区域岩浆热变质作用及其对我国煤质的影响

本文根据中国煤变质的特点分析了促使煤变质演化的地质条件,阐述了接触变质作用和动力变质作用的局限性,主要是深成变质作用使中国煤演化到低变质阶段,燕山期岩浆活动导致的区域岩浆热变质作用弥补了这一缺点,使很大一部分中国煤增高了煤级,形成了储量丰富,多用途的中、高变质煤。并根据岩浆性质、侵入规模、侵入层位和深度以及沉积盖层的封闭程度对区域岩浆热变质作用进行分类,划分出三个亚型:深成岩浆热变质作用、中深成岩浆热变质作用和浅成岩浆热变质作用,总结了区域岩浆热变质作用的鉴定特征及其对中国煤质的影响。     

Preliminary investigation on the metamorphism of Chinese coals

The fact that most Chinese coals are of a relatively high degree of coalification indicates that the metamorphism of Chinese coals has its own characteristics. As contact metamorphism and dynamic metamorphism have influenced the coals only to a restricted extent, they are not the causes of this distinguishing feature. Though geothermal metamorphism of coal occurs universally in China, the maximum subsidence as reflected by the thickness of coal measures and their overlying rock series is so small that the palaeo-temperature to which most Chinese coals were subjected was low and only low-ranking coals were formed. Hence, geothermal metamorphism is also not the principal cause of the higher ranking Chinese coals. Next to temperature, time is an important factor in geothermal metamorphism; the degree of coalification is dependent on the temperature and duration of heating that the coal has undergone.It is inferred that palaeogeothermal anomalies ought to be held responsible for most of the higher ranking Chinese coals. They are principally caused by magmatic intrusions, or by deep-seated faults, or by the uplift of the Moho with the corresponding uplift of the asthenosphere, and these three causes are interrelated. Telemagmatic metamorphism has so widely influenced Chinese coals that it accounts mainly for the majority of higher-rank Chinese coals. Consequently Chinese coals have first and universally been coalified by geothermal alteration to lower rank and then partially promoted by telemagmatic metamorphism to medium and high ranks. Based upon the patterns of magmatic intrusions and associated hydrothermal processes, the telemagmatic metamorphism of Chinese coals can be tentatively divided into the following types: (1) type a, produced mainly by hypabyssal or meso-epimagmatic intrusions; (2) type b, produced mainly by hydrothermalism from blind intrusive bodies; (3) type c, produced mainly by mesoepimagmatic and epimagmatic intrusions; and (4) type d, produced mainly by hydrothermalism and epimagmatic intrusions. Characteristics of coalification zones, wall rocks and coal itself may be used as criteria to differentiate the telemagmatic metamorphism from other kinds of metamorphism. Magmatic activities which caused the telemagmatic metamorphism and its extent are controlled by structural systems, especially by the latitudinal structural systems and other structural systems associated with the former.     

Iodine in Chinese coals and its geochemistry during coalification

To determine the I distribution in Chinese coals, a nationwide survey was undertaken based on the distribution, periods of formation, rank and production yields of various coal deposits. A total of 305 coal samples were collected and their I contents were determined by catalytic spectrophotometry with pyrohydrolysis. The geochemistry of I during coalification (including both peat diagenesis and coal metamorphism) was assessed. It was found that the I contents of Chinese coals range from 0.04 mg kg^–1 to 39.5 mg kg^–1 and exhibit a lognormal distribution, with a geometric mean of 1.27 mg kg^–1. Statistical correlation analysis and the observation that I contents increase with coal rank indicate that coal I is chalcophile in nature, and not generally organically bound. When peat developed into lignite through diagenesis, 95–99.9% of the original I was lost. The composition and structure of clay minerals present in the coal were controlled by the original depositional environment. The higher the I content of coals, the more likely the original sediments were affected by a marine environment. Iodine contents increased from lignite through sub-bituminous and bituminous coals to anthracite. This indicates that coal absorbed excess I from hydrothermal fluids during metamorphism (including geothermal metamorphism and telemagmatic metamorphism). The telemagmatic metamorphism was caused by magmatic activities that depended on the specific geological structure of the region. In China, most high-rank coals were formed by telemagmatic metamorphism.     

