Site response implications associated with using non-unique Vs profiles from surface wave inversion in comparison with other commonly used methods of accounting for Vs uncertainty

This paper discusses variability and accuracy of site response predictions performed using shear wave velocity (Vs) profiles derived from non-unique surface wave inversions and other commonly used statistical methods of accounting for epistemic uncertainty and aleatory variability in Vs. Specifically, linear and equivalent linear site response analyses were performed on the following three classes of Vs profiles: (1) 350 Vs profiles developed by performing multiple surface wave inversions, each with a unique set of layering parameters, on a common dispersion dataset, (2) two upper/lower range base-case Vs profiles developed by systematically increasing or decreasing the solution Vs profile by 20%, and (3) 100 Vs profiles developed using the Vs randomization procedure proposed by Toro (1995) [26]. Vs profiles derived from surface wave inversions generally yielded accurate site response estimates with minimal variability, so long as their theoretical dispersion data fit the experimental dispersion data well. On the other hand, the upper/lower range and randomized Vs profiles generally produced inaccurate and highly variable site response predictions, although the inclusion of site-specific parameters in the randomization model improved the results. At real sites where substantial aleatory variability is anticipated and/or the epistemic uncertainty is quite high, the site response estimates associated with the randomized and/or upper/lower range Vs profiles may be deemed acceptable. However, if the experimental dispersion data and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios are shown to be consistent over the footprint of a site, it may be possible to significantly reduce the uncertainty associated with the input Vs profile and the resulting uncertainty in the site response.     

Seismic Hazard Estimates Using Ill-defined Macroseismic Data at Site

—?A new approach is proposed to the seismic hazard estimate based on documentary data concerning local history of seismic effects. The adopted methodology allows for the use of “poor” data, such as the macroseismic ones, within a formally coherent approach that permits overcoming a number of problems connected to the forcing of available information in the frame of “standard” methodologies calibrated on the use of instrumental data. The use of the proposed methodology allows full exploitation of all the available information (that for many towns in Italy covers several centuries) making possible a correct use of macroseismic data characterized by different levels of completeness and reliability. As an application of the proposed methodology, seismic hazard estimates are presented for two towns located in Northern Italy: Bologna and Carpi.     

非匀质场地地震反应的模态叠加法解

将模态叠加法应用于刚性基岩上、受竖直向上传播的稳态剪切地震波激振下剪切刚度沿深度按指数规律增长的单层非匀质场地土模型的地震反应分析,求得有效振型参与系数的解.在算例分析中将此类非匀质场地与剪切波速取为平均值的匀质场地的有效振型参与系数进行了比较,并验证了第一阶固有频率的工程估算式仍可用于此类非匀质场地,且其对估算高阶固有频率是个很重要的参数.     

利用不同方法估算流动台站的场地响应

本文以2003年7月21日云南大姚6.2级地震序列为例, 分别利用地面运动反演法(Moya方法)、 水平与垂直向之比法(Nakamura方法)和参考台站法研究大姚地区场地响应特征。主要结论有: ① Moya方法计算的场地响应结果表明, 大姚地区场地的放大作用是比较明显的, 平均在3~20倍, 最高达到40倍; 卓越频率位于3~6 Hz之间, 但在高频处(约10 Hz以上)场地响应衰减得比较明显; 不同岩性台基的台站, 其场地响应结果存在一定的差别, 台基为风化砾岩的场地响应结果比较平缓, 其场地响应值比台基为土层的其他台站小一些。② 入射角在40°以上和以下范围, Nakamura方法得到的场地响应形态有差异, 但在各自范围内, 场地响应与入射角的依赖关系不明显。③ 利用同一台站不同时间记录到的地震资料, 由三种方法各自得到的场地响应都具有较好的稳定性; 由于垂直分量仍具有放大作用(在10 Hz以下), Moya的结果大于Nakaruma的结果, 但两者形态上一致性较好; 参考台站法由于受参考台站的影响, 计算得到的场地响应形态和其他两种方法差异较大。④ Moya方法是依赖于震源模型的方法, 它能给出绝对的场地响应值, 其它两种方法的结果是一种相对场地响应, 受参考对象的影响较大。     

Analysis of Seismic Risk by Using Site Earthquake Response Intensity

Based on the site historical earthquake data,a method of seismic risk analysis is presented.Once the frequency of earthquake response intensity and the relative value showed a logarithmic linear,the maximum similarity method would be used to obtain β,λ,and Imax,and also achieve the results of risk analysis on each site.At the same time,the "logic tree" method can be used to calibrate the uncertainty of the risk on each site.Then the final results of risk analysis indicate that this method is feasible,particularly for the sites showing intensity anomaly.     

