不饱和古罗糖醛酸三糖和甘露糖醛酸三糖的结构表征

以双功能褐藻胶裂解酶 (Pseudoalteromonas sp.strain No. 2 72 )分别降解均聚古罗糖醛酸(PG)和均聚甘露糖醛酸 (PM) ,经 Bio- Gel- P6和 POROS- HQ2 0分离得到 2种三糖纯品 ,经 ESI- MS,1 H- NMR,1 3 C- NMR,1 H- 1 H COSY,1 H- 1 3 C HMQC确定其结构为 Δ4,5-古罗糖醛酸 - α(1→ 4 ) - L-古罗糖醛酸 -α(1→ 4 ) - L -古罗糖醛酸 (简写为Δ GG)和Δ4,5-甘露糖醛酸 -β (1→ 4 ) - D-甘露糖醛酸 -β (1→ 4 ) - D-甘露糖醛酸 (ΔMM) ,为进一步从事构效关系研究提供结构信息。     

应用硫酸苯酚法建立一种甘露糖醛酸C-5差向异构酶活性检测方法的研究

建立了一种简便快捷的甘露糖醛酸C-5差向异构酶活性的测定方法。研究发现相同分子质量的聚甘露糖醛酸和聚古罗糖醛酸与苯酚硫酸试剂反应后显色程度不同,以此可以用来测定β-D-甘露糖醛酸/α-L-古罗糖醛酸(M/G)值的变化,从而计算甘露糖醛酸C-5差向异构酶的活性。利用本方法测定了已知结构的褐藻胶片断的M/G比,其结果与传统的1H-NMR测定值基本一致。     

一种新的褐藻胶寡糖制备方法--氧化降解法

建立了一种新的褐藻胶寡糖的制备方法,即氧化降解法。通过褐藻胶来源的聚甘露糖醛酸(PM)在不同浓度的过氧化氢、不同温度和不同反应时间下降解优选降解条件。以包含3～11糖单体的寡糖混合物为目标产物,以相应的降解产物的平均分子质量为1500u为选择标准,获得氧化降解法的最佳条件：过氧化氢浓度5％,反应温度90℃,降解时间2h。以该条件降解PM获得的降解产物经圆二色谱、紫外光谱及红外光谱测定表明,制备的寡糖保持了甘露糖醛酸的结构特点。提示该方法可用于褐藻胶寡糖的制备。     

褐藻酸裂合酶的研究——Ⅱ.对底物的作用和性质

用两种酸局部降解法,制备了三种底物:短链多聚甘露糖醛酸(SM)、短链多聚古罗糖醛酸(SG)和短链多聚甘露糖醛酸-古罗糖醛酸(SMG)。用粘度下降法,证明酶Ⅰ为外切酶,酶Ⅱ和酶Ⅲ为内切酶。用Somogyi-Nelson法,测定酶解底物产生的还原性,表明三种酶对褐藻酸、SM和SMG的作用很强,而对SG的作用很弱。用紫外吸收法,测定酶解各种底物后,生成产物的吸收光谱,证明三种酶裂解SM和SMG后,产物在230nm处有强吸收峰;而三种酶裂解SG后,产物在230nm附近无明显峰值。以上证明,三种酶都是多聚甘露糖醛酸裂合酶(EC4·2·99·4)。三种酶裂解褐藻酸后,都能使M/G比值下降,其中酶Ⅰ降得最大,为3.65倍。因此,有可能用酶法制备阻吸90Sr的药物。     

微泡菌QZHA1褐藻胶裂解酶MAAL1的酶学性质研究

为探究Microbulbifer sp. QZHA1褐藻胶裂解(Escherichia coli)酶MAAL1的酶学性质,将褐藻胶裂解酶基因maal1构建至pET-28a表达载体并利用大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)进行异源表达。研究发现：重组酶MAAL1与来源于Microbulbifer sp. ALW1菌株的褐藻胶裂解酶(WP＿23625014.1)同源性最高,为93.69%,且与PL7家族蛋白聚为一支;重组酶MAAL1最适温度为35℃,最适pH为7.5,在pH为5.5～10.5范围内保存24 h仍能保持60%以上的酶活力;MAAL1具备良好的耐有机溶剂特性,在测试的9种有机溶剂中,除异丙醇外,其他有机溶剂在添加量达到30%(体积分数)后,酶活力依然保持在59%以上;重组酶MAAL1最适条件下酶活力为4.3 U/mg,米氏常数(K_m)值为1.08 mg/mL,最大反应速率(V_max)为4.75 mg/(mL·min),催化常数(K_cat)值为4.52 s^-1;重组酶MAAL1对聚β-D-甘露糖醛酸(p...     

泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)血细胞转录组序列中免疫相关基因的结构与mRNA表达量分析

贝类血细胞直接参与异物吞噬和包囊作用,还在伤口修复、炎症反应过程中发挥重要作用,是机体免疫防御的承担者。本研究采用RNA-seq测序技术研究了鳗弧菌感染前后泥蚶血细胞的转录组序列,通过序列组装,获得了α-葡萄糖苷酶(GAA)、α-甘露糖苷酶(LAMAN)、芳基硫酸酯酶B(ASB)、天冬酰胺氨基葡萄糖酶(AGA)、整合素β3亚基(ITB3)、热休克蛋白9(HSPA9)和Toll相互作用蛋白(TOLLIP)序列,利用Orffinder获得了其编码蛋白序列,并对蛋白序列进行了理化性质、二级结构、保守结构域和三级结构分析。结果表明:7种蛋白质二级结构均含有α螺旋、β折叠及无规则卷曲,泥蚶和人类ITB3和TOLLIP具有相同的保守结构域, Swiss-model同源建模获得的三级结构与模板同源性均超过35%(TOLLIP除外)。鳗弧菌刺激后,GAA、LAMAN、ASB、AGA和HSPA9的表达量显著增加,ITB3和TOLLIP表达量变化不明显。该研究补充和完善了对泥蚶免疫相关基因的认识,并为进一步开展泥蚶抗病机理研究提供了重要的理论依据。     

嗜碱盐单胞菌X3中异化型硝酸盐还原酶编码基因簇的功能验证及蛋白结构预测

细菌的氮代谢推动环境的氮循环,硝酸盐还原反应是氮代谢途径中重要步骤之一。本文运用酶活测定、qRTPCR和生物信息学软件分析的方法,对嗜碱盐单胞菌(Halomonas alkaliphila)X3中编码细菌异化型硝酸盐还原酶(Dissimilatory nitrate reductase,Nar)不同亚基的基因簇narGYJV进行了功能验证、蛋白结构预测和系统发育分析。研究表明,X3菌株中存在narGYJV基因簇并具有表达活性,测得Nar的酶活为每克蛋白21.415U;预测到的narGYJV编码蛋白功能区域中1～1246氨基酸属于NarG超家族,编码Nar的α亚基;1261～1752氨基酸属于DMSOR-beta-like超家族,编码Nar的β亚基;2061～2279氨基酸编码γ亚基,1802～2018氨基酸编码δ亚基;Nar的二级结构中无规卷曲占37.59%,α螺旋占34.43%,延伸链占18.33%;NarG、NarY和NarV的3D结构与PDB中大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的1Q16 3D结构最接近,覆盖率96%～100%。系统发育树显示,菌株X3中NarG与同属菌的遗传距离较近,在不同菌属间虽然功能相似,其同源性较低;NarY与大肠杆菌中的氨基酸序列的同源关系较近,说明异化型硝酸盐还原酶Nar中不同亚基的系统发育地位不同。研究结果表明,Halomonas alkaliphila X3菌株中存在编码Nar的基因簇narGYJV,编码蛋白具有独特的3D结构,不同亚基的系统发育地位不同。研究结果为进一步研究该菌的氮代谢通路选择和调控机制提供了依据。     

印尼热泉菌产热稳定褐藻胶裂解酶的酶学性质研究

以印尼热泉菌为材料,采用以褐藻酸钠为唯一碳源的培养基筛选产褐藻胶裂解酶的菌株,通过16S rDNA序列对产酶菌株进行种属鉴定,并通过硫酸铵沉淀、离子交换层析和凝胶过滤层析从高产酶菌株Aly-B5发酵液上清中纯化获得褐藻胶裂解酶,并对该酶的酶学性质进行了研究。结果表明:高产酶菌株经鉴定为Bacillus属;聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)显示纯化的褐藻胶裂解酶Aly-B5分子量为45kDa,该酶最适作用温度为65°C,75°C时的半衰期为110min,最适pH为7.0;Zn~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Fe~(2+)对酶活具有明显的抑制作用,但该酶对乙二胺四乙酸(ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)并不敏感;同时,底物特异性实验表明Aly-B5是一种偏好降解聚古罗糖醛酸(poly G)的双功能裂解酶,降解产物主要是二糖。该酶优良的耐热性使其在海藻高值化利用领域具有潜在的应用前景。     

多检测器凝胶渗透色谱法测定卡拉胶分子量及其稀溶液构象分析

本文采用三检测器联用凝胶色谱法对κ-型、ι-型卡拉胶的分子量进行测量（κ-型、ι-型卡拉胶的分子量分别为685.77 kDa和408.33 kDa）。通过研究两种卡拉胶稀溶液的Mark-Houwink指数、流体力学直径,得出了κ-型和ι-型卡拉胶的分子构象：在低分子量阶段,卡拉胶分子链刚性较强,呈现刚性棒状结构;在中分子量阶段,卡拉胶分子链的刚性降低,构象介于无规线团与刚性棒状结构之间,呈现半刚性的伸展线团;在高分子量阶段,卡拉胶分子呈现出无规线团构象。随着卡拉胶分子量的增加,卡拉胶分子链的刚性逐渐降低,卡拉胶分子由刚性棒状结构变为半刚性延展线团最终变为柔性无规线团,且κ-型和ι-型卡拉胶分子链表现出相同的变化趋势。卡拉胶的分子量和构象对卡拉胶的抗菌抗凝等生物活性以及纺丝性能有着较大的影响,对卡拉胶分子量和构象进行准确分析可以促进卡拉胶在纺织、医药、化妆品等工业生产中的应用。     

溶菌酶对海洋生物高分子壳聚糖的降解研究

用粘度法和吸光度法 ,研究了溶菌酶非专一性降解壳聚糖过程中温度、pH、时间、酶浓度、底物浓度对溶菌酶降解壳聚糖反应速度的影响 ,确定了以壳聚糖为底物的溶菌酶的一些催化特性 :温度为60℃ ,pH值为4.0时 ,达到最大酶反应速度。0.5～4.0h内酶反应速度恒定 ;酶浓度在0.5～4U/ml范围内 ,酶反应速度与酶浓度成线性关系。米氏常数Km 为9.03×10-4 mol/L。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.