从洋壳俯冲到陆壳俯冲和碰撞：来自羌塘中西部地区榴辉岩和蓝片岩地球化学的证据

羌塘中部晚三叠世低温/高压变质带是目前青藏高原内部延伸规模最大的高压变质带,但大量关键高压变质岩石出露地区地球化学资料匮乏,严重制约了对高压变质带原岩建造以及构造演化的全面认识。本文以羌塘中西部地区尚无地球化学资料的果干加年山榴辉岩和红脊山蓝片岩为研究对象,进行了系统的地球化学以及原岩恢复工作。研究表明,果干加年山榴辉岩呈透镜状产于围岩石榴石多硅白云母片岩和少量大理岩中,其原岩为亚碱性玄武岩,具有较低的稀土总量(∑REE=51.19×10-6~59.43×10-6)和轻稀土亏损的特征[(La/Yb)N=0.59~0.70],不具有Nb、Ta、Ti的亏损,与典型的N-MORB特征一致,暗示其原岩可能来源于亏损的地幔源区,形成于洋中脊环境。红脊山地区基性蓝片岩的原岩为碱性玄武岩-亚碱性玄武岩,具有高的TiO2(2.97%~4.14%)和P2O5(0.29%~0.48%)含量,富集轻稀土元素[(La/Yb)N=6.10~11.6]和高场强元素,地球化学特征类似于OIB。但是这些基性蓝片岩与大量的陆源碎屑岩伴生产出,且具有明显的硅铝质上地壳物质混染的特征,与南羌塘地区二叠纪大陆板内基性岩墙的产出特征以及地壳混染特征一致,可能是其俯冲消减的产物。通过本文研究结果并结合区域内已识别出的E-MORB型洋壳和洋岛/海山物质深俯冲的证据,我们认为羌塘中部晚三叠世高压变质带以洋壳物质深俯冲为主,同时亦保留了部分陆壳物质俯冲的证据,暗示大洋向北俯冲消减结束之后,又牵引至少一部分南羌塘北缘陆壳物质经历了随后的俯冲过程。     

东昆仑南缘布青山地区哈尔郭勒玄武岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

哈尔郭勒玄武岩位于东昆仑南缘布青山地区。详细的地球化学研究表明哈尔郭勒玄武岩可以分为碱性玄武岩和亚碱性玄武岩,其中碱性玄武岩的∑LREE=63.8×10-6~175.36×10-6,∑HREE=14.46×10-6~28.56×10-6,∑LREE/∑HREE=4.41~6.14,(La/Yb)N=4.14~6.71,(Ce/Yb)N=3.31~5.12,δEu=1.03~1.17,具有与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)相似的稀土配分模式;亚碱性玄武岩的∑LREE=11.07×10-6~29.95×10-6,∑HREE=12.56×10-6~25.41×10-6,∑LREE/∑HREE=0.88~1.54,(La/Yb)N=0.29~0.74,(Ce/Yb)N=0.37~0.77,δEu=1.02~1.22,具有正常洋中脊玄武岩(N-MORB)的稀土元素地球化学特征。这表明哈尔郭勒玄武岩是OIB与N-MORB的共生组合。布青山地区哈尔郭勒玄武岩中的OIB形成于洋脊附近的海山或洋岛环境,岩浆源区可能为EMⅡ型富集地幔;N-MORB形成于洋脊环境,起源于亏损地幔。哈尔郭勒玄武岩为布青山地区晚古生代存在洋盆提供了更充分的证据。     

