可计算一般均衡框架下的气候变化经济影响综合评估

气候变化是21世纪人类面临的重大挑战之一,并对自然系统和社会经济系统造成了各种负面影响。对气候变化的影响进行经济评估是气候变化研究中的重要问题。而可计算一般均衡框架下的综合评估模型（CGE_IAMs）是评估气候变化经济影响的有效手段之一,文中对气候变化影响经济评估的主要CGE_IAMs进行了文献调研,并对这些模型进行了比较分析。研究表明不同模型在温室气体排放、气候参数的处理方式以及气候影响的引入机制等方面有着较大区别,因而各模型对气候变化影响的经济评估结果也有一定的差异。此外,当前CGE_IAMs在评估气候变化经济影响时存在支撑数据未及时更新、方法不细致以及评估不全面等问题。未来该领域的相关研究应该更加关注于模型与支撑数据的精细化和开源化,此外还应加强CGE_IAMs中经济模块与复杂气候模式的耦合。     

气候变化对人体健康影响的研究进展

从高温热浪、极端气候事件、空气污染、海平面上升等角度综述了气候变化对人类健康的影响,就气候变化对媒介传播性、水源性、食源性、呼吸道传染病以及部分慢性非传染病的影响进行了阐述,并提出了该领域亟待解决的科学问题和研究重点,包括法律体系的建立、机理的研究、疾病负担的测量以及成本效益分析等。     

气侯变化对人体健康影响的研究进展

从高温热浪、极端气候事件、空气污染、海平面上升等角度综述了气候变化对人类健康的影响,就气候变化对媒介传播性、水源性、食源性、呼吸道传染病以及部分慢性非传染病的影响进行了阐述,并提出了该领域亟待解决的科学问题和研究重点,包括法律体系的建立、机理的研究、疾病负担的测量以及成本效益分析等.     

气候变化影响中国粮食安全研究的新思路北大核心CSCD

鉴于气候变化影响粮食安全问题的特殊性和复杂性,本文试图从自然科学和社会科学的交叉研究入手,提出一种新的研究的思路和方法,即:运用计量经济学模型对气候变化数据进行统计分析,使用计量经济学方法来评估气候这一外部驱动因素引发的社会经济系统变化与观测到的气候变化引发的社会经济系统变化之间的关系;在厘清“气候变化影响量”对粮食产量的影响的基础上,预估我国未来30年特别是经济社会发展两个关键节点2035年和2050年的粮食生产的气候变化风险,文章给出了一种新的研究视角,构建了研究内容和研究方法,力争实现定性研究与定量研究相结合,以科学预测为政策指导提供有力支撑。     

基于最大熵模型的中国血吸虫病传播风险评估

气候生态因子是影响媒介传播性疾病流行风险的重要环境因素。本研究根据文献调研选取影响中国血吸虫病传播风险的潜在气候生态因子,基于各潜在因子的作用大小确定影响中国血吸虫病传播风险的主导因子,发展主导气候生态因子-血吸虫病关系的最大熵模型并评价其对中国区域血吸虫病传播风险的模拟效果。结果表明:影响中国血吸虫病传播风险的气候生态因子有年降水量、最暖月平均气温、稳定通过10℃持续日数和增强型植被指数(EVI),其累积贡献率为研究因子总贡献的98.6%;最大熵模型能较好地揭示中国血吸虫病传播风险与主导气候生态因子关系,其受试者特征曲线(ROC)评价结果为"非常好"(AUC为0.917);模型模拟的中国血吸虫病传播中高风险区位于江苏南部、浙江北部、广西中部、广东北部、云南北部、四川中部及湖北东部、湖南东北部、安徽中部、江西北部等地。研究结果对气候环境影响下中国血吸虫传播风险评估和疾病预防宏观对策制定具有工具价值和参考意义。     

