A Poroelastic Description of Permeability Evolution

Pore pressure changes in a geothermal reservoir, as a result of injection and/or production of water, result in changes of stress acting on the reservoir rock and, consequently, changes in the mechanical and transport properties of the rock. Bulk modulus and permeability were measured at different pressures and temperatures. An outcropping equivalent of Rotliegend reservoir rock in the North German Basin (Flechtinger sandstone) was used to perform hydrostatic tests and steady state fluid flow tests. Permeability measurements were conducted while cycling confining pressure; the dependence of permeability on stress was determined at a constant downstream pressure of 1 MPa. Also, temperature was increased stepwise from 30 to 140 °C and crack porosity was calculated at different temperatures. Although changes in the volumes of cracks are not significant, the cracks control fluid flow pathways and, consequently, the permeability of the rock. A new model was derived which relates microstructure of porosity, the stress–strain curve, and permeability. Porosity change was described by the first derivative of the stress–strain curve. Permeability evolution was ascribed to crack closure and was related to the second derivative of the stress–strain curve. The porosity and permeability of Flechtinger sandstone were reduced by increasing the effective pressure and decreased after each pressure cycle.     

西板岔沟尾矿坝静力和动力稳定性分析

采用西安理工大学研发的EFES3D程序,运用等价粘弹性模型的三维有效应力有限元法,对河南洛南西板岔沟尾矿坝进行了地震永久残余变形、液化分析和边坡稳定分析,求得残余变形、孔压水平分布场和边坡安全系数。计算得到的坝坡的静力稳定最小的安全系数Fs为1.9,地震反应结束时的动力边坡稳定安全系数为1.19。计算结果表明西板岔沟尾矿坝在静力状态及动力作用下都是稳定的。     

Poroelastic Modeling of a Heterogeneous Geologic Medium: A Case Study from Kanto Basin in Japan

Vertical geological heterogeneity, such as clay content and grain size variation, may affect land subsidence caused by groundwater extraction. In order to test this hypothesis, one-dimensional pore-water mass balance and force balance equations of a water-saturated poroelastic medium were solved under different heterogeneous geological conditions. Results showed that clay content and grain size variation in sandstone could affect subsidence rates by up to an order of magnitude due to the changes in stiffness and permeability of the medium, indicating the importance of small-scale heterogeneity in subsidence simulation studies. Predicted values of subsidence were in good agreement with field measurements for two sites in the Kanto groundwater basin in Japan, showing the applicability of the model to other groundwater basins with clay-rich aquifers.     

大坝结构静动力分析的精细化模型

阐述近期大连理工大学抗震研究所在大坝抗震分析方面所取得的研究成果,为了提高大坝结构静动力分析的计算精度与效率,提出多边形单元的计算技术与奇异应力场计算方法,该方法使应力计算成果较有限元法有很大的改进,且计算工作量比较节省。     

Correlation of Static Stress Changes and Earthquake Occurrence in the North Aegean Region

A systematic analysis is made of static Coulomb stress changes and earthquake occurrence in the area of the North Aegean Sea, Greece, in order to assess the prospect of using static stress changes to construct a regional earthquake likelihood model. The earthquake data set comprises all events of magnitude M ≥ 5.2 which have occurred since 1964. This is compared to the evolving stress field due to constant tectonic loading and perturbations due to coseismic slip associated with major earthquakes (M ≥ 6.4) over the same period. The stress was resolved for sixteen fault orientation classes, covering the observed focal mechanisms of all earthquakes in the region. Analysis using error diagrams shows that earthquake occurrence is better correlated with the constant tectonic loading component of the stress field than with the total stress field changes since 1964, and that little, if any, information on earthquake occurrence is lost if only the maximum of the tectonic loading over the fault orientation classes is considered. Moreover, the information on earthquake occurrence is actually increased by taking the maximum of the evolving stress field since 1964, and of its coseismic-slip component, over the fault orientation classes. The maximum, over fault orientation classes, of linear combinations of the tectonic loading and the evolving stress field is insignificantly better correlated with earthquake occurrence than the maximum of the tectonic loading by itself. A composite stress-change variable is constructed from ordering of the maximum tectonic loading component and the maximum coseismic-slip component, in order to optimize the correlation with earthquake occurrence. The results indicate that it would be difficult to construct a time-varying earthquake likelihood model from the evolving stress field that is more informative than a time-invariant model based on the constant tectonic loading.     

