Relation Between Deformation Precursors of Fault-Network in the Capital Circle and the Datong Earthquake (M_s6.1)

In this paper,the method of Information Synthesis of Seismogenic System(ISSS)has been used to describe and evaluate the evolution process of self-organization of seismcgenic system in the Capital circle.Through the synthesis of precursory information,the criterion and possible index which characterize the transition of the seismogenic system from steady-state to unsteady-state and then towards the attractor cif a new steady-state have been investigated.The result shows that the synthesis of comprehensive precursor)deformation anomalies of the seismogenic large system(fault-network in the Capital circle),the information synthesis of precursory anomalies of sub-system(a few main fault zones in the Capital circle),and the unweighted or weighted synthesis of anomalous frequencies recognized by the dynamic grey-box method can all raise remarkably the reliability and distinctness of precursory information associated with the Datong Ms 6.1 earthquake.It has provided a criterion and index for evaluation and for     

A Study on the Relationship Between Sequential Anomalies of Water Level Step-Variations in the Wanquan Well and Earthquakes

This paper studies the relationship between water level step-variation anomalies and regional seismic activity.The train of thinking is as follows:First,a series of water level step-variation anomalies are regarded as sequential step-variation anomalies; next,these sequential anomalies are divided into several sub-sequential anomalies according to the temporal density of step-variations in different segments of the sequence; then the generation and evolution processes of various sub-sequential anomalies are analyzed to find their relation with regional moderate-strong earthquake activities,and finally the various sub-sequential anomalies are synthesized as sequential anomalies so as to analyze their relation with the tendency of seismic activities.By the above method,this paper has analyzed the relationship between a series of water level step-variation anomalies at the Wanquan well since 1981 and several regional moderate-strong earthquake activities.According to the monthly frequency,amplitude and tre     

A Preliminary Study on the Probabilistic Estimation of Deaths from Future Earthquakes in North China

During the period from 1800 to 1989,the degree of fatalities(?from earthquakes in North China(Lat.34.0°-42.0°N,Long.107.5°-125.0°E)varied exponentially with the frequency of earthquake events(N),namely:N=37.71 exp(-0.72?(E-logD,D:deaths).For the periods from 1988 to 1998 and from 1999 to 2009,the probabilities for earthquakes to cause one thousand or more deaths in North China are estimated to be 0.37 and 0.50,respectively,by using the Gumbel's extreme value theory.     

A Study on Shear Wave Splitting for the Sequence of the Aftershocks of the Yao''''an M_S6.5 Earthquake in Yunnan Province

INTRODUCTIONS wavesplittingisnotonlystudiedintheory,buthasalsobeenthesubjectofalotoffieldobser vationsandcomputersimulationsinceCrampin (1978)raisedtheExtensiveDilatancyAnisotropy(EDA) .Thoseinvestigationstriedtotestifythecorrectnessofthehypothesis,namelythatthevertical lyparallelcracksappliedunderthestresshaveeffectiveanisotropy,whichcanresultinshearwavesplitting.Sincethe 1980s,thedigitalseismometerwithbroadbandandhighaccuracyhasbeenusedwidelyinseismicobservations,andtheprocessingtechn…     

The Characteristic Analysis and Seismic Triggering Study of the M6.2 and M6.1 Dayao Earthquake Sequences in 2003

INTRODUCTIONTheM6·2 andM6·1 earthquakes occurred successivelyin Dayao,Yunnan Province on July 21and October 16 ,2003 and bothinduced human casualty and economic loss to some extent .Adequatehistorical information reveals that ,earthquakes bigger thanM6·0 in Yunnan are distributed mainlyalong some active tectonic faults and seismic belts . Dayao and Yao an are in the Dianzhong tectonicblock andthere are noapparentfaultsthere(Su Youjing,2004) .Seismic activitylevel inthisregioniswea…     

Study on the Relationship Between Recent Crustal Deformation and the Temporal-Spatial Distribution of Strong Earthquakes ( Ms ≥6.0) in the Sichuan-Yunnan Region

Analysis of deformation data measured across the faults, regional vertical deformation data and GPS measurements in the Sichuan-Yunnan region made since the 1980s permitted us to conclude that the crustal deformation in the region during this period of time was relatively weak and caused the occurrence of earthquakes (Ms≥6.0), which were not distributed along the major boundary active faults in the region after the 1981 I)awu Ms 6.9 earthquake and that the seismic activity is characterized by quasi-clockwise migration. Thus, it follows that earthquake prediction research should be focused on the central part of the Sichuan-Yunnan region in the coming years. Finally, a concept of temporal division of the region into active blocks is suggested and the preliminary result of the division is given in the paper.     