羌塘中西部红脊山地区蓝片岩Sr-Nd同位素与锆石U-Pb年龄特征及其构造意义

红脊山构造混杂岩带位于羌塘地块的中西部,为古特提斯洋在该地区俯冲、碰撞形成的高压变质带,是羌塘中部低温高压变质带的重要组成部分。本文对红脊山混杂岩带内蓝片岩进行了系统的地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年及Sr-Nd同位素研究。结果显示,红脊山地区蓝片岩的原岩为碱性、亚碱性玄武岩,其中碱性玄武岩具有高TiO2(2.86%~4.84%),属高Ti玄武岩,富集轻稀土元素[(La/Yb)N=11.42~20.05]和高场强元素,地球化学特征类似于OIB;而亚碱性玄武岩,具有低TiO2(1.74%~1.81%),稀土总量较低(67.27×10-6~68.59×10-6)和轻稀土略微富集的特征[(La/Yb)N=2.49~2.81],与典型的E-MORB特征一致。Sr、Nd同位素组成:εNd(t)=-0.1~3.9,(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i=0.704812~0.708365,表明该地区基性岩浆来自亏损型地幔。锆石的Th/U比值为0.33~1.33,并具有典型岩浆振荡环带结构;获得两组206 Pb/238 U年龄数据:其年龄加权平均值分别为288.3±1.9 Ma(n=15,MSWD=0.39)和304.2±2.3 Ma(n=14,MSWD=0.54),因此该两组年龄应代表蓝片岩原岩形成年龄,红脊山蓝片岩原岩形成时间相当于晚石炭世—早二叠世。结合区域地质事实和前人研究成果,红脊山基性原岩形成于大陆裂谷环境,其成因可能与地幔柱有关,与南羌塘二叠纪基性岩墙具有相同的构造背景及动力学机制。蓝片岩基性原岩年龄在红脊山乃至整个羌塘地区都鲜有报道,红脊山地区晚石炭世—早二叠世岩浆活动的厘定为精细刻画羌塘地区古特提斯构造演化过程提供了重要依据。     

东南极格罗夫山变质基性岩地球化学特征

东南极格罗夫山变质基性岩的地球化学研究表明，该区存在两类玄武岩，即洋岛型玄武岩（OIB）和洋中脊型玄武岩（MORB）。OIB型具有大体类似的地球化学性质，它们均富集Ti（TiO2＝2．68％）、REE＝（202μg/g）、LREE[（La/Yb)N＝4．8]、Ti/Y（＝343）、Zr／Y(＝3．1），具洋岛玄武岩的特征，推测岩浆来源于富休地幔源区（EM）。而MORB型以低Ti（TiO2＝1．1％－1．31％），明显低于OIB的P的含量（P2O5＝0．1％－0．2％），低REE（47－93μg/g）。LREE／HREE（2．27－2．54）、（La/Yb)N（＝1．30－1．62）为特征，具洋中脊玄武岩的特征。MORB和OIB组合的出现说明在泛非期该区可能存在过洋分。     

闽西南地区晚三叠-中侏罗世沉积岩矿物和元素地球化学特征：对盆地构造背景转变的约束

闽西南地区上三叠统-中侏罗统文宾山组、梨山组和漳平组经历了一次大规模的海侵-海退事件.泥岩的常量元素分析和ICP-MS微量、稀土元素测试结果显示的地球化学特征表明,该套沉积物源岩主要为沉积岩和花岗岩.文宾山组和梨山组沉积物源岩是来自被动大陆边缘物源区和酸性岛弧源区的沉积岩和花岗岩(Rb＞ 100×10-6; K20＞ 1％;Hf=5.38×10-6～ 14.17×10-6;La/Th=1.64 ～4.94).漳平组源岩来自酸性岛弧源区和长英质、基性岩混合物物源区的花岗岩(Rb＞300×10-6; K20 ＞2％;Hf=3.75 ×10-6～6.64×10-6; La/Th =2.73 ～4.21).砂岩骨架成分研究表明,文宾山组物源主要来自火山弧造山带;梨山组和漳平组物源来自火山弧造山带和岩浆弧物源区,这与泥岩地球化学特征显示的物源区吻合.不同时代岩性岩相组合、泥岩地球化学特征和砂岩矿物成分特征,以及样品在Zr-Th、La-Th-Sc、Th-Co-Zr/10构造环境判别图解中的位置,说明文宾山组沉积物沉积于既有被动大陆边缘特性,也有大陆岛弧(∑REE =22.51×10-6～152.6×10-6;LREE/HREE=7.21～ 15.01,8Eu =0.69 ～0.90,La/Yb =5.64～ 16.93;(La/Yb)N=3.66～10.99)特性的弧后伸展盆地.梨山组沉积物沉积于靠近大陆岛弧的活动大陆边缘(∑REE=140.4×10-6 ～335.5×10-6,LREE/HREE =9.52～15.90,δEu=0.48 ～0.62,La/Yb=11.04 ～21.13;(La/Yb)N =7.17 ～ 13.72),同时具有被动大陆边缘(∑REE=115.4×10-6～383.4×10-6,LREE/HREE=8.30 ～20.27,δEu =0.55～0.67,La/Yb=8.42 ～30.12;(La/Yb)N =5.47 ～ 19.56)特性的弧后挤压盆地.漳平组沉积物沉积于靠近大陆岛弧的活动大陆边缘(∑REE=98.34×10-6～260.5×10-6,LREE/HREE=11.28～19.38,δEu=0.56 ～0.64,La/Yb=10.19 ～23.91;(La/Yb)N =6.62 ～15.52)特性的弧后挤压盆地.     