环境变化对流域水文水资源的影响评估及不确定性研究进展

综述了区分气候变化和人类活动对水文要素影响的研究方法,提出当前研究中应将流域水文过程变化的环境因素来源分为气候自然变异、人为气候变化和人类活动三个方面,并给出了方法体系;基于环境变化下流域水文过程的复杂不确定性,详细剖析了环境变化下流域水文过程的不确定性来源,总结了常用的不确定性评估方法,并介绍了针对定性不确定性（奈特不确定性）评估的信息差距理论。指出为提高减缓和适应环境变化能力,未来应加强以气候自然变异、人为气候变化和人类活动三源分解的环境变化影响研究;不确定性分析应成为环境模拟的固有组成部分,在影响评价中应注重不确定性的评估,并应加强不确定性信息在流域管理决策中的应用研究以及流域风险管理研究。     

气候变化对中国水资源影响的适应性评估与管理框架

通过论述气候变化对中国水资源影响的适应性评估与管理框架,提出一个气候变化影响决策评估工具,它包括：未来气候变化对中国水资源潜在影响的定性描述分析、半定量与定量分析以及适应性对策评估。由于不同气候区域所面临的水资源问题不同,选择中国4个典型案例区域,并确定不同的目标进行气候变化适应性管理综合研究,提出了甄别气候变化影响和适应性管理的新的思路、框架与方法论。该项研究为应对未来气候变化影响的水资源规划与风险管理提供了途径与方法。     

气候变化知识传播之思考

本文试图从经典的大众传播学基本理论和模式入手,梳理现有气候变化知识产品的编制方式、主要传播途径和相关实践经验,以期为未来气候变化信息传播研究和实践提供参考。分析表明,气候变化知识传播过程应遵循信息传播的基本规律,并充分考虑气候变化知识自身所具有的复杂性和交叉性特点;在信息采集方面,应注重知识的科学性、系统性、准确性和权威性;在展示方式方面,应注重内容的可读性、趣味性、精练性和通俗性;在传播途径方面,除传统的大众媒介外,还需要注重利用新兴的互联网、社交媒体等平台,发挥人际关系网络作用;在国家经济社会发展的新形势下,需要进一步加强气候变化知识传播的理论、模式和实践等方面的创新性研究。     

气候变化对中国水资源影响的适应性评估与管理框架

 通过论述气候变化对中国水资源影响的适应性评估与管理框架,提出一个气候变化影响决策评估工具,它包括：未来气候变化对中国水资源潜在影响的定性描述分析、半定量与定量分析以及适应性对策评估。由于不同气候区域所面临的水资源问题不同,选择中国4个典型案例区域,并确定不同的目标进行气候变化适应性管理综合研究,提出了甄别气候变化影响和适应性管理的新的思路、框架与方法论。该项研究为应对未来气候变化影响的水资源规划与风险管理提供了途径与方法。     

气象与人类健康及其研究

天气气候与人类的健康息息相关,气象条件的改变能使得人类生理活动变化,并导致多种疾病的发生,发展或加剧,未来气候变化也将对人类的健康产生较大的影响。本文综述了气象条件对人类影响的研究及其结果,并就未来气候变化对人类的影响提出了看法。     

SENSITIVITY OF MALARIA, SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND DENGUE TO GLOBAL WARMING

Global assessment of the potential impacts of anthropogenically-induced climate change on vector-borne diseases suggests an increase in extent of the geographical areas susceptible to transmission of malarial Plasmodium parasites, dengue Flavivirus and Schistosoma worms. The transmission potential of the three associated vector-borne diseases studied is highly sensitive to climate changes on the periphery of the currently endemic areas and at higher altitudes within such areas. Our findings vis-à-vis the present endemic areas indicate that the increase in the epidemic potential of malaria and dengue transmission may be estimated at 12–27% and 31–47%, respectively, while in contrast, schistosomiasis transmission potential may be expected to exhibit a 11–17% decrease.     

