Constant Q and a Fractal, Stratified Earth

— Frequency-dependent measurements of the quality factor Q typically show a constant behaviour for low frequencies and a positive power-law dependence for higher frequencies. In particular, the constant Q pattern is usually explained using intrinsic attenuation models due to anelasticity with either a single or multiple superposed relaxation mechanisms — each with a particular resonance peak.¶However, in this study, I show using wave localisation theory that a constant Q may also be due to apparent attenuation due to scattering losses. Namely, this phenomenon occurs if the earth displays fractal characteristics. Moreover, if fractal characteristics exist over a limited range of scales only, even an absorption band can be created—in accordance with observations. This indicates that it may be very difficult to distinguish between intrinsic and scattering attenuation on the basis of frequency-dependent measurements of the quality factor only.     

Constant normal-moveout (CNMO) correction: a technique and test results

We introduce a processing technique which minimizes the 'stretching effects' of conventional NMO correction. Unlike conventional NMO, the technique implies constant normal moveout (CNMO) for a finite time interval of a seismic trace. The benefits of the proposed method include preservation of higher frequencies and reduction of spectral distortions at far offsets. The need for severe muting after the correction is reduced, allowing longer spreads for stack, velocity and AVO analysis. The proposed technique has been tested on model and real data. The method may improve the resolution of CMP stack and AVO attribute analysis. The only assumptions for this stretch-free NMO correction are (i) all time samples of a digital reflected wavelet at a particular offset have the same normal moveout, and (ii) reflection records have an interference nature.     

Constant denudation rates in a high alpine catchment for the last 6 kyrs

Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCN) have widely been used as proxies in determining denudation rates in catchments. Most studies were limited to samples from modern active streams, thus little is known about the magnitude and causes of TCN variability on millennial time scales. In this work we present a 6 kyrs long, high resolution record of ¹⁰Be concentrations (n = 18), which were measured in sediment cores from an alluvial fan delta at the outlet of the Fedoz Valley in the Swiss Alps. This record is paired with a 3‐year time series (n = 4) of ¹⁰Be measured in sediment from the active stream currently feeding this fan delta. The temporal trend in the ¹⁰Be concentrations after correction for postdepositional production of ¹⁰Be was found to be overall constant and in good agreement with the modern river ¹⁰Be concentration. The calculated mean catchment‐wide denudation rate amounts to 0.73 ± 0.18 mm yr^?1. This fairly constant level of ¹⁰Be concentrations can be caused by a constant denudation rate over time within the catchment or alternatively by a buffered signal. In this contribution we suggest that the large alluvial floodplain in the Fedoz Valley may act as an efficient buffer on Holocene time scales in which sediments with different ¹⁰Be signatures are mixed. Therefore, presumable variations in the ¹⁰Be signals derived from changes in denudation under a fluctuating Holocene climate are only poorly transferred to the catchment outlet and not recorded in the ¹⁰Be record. However, despite the absence of high frequency signals, we propose that the buffered and averaged ¹⁰Be signal could be meaningfully and faithfully interpreted in terms of long‐term catchment‐averaged denudation rate. Our study suggests that alluvial buffers play an important role in regulating the ¹⁰Be signal exported by some alpine settings that needs to be taken into account and further investigated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Constant auroral forms during regular pulsations

A case is described in which complex auroral forms varied slightly at Lovozero Observatory over the course of more than an hour in the morning hours during the auroral recovery phase. Pc3 and Pc5 auroral and geomagnetic pulsations were observed during the event. The phenomenon is compared with recurrent pulsating auroras, which are described in the literature.     

典型体育场屋盖风荷载特性的风洞试验研究

对某一具有代表性的大型体育场刚性模型进行了表面测压风洞试验,介绍了试验所采用的主要技术参数和基本的数据处理方法,分析了结构典型测点在不同风向角下的风压变化规律,给出了该体育场屋盖上的对应于50年和100年重现期的10min平均风压值及前10个最小极值风压值。分析表明：风压系数平均值分布规律明显,能体现屋盖上流场分布的情况;均方根值能在一定程度上反映出气流分离和旋涡脱落情况。典型体育场屋盖上表面主要分布负压,其中迎风边缘及突出部位较大,低凹处及尾流区域较小;屋盖下表面在迎风的钝体边缘有较大区域正压出现,背风处分布有不大的均匀负压。     

A Simplified Solution Using Izbash's Equation for Non-Darcian Flow in a Constant Rate Pumping Test

This paper derives an equivalent of Darcian Theis solution for non-Darcian flow induced by constant rate pumping of a well in a confined aquifer. The derivation, which is valid at later times only, is original. It utilizes Izbash's equation. This introduces an additional parameter to Darcian condition, namely, empirical exponent. The solution is a non-Drcian equivalent of Jacob straight line method for analyzing pumping tests at late times. It can be used to determine aquifer parameters: storativity, analogous hydraulic conductivity, and empirical exponent. However, while the Jacob method requires a minimum of only one pumping test with one observation well, the additional parameter in the present solution means that a minimum of two observation wells in one test or two pumping tests at different rates with one observation well are required. The derived solution is applied to a case study at Plomeur in Brittany, France, and is shown to provide a practical and efficient method for analyzing pumping tests where non-Darcian groundwater flow occurs.     