内蒙古中部构造混杂带晚古生代-早中生代变质基性岩的地球化学特征及其大地构造意义

内蒙古中部构造混杂带中的变质基性岩可分为南、北两带:南带位于乌兰沟-图林凯地区,被划分至温都尔庙群下部的桑达来因组,主要为一套变质玄武岩和辉长岩、辉绿岩,局部含有超基性岩和碳酸岩透镜体,其中变质基性火山岩以绿片岩相变质为主,局部保留枕状构造或发育蓝片岩,已有的锆石U-Pb年代学数据表明南带变质基性火山岩形成于晚古生代到早中生代;北带位于芒和特-二道井-红格尔一线,主要呈岩块状保存在由绢云绿泥石英片岩、硅质岩、含铁石英岩和少量的大理岩组成的基质中,岩石类型包括蓝片岩、冻蓝闪石片岩、阳起片岩、绿帘角闪片岩等。地球化学研究显示南、北两带的变质基性岩相对低Al(Al2O3=10.66%~14.97%)、低Ti(TiO2=1.27%~1.96%)、高Na(Na2O=1.02%~4.20%)、贫K(K2O=0.02%~0.71%),具有拉斑玄武岩到碱性玄武岩系列的过渡特征,高的Na2O/K2O比值(6.89~454)暗示这些基性岩在变质作用前发生了细碧角斑岩化。不活动元素Zr与其他高场强元素(HSFE;Th、Nb、Hf、Ti)和稀土元素(REE)显示良好的线性关系,表明在变质过程中,高场强元素和稀土元素基本保持稳定,可以反映原岩的性质。根据稀土、微量元素配分型式和相关比值可以将内蒙中部构造混杂带中的变质基性岩分为两类:一类稀土含量相对较低(∑REE=46.00×10-6~78.08×10-6)、轻重稀土分异不明显((La/Yb)N=0.50~1.04),无明显Eu负异常,Hf/Ta=6.82~15.18,具有正常的大洋中脊玄武岩(NMORB)特征;另一类稀土含量相对较高(∑REE=58.66×10-6~151.3×10-6)、轻重稀土分异明显((La/Yb)N=2.28~4.68),无明显Eu负异常,Hf/Ta=2.06~4.70,与富集型洋中脊玄武岩(E-MORB)相似。部分变质基性岩样品轻微富集大离子亲石元素Rb和Ba,可能暗示原岩在就位过程中遭受了微弱的陆壳混染。以上地球化学特征表明这些变质基性岩的原岩可能形成于一个扩张规模有限的陆内洋盆环境。已有的古生物地理学研究表明古亚洲洋闭合后,到晚古生代早期,内蒙古中部地区成为佳-蒙地块的一部分。石炭纪期间整个内蒙古中部发育稳定的浅海相沉积,局部为造山后隆起环境,发育加里东I型花岗岩和花岗闪长岩。从晚石炭世-早二叠世起,内蒙中部开始处于伸展环境:二连浩特到东乌珠穆沁旗一带发育大量的碱性岩;华北克拉通北缘发育很多高钾钙碱性-碱性的花岗岩;内蒙中部地区广泛发育二叠纪大石寨组双峰式火山岩。到中二叠世开始裂解形成若干近东西向分布的海盆,发育哲斯组、林西组浅海相、泻湖相沉积。持续的伸展形成了有限洋盆,发育以温都尔庙群为代表的含铁硅质岩以及晚古生代-早中生代基性岩。由于早中三叠世华北板块与扬子板块全面碰撞和陆内造山过程的影响,有限洋盆最终在早中生代之后发生被动闭合,形成南、北构造混杂带,并导致该基性岩乃至整个内蒙中部的晚古生代沉积发生广泛绿片岩相变质作用,而局部蓝片岩的形成可能与有限洋盆的俯冲作用有关。     