Scandium in the coals of Northern Asia (Siberia,the Russian Far East,Mongolia, and Kazakhstan)

We present new original data on the geochemistry of scandium in the coals of Asian Russia, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan. In general, the studied coals are enriched in Sc as compared with the average coals worldwide. Coal deposits with abnormally high, up to commercial, Sc contents were detected in different parts of the study area. The factors for the accumulation of Sc in coals have been identified. The Sc contents of the coals depend on the petrologic composition of coal basins (composition of rocks in their framing) and the facies conditions of coal accumulation. We have established the redistribution and partial removal of Sc from a coal seam during coal metamorphism. The distribution of Sc in deposits and coal seams indicates the predominantly hydrogenic mechanism of its anomalous concentration in coals and peats. The accumulation of Sc in the coals and peats is attributed to its leaching out of the coal-bearing rocks and redeposition in a coal (peat) layer with groundwater and underground water enriched in organic acids. The enrichment of coals with Sc requires conditions for the formation of Sc-enriched coal-bearing rocks and conditions for its leaching and transport to the coal seam. Such conditions can be found in the present-day peatland systems of West Siberia and, probably, in ancient basins of peat (coal) accumulation.     

宁夏煤变质规律初探

宁夏煤炭资源丰富,煤类多,在区域和垂向上呈现出明显的规律性。晚古生代煤层以中、高变质的烟煤、无烟煤为主,中生代煤层以低变质的烟煤为主,从各含煤区分布看,贺兰山、香山含煤区多为高变质的烟煤和无烟煤,灵盐、固原含煤区以低变质烟煤为主,青铜峡-固原深断裂西部的煤变质程度明显高于东部。分析认为深成变质作用对各时代煤变质具有普遍意义,在此基础上,岩浆热力变质作用和动力变质作用也是导致局部地区煤变质增高的因素,如贺兰山含煤区的汝箕沟矿区,受隐伏岩浆热力影响,以岭大井田为中心,呈现北东向展布的半环带状煤级分带;香山含煤区各时代煤类分布方向与区域构造线方向一致,推测可能在深成变质作用下叠加了岩浆热力变质和动力变质作用。     

Hydroxyl contents of coals: new data and statistical analyses

Data previously published for the phenolic hydroxyl content of 35 coals have been supplemented by the study of a further 17 samples. Various statistical analyses have now been made of the relationship of the data for the full set of 52 samples to other properties of the coals. Hydroxyl contents can be expressed either as fractions of total organic matter or of the total organic oxygen in the coals. Data expressed on the first of these bases exhibit a strong dependence on the degree of metamorphism of the coals, while those on the second basis do not. Statistical correlations on either basis show that systematic relations between coal properties differ for different coal provinces of the U.S.A. thus demonstrating that the properties of a coal are dependent to an important extent on the geology and geochemistry of the basin in which it is found.     

Effects of Coal Rank and High Organic Sulfur on the Structure and Optical Properties of Coal-based Graphene Quantum Dots