一致概率谱衰减指数的取值方法探讨

在重大工程的地震安全性评价工作中,根据概率法地震危险性分析得到的一致概率反应谱,与建筑抗震设计规范给出的设计反应谱常常不一致,特别是在长周期部分,一致概率谱一般均低于相应的规范谱。为解决地震安全性评价得到的一致概率谱在抗震设计中的应用,本文通过比较、分析一致概率谱和规范谱,针对一致概率谱标定得到的衰减指数γ较规范谱明显偏大的特点,提出了一致概率谱衰减指数的取值方法。     

Pressure variations in peat as a result of gas bubble dynamics

Transient high pore‐water pressures, up to 50 cm higher than ambient pressure, developed over the summer season at various depths in a shallow (1 m) fen peat. The excess pressures had a pattern of gradual increases and sharp drops, and their initiation and release typically corresponded to abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure. We conclude that these phenomena depend on gas bubbles (probably methane) generated by biological activity, both by clogging pores and by building up pressure as they grow. These transient and spatially discontinuous high‐pressure zones were found using pressure transducers in sealed (backfilled) pits, but not in piezometers open to the atmosphere. Piezometers may provide a conduit for the release of gas and pressure, thus rendering them unsuitable for measuring this phenomenon. Although the development of localized zones of high pressure causes erratic and unpredictable hydraulic gradients, we suggest that their effect on the flow of water or solutes is offset by the reduced permeability caused by the bubbles, which allows them to be sustained. These zones, however, probably deflect flows driven by the dominant hydraulic gradients. Furthermore, they may cause the peat volume to adjust (swell). The use and interpretation of traditional methods for estimating hydraulic head and conductivity in peat soils thus require great caution. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于压力拱理论的围岩压力计算研究

按照弹塑性理论,应用数值模拟的方法,通过对比隧道开挖前、后围岩的主应力矢量图,得到隧道开挖后,其周边围岩的主应力矢量方向发生了偏转,形成了压力拱;通过分析拱顶上方的应力状态,提出了压力拱成拱临界埋深和压力拱计算边界的概念;以铁路隧道参考图为准,分析了隧道埋深、跨度及围岩性质等因素对成拱临界埋深和计算边界的影响。经过分析,压力拱临界埋深与计算边界均随着跨度与围岩级别的增大而增大,且呈现一定的规律。通过多元非线性回归分析,得到了临界埋深和计算边界的计算公式,以此得出围岩压力的计算公式,并与《铁路隧道设计规范》所推荐的公式计算得到的围岩压力进行对比,结果表明,通过压力拱理论计算得到的围岩压力较规范要大,且随着围岩级别的增大,两者差值逐渐减小,其中Ⅴ级围岩最为接近。     

基于压力拱理论的围岩压力计算研究

按照弹塑性理论,应用数值模拟的方法,通过对比隧道开挖前、后围岩的主应力矢量图,得到隧道开挖后,其周边围岩的主应力矢量方向发生了偏转,形成了压力拱;通过分析拱顶上方的应力状态,提出了压力拱成拱临界埋深和压力拱计算边界的概念;以铁路隧道参考图为准,分析了隧道埋深、跨度及围岩性质等因素对成拱临界埋深和计算边界的影响。经过分析,压力拱临界埋深与计算边界均随着跨度与围岩级别的增大而增大,且呈现一定的规律。通过多元非线性回归分析,得到了临界埋深和计算边界的计算公式,以此得出围岩压力的计算公式,并与《铁路隧道设计规范》所推荐的公式计算得到的围岩压力进行对比,结果表明,通过压力拱理论计算得到的围岩压力较规范要大,且随着围岩级别的增大,两者差值逐渐减小,其中Ⅴ级围岩最为接近。     

Stable Atmospheric Surface Layer in Modelling with Constant Ground Temperature

Influence of the surface roughness, geostrophic wind speed and initial stable stratification on surface layer scales, namely the friction velocity, temperature scale and the Monin-Obukhov length, and on non-dimensional profiles has been studied in quasi-stationary PIAPBLM (Prague Institute of Atmospheric Physics Boundary Layer Model) runs. Modifications of the stability functions, of the non-local mixing length concept, and of surface layer parametrization have improved the model results. With the ground temperature kept constant in time, the boundary layer is subjected to a turbulent cooling induced by surface roughness and to a counteracting turbulent heat transfer directed downwards. If the wind speed is lower, a rather mixed layer develops capped by a more stable layer. The estimated Monin-Obukhov length then slightly increases and the non-dimensional gradients overpredict the empirical values even more.     

Constant velocity migration in the various guises of plane-wave theory

The various analytic schemes for performing a wavefield extrapolation or seismic migration from measurements upon a planar surface within a constant velocity medium are inherently related to each other. All schemes can be derived from a simple plane-wave representation of the recorded wavefield. One scheme that is very easy to conceive is based on the Radon transform. It enables one to perform a wavefield extrapolation or seismic migration by a filtered projection and a back projection of the recorded wavefield. This reveals that the theory of seismic migration as well as the theory of seismic tomography are very closely related to each other.