静动力作用下的双排桩加固边坡稳定性分析

为探讨双排桩结构加固边坡的静动力稳定性,运用极限分析上限定理,在假设前排桩上的土压力为极限土压力,推导出后排桩所需提供抗力的计算公式,同时确定出其最危险滑移面分布。通过双排桩结构加固边坡的算例分析,研究了第二排桩所需提供抗力与双排桩之间间距、第二排桩位置以及地震加速度系数等因素相关关系的一系列研究结果。研究结果表明第二排桩所需提供抗力受双排桩之间间距、第二排桩位置以及地震加速度的影响明显,同时确定出静动力条件下双排桩加固边坡的最危险滑移面分布。     

Joint Estimation of Hydraulic and Poroelastic Parameters from a Pumping Test

The coupling of hydraulic and poroelastic processes is critical in predicting processes involving the deformation of the geologic medium in response to fluid extraction or injection. Numerical models that consider the coupling of hydraulic and poroelastic processes require the knowledge of relevant parameters for both aquifer and aquitard units. In this study, we jointly estimated hydraulic and poroelastic parameters from pumping test data exhibiting “reverse water level fluctuations,” known as the Noordbergum effect, in aquitards adjacent to a pumped aquifer. The joint estimation was performed by coupling BIOT2, a finite element, two‐dimensional, axisymmetric, groundwater model that considers poroelastic effects with the parameter estimation code PEST. We first tested our approach using a synthetic data set with known parameters. Results of the synthetic case showed that for a simple layered system, it was possible to reproduce accurately both the hydraulic and poroelastic properties for each layer. We next applied the approach to pumping test data collected at the North Campus Research Site (NCRS) on the University of Waterloo (UW) campus. Based on the detailed knowledge of stratigraphy, a five‐layer system was modeled. Parameter estimation was performed by: (1) matching drawdown data individually from each observation port and (2) matching drawdown data from all ports at a single well simultaneously. The estimated hydraulic parameters were compared to those obtained by other means at the site yielding good agreement. However, the estimated shear modulus was higher than the static shear modulus, but was within the range of dynamic shear modulus reported in the literature, potentially suggesting a loading rate effect.     

云南地区中小地震静力学和动力学参数定标关系

Source spectra for moderate and small earthquakes are obtained after removing the path effect, site effect, and instrument response, etc. in the observed S-wave spectra. Based on the Brune source model...     

静力和动力荷载作用下混凝土高层结构的倒塌模拟

在M SC.M arc有限元分析软件程序的基础上,开发了针对钢筋混凝土杆系结构的钢筋混凝土纤维模型程序THU F IBER。在该程序中,结构构件中的混凝土和钢筋分别用不同的纤维来模拟,从而使得材料滞回特性得到较准确的表达。为了验证本程序的计算能力,本文针对一个钢筋混凝土高层框架结构进行了静力弹塑性分析和动力时程分析,结果表明,THU F IBER具有出色的分析非线性问题的能力,可以进行结构倒塌模拟。     

The Correlation Between Bedrock Uranium and Dissolved Radon in Ground Water of a Fractured Carbonate Aquifer in Southwestern Ohio

Two hypotheses have previously been proposed for the source of elevated radon in ground water of southwestern Ohio: (1) penecontemporaneous uranium at the Silurian-Ordovician unconformity, and/or (2) parent radionuclides transported from fragments of uranium-rich Ohio Shale within the glacial drift above the aquifer. To further test the first hypothesis, vertical profiles of dissolved radon in ground water and uranium in rock cores were obtained at two locations immediately underlain by the Silurian/Ordovician unconformity. Radon concentrations exceeding 1000 pCi/l occurred in zones where the bedrock had uranium concentrations greater than 1.5 ppm. Radon concentrations of less than 500 pCi/l occurred in zones where the rock had uranium concentrations below 0.25 ppm. A log-linear regression model between uranium and radon had a correlation coefficient of 0.82. Three aspects of the results support the hypothesis that the source is transported, although not necessarily from fragments of Ohio Shale. First, the high uranium-radon zones did not occur consistently or exclusively at the Silurian/Ordovician unconformity. Second, the high uranium-radon zones are correlated to fracture zones having a higher hydraulic conductivity and thus appear to be related to the zones of greater flow and transport. Third, the amount of uranium-radon disequilibrium increases exponentially with increasing hydraulic conductivity. The hypothesis of a penecontemporaneous source, not supported by our study, arose when previous investigators conducted regional surveys of domestic wells and springs and found a correspondence between elevated radon and the location of the Silurian-Ordovician unconformity. The observations of the previous investigators can be explained by the fact that the basal Silurian is in some places a horizon of higher hydraulic conductivity that facilitates transport. The two most probable external sources of uranium would be uranium-containing detritus in the glacial drift or uranium-containing phosphate fertilizers spread on the surface. Given that the uranium was transported into the aquifer during the Holocene, it could not have generated enough radium in the time elapsed since entering the aquifer to produce the radon levels that were measured. This observation indicates that radium was cotransported with uranium into the zones of high radon.     