Influence of future tropical cyclone track changes on their basin-wide intensity over the western North Pacific: Downscaled CMIP5 projections

The possible changes of tropical cyclone(TC) tracks and their influence on the future basin-wide intensity of TCs over the western North Pacific(WNP) are examined based on the projected large-scale environments derived from a selection of CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) models. Specific attention is paid to the performance of the CMIP5 climate models in simulating the large-scale environment for TC development over the WNP. A downscaling system including individual models for simulating the TC track and intensity is used to select the CMIP5 models and to simulate the TC activity in the future.The assessment of the future track and intensity changes of TCs is based on the projected large-scale environment in the21 st century from a selection of nine CMIP5 climate models under the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5(RCP4.5)scenario. Due to changes in mean steering flows, the influence of TCs over the South China Sea area is projected to decrease,with an increasing number of TCs taking a northwestward track. Changes in prevailing tracks and their contribution to basin-wide intensity change show considerable inter-model variability. The influences of changes in prevailing track make a marked contribution to TC intensity change in some models, tending to counteract the effect of SST warming. This study suggests that attention should be paid to the simulated large-scale environment when assessing the future changes in regional TC activity based on climate models. In addition, the change in prevailing tracks should be considered when assessing future TC intensity change.     

Assessing Urban Water Use and the Role of Water Conservation Measures under Climate Uncertainty

There has been substantial analysis of the possible impact of climate change on water supply, especially with respect to runoff and river flows. Less attention has been given to urban water use. Little is known of the suitability of various water use forecasting models for predicting climate impacts or of the best procedures for assessing this issue. This paper will: (1) demonstrate the feasibility of a scenario approach to describing possible changes in climate, (2) evaluate the IWR-MAIN model as a source of plausible water use forecasts given uncertain future climate, (3) test the effectiveness of conservation and pricing interventions in reversing the postulated effects of climate change, and (4) assess the significance of climate change for future urban water management. Other possible responses to climate change, such as supply augmentation, are not explicitly considered. Using data for the Washington (DC) metropolitan area, the study reveals problems with IWR-MAIN version 5.1 when used for this purpose, but results in a reasonable assessment of the possible water use consequences of climate change. Variation in future water use due to climate uncertainty was found to be moderate compared to other uncertain influences, and well within reach of feasible policy interventions.     

中国地球气候系统模式研究进展：CMIP计划实施近20年回顾

在系统总结过去20年从CMIP1到CMIP4世界各国模式的综合情况基础上,回顾了中国气候模式参与CMIP科学试验的概况。在此基础上,慨述了CMIP5的试验设计,总结了参加CMIP5的5个中国气候模式的特点。随后,从高分辨率模式研发、地球系统模式研发、地球气候系统模式最为关键的分量——大气环流模式和海洋环流模式研发的角度,提出了中国地球气候系统模式发展面临的挑战,指出了中国模式发展面临的机遇。针对如何从国家层次协调以实现地球气候模式的可持续发展问题,给出了美国国家科学院最近发布的《推动气候模拟的国家战略》所提出的九条措施作为参考。     

Quantifying sources of uncertainty in projected wheat yield changes under climate change in eastern Australia

Future climate projections and impact analyses are pivotal to evaluate the potential change in crop yield under climate change. Impact assessment of climate change is also essential to prepare and implement adaptation measures for farmers and policymakers. However, there are uncertainties associated with climate change impact assessment when combining crop models and climate models under different emission scenarios. This study quantifies the various sources of uncertainty associated with future climate change effects on wheat productivity at six representative sites covering dry and wet environments in Australia based on 12 soil types and 12 nitrogen application rates using one crop model driven by 28 global climate models (GCMs) under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs) at near future period 2021–2060 and far future period 2061–2100. We used the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to quantify the sources of uncertainty in wheat yield change. Our results indicated that GCM uncertainty largely dominated over RCPs, nitrogen rates, and soils for the projections of wheat yield at drier locations. However, at wetter sites, the largest share of uncertainty was nitrogen, followed by GCMs, soils, and RCPs. In addition, the soil types at two northern sites in the study area had greater effects on yield change uncertainty probably due to the interaction effect of seasonal rainfall and soil water storage capacity. We concluded that the relative contributions of different uncertainty sources are dependent on climatic location. Understanding the share of uncertainty in climate impact assessment is important for model choice and will provide a basis for producing more reliable impact assessment.