应用和达法测定阳江地区的波速比

利用数字地震观测记录,根据多台和达法对阳江地区的波速比特征进行研究,结果显示：阳江地区波速比的平均值为1．6787;震前波速比的低值异常可作为中强地震的前兆异常。同时还对多台和达法求波速比的两种公式进行了实际计算,结果验证：2种波速比计算结果是有差异的。但变化趋势一致。在一些数据点分布好、拟合好的情况下,2种波速比计算结果差异较小或者一致。     

Multimedia Risk-Based Soil Cleanup at a Gasoline-Contaminated Site Using Vapor Extraction

At a utility service center, gasoline from an underground storage tank had leaked into subsurface vadose zone soils for several years. To remediate the site, a soil vapor extraction (SVE) system was installed and operated. At the completion of the SVE operation, gasoline-containing residues in several confirmation soil borings exceeded agency-mandated cleanup levels. Rather than continue with SVE, a risk-based approach was developed to evaluate what levels of gasoline-containing residues could be left in the soil and still protect human health. The risk-based approach consisted of simulating the fate of chemical residues through the vadose zone and then into both the ground water and atmosphere. Receptor point concentrations were predicted, and health risks were assessed. The risk assessment concluded that ingestion of contaminated ground water and inhalation of air while showering were the largest potential contributors to risk, and that risks associated with inhalation of vapor-containing ambient air are small. However, all predicted risks are below the acceptable risk levels of 10⁻⁶ individual cancer risk probability and 1.0 hazard index. Therefore, the lead agency accepted the recommendation that the site requires no further remediation. The service center continues normal operations today.     

Assessment of Managed Aquifer Recharge Site Suitability Using a GIS and Modeling

We completed a two‐step regional analysis of a coastal groundwater basin to (1) assess regional suitability for managed aquifer recharge (MAR), and (2) quantify the relative impact of MAR activities on groundwater levels and sea water intrusion. The first step comprised an analysis of surface and subsurface hydrologic properties and conditions, using a geographic information system (GIS). Surface and subsurface data coverages were compiled, georeferenced, reclassified, and integrated (including novel approaches for combining related datasets) to derive a spatial distribution of MAR suitability values. In the second step, results from the GIS analysis were used with a regional groundwater model to assess the hydrologic impact of potential MAR placement and operating scenarios. For the region evaluated in this study, the Pajaro Valley Groundwater Basin, California, GIS results suggest that about 7% (15 km²) of the basin may be highly suitable for MAR. Modeling suggests that simulated MAR projects placed near the coast help to reduce sea water intrusion more rapidly, but these projects also result in increased groundwater flows to the ocean. In contrast, projects placed farther inland result in more long‐term reduction in sea water intrusion and less groundwater flowing to the ocean. This work shows how combined GIS analysis and modeling can assist with regional water supply planning, including evaluation of options for enhancing groundwater resources.     

利用免费DEM数据及制图软件绘制跨断层场地图

涉及跨断层测量的很多专业报告都需要以图片形式展示观测场地测网布设、地形地貌等基础信息。由于测网改造及城市建设,很多观测场地的场地图已不能反映场地的真实面貌,有必要绘制新的场地图。在不进行实地测量和没有航测设备的情况下,利用免费的DEM数据及多个制图软件可绘制出满足展示需求的场地图。     

应用概率密度函数方法自动处理地震台站勘选测试数据

将McNamara等人（2005）提出的地震噪声概率密度函数（PDF）方法用于地震台站台址勘选测试数据的自动处理,实现了对台址地震噪声水平主要评价指标加速度功率谱密度（PSD）与用RMS表示的速度有效振幅的自动估算,大大提高了台址噪声测试数据的处理速度。该方法已被应用于福建地震烈度速报台网84个新选台址的勘选数据处理工作。     

区域性场地V_s30及峰值加速度放大系数估算方法

地震动速报评估方法中常常考虑场地的影响,为了提高地形坡度模型的区域性地表30m的平均剪切波速Vs30估算精度,本文提出了基于工程钻孔资料的Vs30的修正方法。通过计算实际钻孔的Vs30值与坡度模型估算的Vs30值之间的残差,分析了残差的空间变化趋势,利用克里金插值对所研究区域的Vs30残差趋势面进行插值,并与估算的Vs30进行空间叠加,实现了Vs30的修正。选取K-net和Kik-net台网中台站的剪切波速资料和强震记录回归了峰值加速度放大系数与场地Vs30的经验关系,将其应用于基于ShakeMap框架的地震动快速评估系统绘制了汶川地震影响区域的基岩和地表加速度峰值,分析场地条件对于地震动的实际影响,结果表明区域性场地Vs30及峰值加速度放大系数估算方法具有一定的适用性。     