俯冲洋岛玄武岩脱水释放的水流体成分：来自西天山榴辉岩相高压脉的约束

俯冲洋壳的脱水作用对于岛弧火山岩的成因具有重要意义。西天山高压低温变质带中切割主岩蓝片岩/榴辉岩的榴辉岩相脉体记录了古生代俯冲带中的脱水过程。脉体具有典型高压矿物组合：石榴石(＞8%)+绿辉石(15%)+石英(＞55%)+蓝闪石(5%)+冻蓝闪石(10%)±黝帘石±方解石。高压脉及其主岩的岩相学与矿物化学研究表明流体是在俯冲过程中蓝片岩向榴辉岩进变质条件下释放。脉的主量元素成分显示流体富Si。主岩的稀土元素和微量元素表明其原岩为洋岛玄武岩(OIB)。脉和主岩具有相似的微量元素配分模式,并且相对N-MORB都显示富Li、Be、Cs、Rb、Ba、Pb、La的特点。通过模拟计算,在高压脉、与脉平衡的流体以及模拟的原生流体中都富集流体活动性元素(Li、Be、Pb)和LILE(Cs、Rb、Ba),贫HFSE(Nb)和REE(Nd、Sm)。证实了在古生代南天山洋俯冲时洋岛玄武岩脱水释放出富Li、Be、LILE、La和Pb,贫HFSE和HREE的流体。     

西南天山变质俯冲杂岩中的陆壳物质——来自变基性岩的地球化学证据

西南天山高压-超高压变质带中阿坦塔义地区新发现的榴辉岩块体呈透镜体产于围岩石榴石白云母片岩中,边部发育退变质蓝片岩.榴辉岩与蓝片岩具有相似的地球化学特征:榴辉岩SiO2为51.59％ ～52.66％,TiO2为0.70％ ～0.80％;蓝片岩SiO2为51.57％ ～54.06％,TiO2为0.86％～0.89％;榴辉岩与蓝片岩均具有轻稀土富集且内部中度分异、重稀土平缓、中度Eu负异常及亏损Ba、Sr、Nb、Ta、Ti等元素的地球化学特征,La/Nb分别为3.0 ～4.8及2.1 ～3.7,类似典型的活动大陆边缘岛弧岩浆岩特征.榴辉岩Zr/Hf=36.5 ～ 37.1,Nb/Ta=10.2 ～ 12.9;蓝片岩Zr/Hf=35.9 ～ 36.4,Nb/Ta=11.6 ～ 12.2,均类似大陆地壳的Zr/Hf与Nb/Ta比值.榴辉岩(87 Sr/86 Sr)i=0.7091 ～0.7095,εNd(t)=-7.52 ～-6.31;蓝片岩(87 Sr/86 Sr)i=0.7098 ～0.7107,εNd(t)=--7.70 ～-7.13.主微量元素特征和Sr-Nd同位素组成显示榴辉岩和蓝片岩的原岩具大陆地壳性质,这也是首次在西南天山变质俯冲杂岩中发现陆壳物质.     

