性本构关系下,考虑渗透作用,得出岩土体有限元方程,建立了基坑降水的三维水-土耦合的数学模型。对基坑降水中不同的地质模型潜水、承压水及有越流补给和实际工程条件井管、过滤管、止水帷幕分别进行了计算处理,并以武汉国际证券大厦降水工程为实例,对其降水过程进行了三维有限元计算。应用三维数值模拟方法,能很好地模拟基坑防渗帷幕、非均质和各向异性、承压-无压等一些解析法难以处理的实际工程条件和地质模型。     

沉管桩施工与检测中某些技术问题的探讨

在含有大量生活垃圾形成的复杂软弱层中，按常规方法施工沉管桩，将造成严重的缩径现象。震动沉管施工规范中又未有特殊规定，笔者根据一大型工程实例，分析了造成严重的缩径现象的原因，提出在上部杂填土是由大量生活垃圾组成并夹有软质粘土、淤泥层时，应优先选用预制桩工艺；对于振动沉管应采用复打或多次反插工艺，并跳打；应禁止单独采用慢速拨管工艺。