利用区域数字强震动台网加速度记录合成场地设计地震波

利用福建数字强震动台网历年各类典型加速度记录的相位谱拟合所在场地设计反应谱,获得具有本地区不同场地、不同分向天然地震记录的非平稳性特征又满足抗震设防要求的场地设计地震波,同时提供了具体的应用算例及可供福建地区建筑结构时程分析时选用的输入地震波。     

Temperature control of continental lithosphere elastic thickness,Te vs Vs

The elastic thickness of the continental lithosphere is closely related to its total strength and therefore to its susceptibility to tectonic deformation and earthquakes. Recently it has been questioned whether the lithosphere thickness and strength are dependent on crustal and upper mantle temperatures and compositions as predicted by laboratory data. We test this dependence regionally by comparison in northwestern North America of the effective elastic thickness Te, from topography–gravity coherence, with upper mantle temperatures mapped by shear wave tomography velocities Vs and other temperature indicators. The Te values are strongly bimodal as found globally, less than 20 km for the hot Cordillera backarc and over 60 km for the cold stable Craton. These Te correspond to low Vs beneath the Cordillera and high Vs beneath the Craton. Model temperature-depth profiles are used to estimate model Te for comparison with those observed. Only limited areas of intermediate thermal regimes, i.e., thermotectonic ages of ~ 300 Ma, have intermediate Te that suggest a weak lower crust over a stronger upper mantle. There are large uncertainties in model Te associated with composition, water content, strain rate, and decoupling stress threshold. However, with reasonable parameters, model yield stress envelopes correspond to observed Te for thermal regimes with 800–900 °C at the Cordillera Moho and 400–500 °C for the Shield, in agreement with temperatures from Vs and other estimators. Our study supports the conclusion that lithosphere elastic thickness and strength are controlled primarily by temperature, and that laboratory-based rheology generally provides a good estimate of the deformation behaviour of the crust and upper mantle on geological time scales.     

菏泽—濮阳及附近地区震源深度及波速比变化

计算了发生在濮阳及附近地区(35.5°~36.0°N,115.1°~115.7°E)地震的波速比,并进行T检验。结果表明,研究区内2001~2008年发生的41次ML≥2.6级地震波速比值属于正常变化。通过1970~2008年菏泽—濮阳及附近地区(35.1°~36.0°N,115.1°~115.7°E)发生的ML≥3级地震震源深度分析,发现1983年(11月7日菏泽5.9级地震前,研究区内震源深度变化大(-h=19 km),而5.9级地震后至2008年震源深度浅(-h=13 km)的特点。     

用广义反演方法估算首都圈地区台站场地效应

本文利用2001—2006年首都圈地区的SH波数字化地震资料, 用广义逆矩阵联合反演的方法得到了63个台站的场地效应值。 基岩场地的场地效应比较稳定, 在1～10 Hz范围内为1左右; 沉积场地在低频场地效应较高, 在1～8 Hz范围内在3～7之间, 5 Hz左右场地效应有明显的突起, 以后随频率增加降低。 结果表明, 台站岩性是影响场地效应形态和大小的主要因素, 此外其场地效应还可能与所处的局部地质构造等因素有关。     

基于谱比法的江苏强震动台站场地特征分析

选取江苏省强震动台网近年来获得的强震动记录,基于水平竖向谱比法(HVSR),计算了22个强震动台站的速度反应谱平均谱比曲线,采用谱比形状一致法进行场地分类,并结合典型台站场地的工程地质资料进行对比分析。研究结果表明,平均谱比曲线的卓越周期、场地放大等特征与台站场地地质资料相吻合,与传统场地分类方法相比,基于谱比法的场地特征分类方法能够突出不同场地的地震动反应特征,较好地体现了台站的场地反应特征。     

Estimation of Site Effects on Stations in the Capital Circle Region Using the Generalized Inversion Method

Generalized Inversion Method has been used to estimate the spatial variation of site effects,using the digital data of SH-waves recorded by 63 stations in the Capital Circle Region of China from 2001 to 2006.We gained the site effects of all stations participating in the calculation.We found that the site effect of rock was stabile and about 1.0 from 1.0Hz to 10.0Hz,while the site effect of deposit was high in low frequencies,about 3 ～ 7 from 1.0Hz to 8.0Hz,and the site effect was protuberant at about 5.0Hz,then fell as the frequency increased.The result shows the shape and intensity of station site effects are mainly influenced by the lithology below the station,and possibly also by the local geological structure.     

检层法钻孔S波速测量中的震相问题

在岩土工程测量中，Ｓ波速度是一个重要参数，正确地识别其震相，对提高Ｓ波速度的测试精度非常重要。郭铁拴先生等发表关于“检层法鲇孔波速测量中的震相分析”一文中提出在有套管的检层Ｓ波测量中，深度大于４０ｍ时，Ｓ波震相淹没在折射波中。