碳酸盐岩储层缝洞发育带预测:以塔河油田为例

塔河油田碳酸盐岩为古岩溶喀斯特化与受后期构造叠置改造的孔、洞、缝等组成的非均质储层,储层具有规模不同、空间形态不规则、充填性质各异的复杂组合特征以此为对象通过分解地震波场不同特征信号,开发了一系列针对不同储层目标的叠前叠后地震预测技术,不同特征地震预测结果经综合叠置验证分析,实现了残丘体上叠置的孔、洞、缝及古地貌的精细刻画及表征,展示了缝洞空间纵横交错的叠置关系,提高了复杂储层空间展布规律的认识及精确定位。     

Carbonate eolianites,quartz sands,and Quaternary sea-level cycles,Western Australia: A chronostratigraphic approach

Marine and eolian carbonate deposits, grouped under the name “Tamala Limestone”, have been investigated along thousands of kilometers of coastal Western Australia (WA). Relative-age diagenetic features of carbonate sand dunes or “eolianites” indicate that coastal ridges decrease in age seaward, reflecting coastal accretion during successive sea-level stands. Yellow- to red-stained quartz sands are associated with eolianites as pits, lenses, extensive beds, and even 40-m-high dunes.A regional survey using whole-rock and land snail amino acid epimerization geochronology confirms the eolianite succession and provides a means of correlating widespread deposits along a steep climatic gradient and 16° of latitude. AMS ¹⁴C and uranium–thorium (U/Th) ages provide independent radiometric calibration of the amino acid ratios, and eolianite ages can be estimated using a parabolic kinetic model.Over 90% of the sampled eolianite deposits comprise Aminozones A, C, E (125 ka), F?, G, and H, and correlate with interglacials from <10 ka (Holocene) to ca. 500 ka. In contrast, at the type locality of the Tamala Limestone along the Zuytdorp Cliffs, the upper eolianite-paleosol units are characterized by advanced stages of cavernous weathering, pedogenesis, and recrystallization. In the same units, sediment and snail samples generally yield very low or non-detectable levels of amino acids. These factors along with the stratigraphic complexity of the deposits reflect an age much greater than a large majority of sites along the WA coastline. These findings encourage a revision of the existing classification and nomenclature of Quaternary carbonate deposits in WA, as well as a reexamination of the underlying mechanisms related to the formation and emplacement of both carbonate and quartz dunes.     

周围型小肺癌动态增强MRI与18F FDG PET/CT的相关性初探

目的:探讨周围型小肺癌动态增强磁共振成像(DCE-MRI)定量参数和18F-2-脱氧葡萄糖正电子体层摄影/计算机体层摄影(18F FDG PET/CT)最大标准摄取值(SUV_max)的相关性。方法:27例最大径 ≤ 3 cm的周围型小肺癌行18F FDG PET/CT及动态增强MR扫描。测量磁共振定量参数容量转运常数(Ktrans)、回流速率常数(K_ep)、细胞外对比剂容积分数(V_e)及PET/CT最大标准摄取值(SUV_max)。比较动态增强MRI三个定量参数值与SUV_max的相关性。结果:DCE-MRI的定量参数Ktrans值、K_ep值分别与PET/CT半定量参数SUV_max之间存在正相关(P<0.05);而V_e与SUV_max无相关性(P>0.05)。结论:DCE-MRI定量参数Ktrans值及K_ep值与SUV_max正相关,三者可共同反映周围型小肺癌的恶性特征。      

Dynamic programming and the principle of optimality: A systematic approach

The dynamic programming recursive procedure has provided an efficient method for solving a variety of sequential decision problems related to water resources systems. In many investigations Bellman's principle of optimality is used as a proof for the optimality of the dynamic programming solutions. In this paper the dynamic programming procedure is systematically studied so as to clarify the relationship between Bellman's principle of optimality and the optimality of the dynamic programming solutions.Our main result is that although the principle is valid, in order to use it as a proof for the optimality of the dynamic programming solution certain modeling requirements should be met.The mathematical model presented in this paper provides a convenient framework for the modeling and analysis of dynamic programming problems encountered by in water resources management studies.The results derived here resolve few of the fundamental questions raised in the literature regarding the validity of Bellman's principle of oplimality and the optimality of the dynamic programming solutions.     

Effect of Corrugation and Reinforcement on the Dispersion of SH-wave Propagation in Corrugated Poroelastic Layer Lying over a Fibre-reinforced Half-space

The presence of porosity and reinforcement in a medium is an important factor affecting seismic wave propagation and plays vital role in many geophysical prospects. Also, the presence of salt and ore deposits, mountains, basins, mountain roots, etc. is responsible for the existence of corrugated boundary surfaces of constituent layers. Such facts brought motivation for the present paper which deals with the propagation of SH-wave in a heterogeneous fluid-saturated poroelastic layer with corrugated boundaries lying over an initially stressed fibre-reinforced elastic halfspace. Closed form of dispersion relation has been obtained and is found in well agreement to classical Love wave equation for isotropic case. The effect of corrugation, wave number, undulation, position parameter, horizontal compressive/tensile initial stress and heterogeneity on phase velocity has been analysed through numerical computation and graphical illustration. Moreover, comparative study exploring the effect of presence and absence of reinforcement in half-space on dispersion curve is the major highlight of the current study.