滇西双江县勐库地区退变质榴辉岩的岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

滇西双江勐库地区新发现的退变质榴辉岩呈构造透镜体产于奥陶纪湾河蛇绿混杂岩的白云母构造片岩内,勐库地区是目前云南省境内唯一退变质榴辉岩产地。岩石地球化学分析结果显示,退变质榴辉岩的SiO2含量为4722%~5040%,全碱(Na2O+K2O)含量为228%~415%,Al2O3含量为1370%~1558%,TiO2含量为139%~395%,可分为中Ti(139%~183%)和高Ti(330%~395%)两种类型。退变质榴辉岩的主要原岩是拉班玄武岩,少部分具碱性玄武岩特征。多数原岩为拉斑玄武岩的样品具TiO2含量高、Eu异常不明显及缓右倾稀土元素配分模式特征,其稀土元素配分模式和微量元素蛛网图特征均与E MORB相似而与N MORB不同,投在MORB和E MORB范围,推测其原岩很可能形成于E MORB环境;少部分原岩为碱性玄武岩的样品,其TiO2含量中等,较原岩为拉斑玄武岩样品具更高的ΣREE和ΣLREE含量,投在OIB范围,推测其原岩可能形成于OIB环境。勐库地区退变质榴辉岩样品的岩石地球化学特征与其赋存的奥陶纪湾河蛇绿岩颇为相似,暗示可能是其俯冲消减作用的产物。此外,研究样品同时具有E MORB和OIB的特征,且与青藏高原羌塘中部榴辉岩相似,表明在特提斯洋演化过程中地幔柱岩浆和正常洋中脊亏损地幔岩浆的相互作用可能是广泛存在的。     

中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔（100～2050m）榴辉岩岩石化学研究

中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔位于江苏东海县,即大别-苏鲁超高压变质带的东部.该钻孔100至2050m井段钻遇的岩石主要是超高压变质的榴辉岩、副片麻岩、正片麻岩、石榴石橄榄岩,以及少量的石英岩和片岩,其中榴辉岩的总厚度达1200m.这些榴辉岩具不同矿物组成和不同的全岩化学成分,据此可划分为高硅型、高铝型、高钛型、高钛铁型、高镁型和正常型榴辉岩.正常型榴辉岩SiO2=55%～43%,TiO2＜2%,Al2O3＜18%,MgO＜11%,Na2O+K2O=1.5%～8.2%,CaO=4.2%～13.1%和FeOT=5.3%～18.1%,多呈LREE富集的REE型式;高Si榴辉岩具较高SiO2(55%～63%)和Na2O+K2O(2.9%～7.8%)含量,REE配分型式为LREE富集的正Eu异常型;高Mg榴辉岩与石榴石橄榄岩共生,特征是富MgO(12.2%～17.1%),贫Na2O和K2O,具有较低的REE含量;高Al榴辉岩的Al2O3含量大于18%,REE配分型式为LREE富集型,且多具有正Eu异常;高Ti榴辉岩具有较低的SiO2(＜45%),较高的TiO2(3%～6%)含量;高Ti-Fe型榴辉岩具异常的化学成分,具有最低的SiO2含量和最高的TiO2和FeOT含量,以及很低的REE总量,并呈LREE和HREE亏损,MREE富集的配分型式.研究显示,榴辉岩的原岩是多成因的,很可能是起源于不均匀的地幔源区,而且强烈的结晶分异作用又使其成分发生明显的变化.同时,很可能存在的变质分异和变质交代作用也对部分榴辉岩的成分再次进行了改造.大多数榴辉岩总体上具有大陆玄武岩的构造亲缘性.     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

海南长塘岭矿区大坡岩体岩石学、地球化学特征及其含矿性初探

海南大坡岩体位于五指山褶皱带内,主要受昌江—琼海构造带、琼西构造带与潭爷断陷构造带控制.岩石地球化学及岩石学研究表明,大坡岩体形成于海西-印支晚期,岩性单一,主要为中细粒似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩.岩体显示为Ⅰ型花岗岩与S型花岗岩的混合,主体以地壳物质部分熔融为主,形成过程有少量地幔物质加入.元素对的比值及稀土元素配分特征说明岩体钨锡等多金属含矿性可能较差.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.