Coal‐based graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were successfully produced via a one‐step chemical synthesis from six different coal ranks, from which two superhigh organic sulfur (SHOS) coals were selected as natural S‐doped carbon sources for the preparation of S‐doped GQDs. The effects of coal properties on coal‐based GQDs were analyzed by means of high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐Vis) absorption spectroscopy, and fluorescence emission spectra. It was shown that all coal samples can be used to prepare GQDs, which emit blue‐green and blue fluorescence under ultraviolet light. Anthracite‐based GQDs have a hexagonal crystal structure without defects, the largest size, and densely arranged carbon rings in their lamellae; the high‐rank bituminous coal‐based GQDs are relatively reduced in size, with their hexagonal crystal structure being only faintly visible; the low‐rank bituminous coal‐based GQDs are the smallest, with sparse lattice fringes and visible internal defects. As the metamorphism of raw coals increases, the yield decreases and the fluorescence quantum yield (QY) initially increases and then decreases. Additionally, the surface of GQDs that were prepared using high‐rank SHOS coal (high‐rank bituminous coal) preserves rich sulfur content even after strong oxidation, which effectively adjusts the bandgap and improves the fluorescence QY. Thus, high‐rank bituminous coal with SHOS content can be used as a natural S‐doped carbon source to prepare S‐doped GQDs, extending the clean utilization of low‐grade coal.     

广西东罗晚二叠世煤的地球化学及化学结构特征

东罗晚二叠世煤的变质作用以深成变质为主,后期叠加的大气降水热液对煤变质影响不大。古植物生长具＂喜基性成分＂的特征。煤中外源碎屑的大量加入,对煤灰化学成分尤其是ＳｉＯ２、Ａｌ２Ｏ３、ＲＥＥ等产生较大影响。随煤变质程度升高,Ｘ射线衍射、红外光谱和拉曼光谱表现出不同的特征,而碳同位素基本不发生分馏。     

大别山北麓高煤级煤的变形——变质类型

对中国东部大别造山带前陆盆地石炭纪含煤岩系的高煤级煤进行了深入研究,划分出3种变形——变质类型。构造——热变质类型煤样采自剪切应变带内,煤镜质组反射率各向异性显著,煤结构参数L_c最大,L_a/L_c和d₀₀₂最小,TEM下存在局部石墨化现象,呈现动力变质特征。岩浆热变质类型煤样受中生代花岗岩侵入体异常高温影响,Ro_max和Ro_bi较大,显微镜下呈非均质结构,L_a/L_c在3类煤中最大。区域变质类型煤的Ro_max最小,但仍远远高于稳定地区相近地质时代煤,反映了造山带旁侧构造——热活动背景下有机质的高演化程度。     

华北煤变质作用对煤含气量和渗透率的影响

通过华北和美国煤层气地质条件的对比, 基于华北煤变质特点, 指出了区域岩浆热变质有利于提高煤层含气量和渗透率, 并对其作用机理进行了初步探讨.在中国, 经受燕山期岩浆侵入影响之前的煤级较低, 因此在快速增温的高温作用下, 煤层气再次发生即“叠加生烃”或“叠加成气”的潜力大, 孔、裂隙系统发育更趋完善, 区域岩浆热变质的生气时间晚而利于煤层气保存.叠加有区域岩浆热变质形成的煤级分带, 包括高煤级煤和中煤级煤在内都将明显提高煤的含气量和渗透率, 因此, 华北地区应重视在区域岩浆热变质煤中寻找煤层气勘探目标.      

中国煤变质作用

通过煤变质热源及作用方式的研究，总结了中国煤变质作用主要类型，动态地史－热史模拟表明，煤盆地的地热状态以非均－地温场影响深成变质格局，如鄂尔多斯盆地三叠纪的地温高于前后时代，大地热流同盆地了中心增高，四川盆地中心莫霍面较浅，与高变质煤分布基本一致，区域岩浆热变质是形成中国大多数中高煤级煤的主因，模拟分析了湘赣中南部印支－燕山期花岗岩体与煤变质，煤热水变质作用以载热的深循环流体构成派生热绿岩侵入的增     

高温高压下煤变形的实验分析

通过对不同温度、压力实验条件下,不同煤级煤的应力－应变曲线特征分析,探讨了不同煤化程度煤的变形行为及其影响因素,论述了温度和压力在不同煤级和不同实验条件下具有的不同作用。在中煤级阶段,虽然围压的增大可在一定程度上提高煤的强度,但温度的影响更为重要。较高煤级在小应变阶段,温度起主导作用;而到了大变形阶段,围压的作用又逐渐上升到主导地位。此外,在一定的条件下,煤中气体的产生和释放对煤的变形行为具有显著     

华南湘桂粤地区煤中热液脉体的岩石学研究

煤中高含脉率脉体的出现，是煤热液变质作用的重要依据之一。本文详细讨论了湘桂粤地区早奥陶世、早石炭世、晚二叠世和晚三叠世煤中热液脉体的种类、岩石学特征及其与煤变质程度的关系。无论什么时代的无烟煤，随着其变质程度升高，煤中脉体的种类增多，矿物成分变得复杂，较高温热水矿物出现。     

Genesis of Coal Metamorphism of Late PalaeozoicCoals in the South of North China——A Further Approach to the Effects of ThermalGroundwater on Coal Metamorphism

The close relationship between the genesis of coal metamorphism and the evolution of the regional tectonic framework is expounded on the basis of an analysis of the geological factors causing the metamorphic zonation of the Late Palaeozoic coals in southern North China; in terms of the mechanism for the formation of palaeogeothermal anomalies, the effects of thermal groundwater on coal metamorphism is highlighted and a geological model for thermal groundwater metamorphism of coal established; with the concept of the palaeogeotherm-coal metamorphism system, the genesis of coal metamorphism is analysed according to the distribution pattern of three geological factors: heat source, heat-carrier and channel, and heat-collector.     

湘中南地区煤变质与地质构造关系的研究

对耒阳一临武径向构造带内的白沙含煤向斜用计算机计算镜质组反射率椭球确定了古构造应力场方向,发现其工变质分带没有联系。笔者还将研究区中的其他几个向斜工的变质程度与构造形迹,构造复杂程度、煤受构造破坏程度进行了对比研究。研究结果表明,煤变质指标等值线延展方向与向斜轴不平行而呈大角度相交;受抗日 强烈的向斜陡翼的煤变质程度并不高于受挤压相对弱的缓倾斜翼;祁阳山字型构造中煤变质指标等值线延展方向穿切前弧而     

山西太原组和山西组煤类分布特征及变质作用分析

山西煤类齐全,煤质较优良,是我国主要的炼焦煤和无烟煤基地。以山西多年来的煤炭资源预测资料和众多矿区勘查资料为基础,全面总结了山西省太原组和山西组煤类分布特征及其变质作用。研究认为,山西的煤类分布具有明显的南北分带性,38°线以北煤变质程度较低,煤类较单一,以气煤为主;38°线以南煤变质程度相对较高,煤类较多;山西省煤变质类型主要有深成变质、岩浆热变质和接触变质三种类型,深成变质是基础,也是山西省最重要的变质类型,岩浆热变质主要是燕山期岩浆活动叠加于深成变质的基础上造成的,接触变质只是局部的,对区域性的变质影响甚微。研究成果可以为山西省煤炭资源的合理利用提供依据。     

成岩-极低级变质-低级变质作用及有关矿产

介于成岩作用与低级变质作用之间的极低级变质作用是一个重要过程 ,对于全面认识地球浅层动力学与成矿作用有重要意义。文中简要地回顾了国内外极低级变质研究的历史与现状 ,在大量资料的基础上提出了关于成岩—极低级变质—低级变质带划分的改进方案 ,应用许多研究实例讨论了成岩—极低级变质—低级变质作用研究在化石能源及固体矿产勘查、评价与成矿研究方面的意义 ,指出煤、石油、天然气形成于高级成岩—极低级变质条件 ,很多非金属矿产的成因及质量直接受到变质程度的控制 ,大量低温—低中温铜、铅、锌、金、银、锑、汞等金属矿床分布在高级成岩—极低级变质—低级变质区中。为了获得准确的伊利石K Ar同位素测年数据 ,文中建议应保证所测粘土样品中自生K型伊利石的含量 >90 % ,并且不含钾长石 ,还要根据变质程度的高低来确定分析样品的合适粒度。     

Response of Macromolecular Structure to Deformation in Tectonically Deformed Coal

The structural evolution of tectonically deformed coals（TDC） with different deformational mechanisms and different deformational intensities are investigated in depth through X-ray diffraction（XRD） analysis on 31 samples of different metamorphic grades(R_o,max:0.7%-3.1%) collected from the Huaibei coalfield.The results indicated that there are different evolution characteristics between the ductile and brittle deformational coals with increasing of metamorphism and deformation.On the one hand,with the increase of metamorphism,the atomic plane spacing (d₀₀₂) is decreasing at step velocity,the stacking of the BSU layer（L_c） is increasing at first and then decreasing,but the extension of the BSU layer（L_a） and the ratio of L_a/L_c are decreasing initially and then increasing.On the other hand,for the brittle deformational coal,d₀₀₂ is increasing initially and then decreasing,which causes an inversion of the variation of L_c and L_a under the lower-middle or higher-middle metamorphism grade when the deformational intensity was increasing.In contrast,in the ductile deformational coals,d₀₀₂ decreased initially and then increased,and the value of L_c decreased with the increase of deformational intensity.But the value of L_a increased under the lower-middle metamorphism grade and increased at first and then decreased under the higher-middle metamorphism grade.We conclude that the degradation and polycondensation of TDC macromolecular structure can be obviously impacted during the ductile deformational process,because the increase and accumulation of unit dislocation perhaps transforms the stress into strain energy.Meanwhile,the brittle deformation can transform the stress into frictional heat energy,and promote the metamorphism and degradation as well.It can be concluded that deformation is more important than metamorphism to the differential evolution of the ductile and brittle deformational coals.     

热-力作用原煤变形特征与力学性质演化试验研究

开展原煤在热-力作用下煤热膨胀与吸附瓦斯解吸研究对于深入理解深部煤岩失稳破坏机制有重要意义。通过对四川白皎矿和徐州张双楼矿的原煤施加不同温度-应力条件,获取煤的热变形、解吸气体运移以及煤的力学性质的热响应。试验结果表明:白皎煤在低于35℃条件下表现为膨胀变形;在高于35℃恒温环境下,煤体变形表现为先膨胀后收缩趋势。张双楼煤在低于60℃条件下表现为先膨胀后会出现收缩;在高于60℃恒温环境下,煤样趋向整体膨胀。其结果说明,煤岩在热环境中的变形行为取决于煤基质的热膨胀与解吸收缩之间的竞争结果。煤吸热升温后孔隙中解吸气体数量增多,煤样在受载压缩变形过程中显现出复杂解吸气体排放特征,包括煤中原生孔隙裂隙压缩闭合排出气体,煤体内不均匀变形导致气体流动,煤体开裂导致气体回流。力学测试结果表明,煤样的单轴抗压强度以及弹性模量随着环境温度上升均表现出下降趋势。其结果为深入理解深部煤层在热-力耦合下渗透率与强度变化机制提供试验依据。     

内蒙古胜利煤田共生锗矿的成因地球化学初探

用统计和作图的分析方法,对内蒙古胜利煤田中共生锗矿床的锗品位与挥发分、灰分、硫分的关系进行了研究。结果表明煤中锗品位与挥发分呈正相关、与原煤灰分负相关、与洗煤灰分正相关关系;全区煤属中硫煤,锗品位与原煤和洗煤硫分均呈正相关关系,煤的灰分指数较低(3 579);锗分布不均匀,富锗煤矿明显属于断裂坳陷边缘沉积,锗品位可以在煤层的顶部、中部、底部同时或单个部位呈现高值,大多数煤层中部出现锗高品位值,这有别于以往所报道的锗品位只在煤层顶、底部相对富集的研究结论。认为胜利煤田锗主要与有机质结合;锗的有利聚集条件是水动力较弱、地下水位较低、强还原的停滞沼泽环境;泥炭聚集阶段有机质的吸附作用是锗的主要富集机制。