Study on Short-Term Abnormal Characteristics of Geoelectric and Geomagnetic Data before Strong Earthquakes in the North China Region

INTRODUCTIONStrongearthquakeactivityrepresentsalarge scalecrustaltectonicmovementprocess .Intheprocessofearthquakepreparation ,thedistributionofthegeophysicalparametersintheearthquakepreparationareahasthecharacteroftemporalcontinuityandspatialdependencewithdifferentgeologicalstructures ,andhenceaseismicprecursoryfieldisformed .Affectedbythetectonicstressfieldandthestressfieldinthefocalarea ,theearthresistivityinthesourceanditssurroundingareaswillchangeintheprocessofearthquakepreparation .…     

Relation Between Seismicity and Geothermal Structure of the Lithosphere in Yunnan Province,China

The isoline map of the heat flow has been drawn by using the measured and estimated values of the heat flow in Yunnan Province and its adjacent region. The contrast studies of the heat flow and epicenters of the strong earthquakes (886 - 1998), the distribution of the geotemperature and high accurate data of focal depth (1983 - 1997) show that the strong earthquakes take place along the geothermal gradient zone in which the thermal stress is concentrated, and that the foci are generally located between 100 and 600°isogeotherms corresponding to the depths of 3-25km and densely distribute between 200°and 450°isogeotherms, i.e. the depths of 5 -20km. The distribution range of the focal depths is probably related to the crustal brittle to ductile transition which mainly results from the geotemperatures.Seismicity; Heat flow; Distribution of geotemperature; Yunnan Province     

Study of thrust and nappe tectonics in the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula, China

Thrust and nappe tectonics have affected the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula, the easternmost terminal of the Sulu Ultra-high Pressure Metamorphic Belt. Four nappes have been mapped, named respectively the Shidao, Rongcheng, Mishan and Mouping nappes. The methods used included multi-scale struc- tural analysis and structural chronology analysis. These nappes define four deep level slip-thrust shear zones that were mainly active in the Mesozoic. The amount of ductile deformation decreases from the Shidao to Rongcheng to Mouping to Mishan shear zones, and shows an inverse relationship with temperature. 40Ar/39Ar chronological analysis and the chronological results of former workers reveal four movement steps defined by the development of thrusts and nappes in the late Triassic (210-180 Ma), extensional movement from the Jurassic to early Cretaceous (180-130 Ma), slip-thrust movement in the Early Cretaceous (130-120 Ma), and extensional movement since the Late Cretaceous (120 Ma). The order of boundary shear zone motion in the period of slip-thrust movement during the Early Cre- taceous (130-120 Ma) was along the Shidao, Rongcheng, Mouping and finally the Mishan shear zone. This resulted in clockwise rotation of the nappes relative to block west to the Tan-Lu Faults. Because of the similar evolutionary history of the Tan-Lu Faults and the thrust and nappe structure in the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula, slip dislocation along the Tan-Lu Faults might have been absorbed by thrust and nappe tectonics in the Jiaodong area in the Mesozoic era, resulting in much less dislocation on the Tan-Lu faults in North Eastern China than that in south along the Jiaodong Peninsula.     

Primary Quantitative Study on Earthquake Damage Extracted from Remote Sensing Imagery——A Case Study of Seismic Damage in the Urban Area of Dujiangyan due to the M_S8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake

The fast developing remote sensing techniques play an increasingly important role in earthquake emergency response, disaster survey and loss estimation. As there is a lack of quantitative studies on seismic damage based on remote sensing, its practicality in seismic disaster management has usually been questioned. The paper introduces the essential quantitative study idea, the concept of the remote sensing seismic damage index (DRS_I RS) and analysis models, demonstrates the seismic damage indices (DG_IC) of buildings obtained from ground surveying and its quantitative relation to DRS_I RS in Dujiangyan city, Sichuan Province, which was destroyed by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake with M_S8.0. The primary results show that an obvious relationship exists between the DRS_I RS of buildings obtained from the high resolution satellite or aerial remote sensing images and DG_I C or the building collapse ratio obtained through ground survey, which suggests that the quantitative study on seismic damage based on remote sensing will provide an effective method for seismic damage survey and loss estimation.     

Characteristics of Far-field Seismic Radiated Energy from the Five Earthquakes with M_S≥5. 0 in the Earthquake Swarm Sequence of 2013,M_S5. 8,Qianguo,Jilin Province,China

The Qianguo M_S5. 8 earthquake swarm of 2013 occurred in Qianguo,Jilin Province,China. There are five earthquakes with M_S≥5. 0 in the Qianguo earthquake swarm,with magnitudes of M_S5. 5,M_S5. 0,M_S5. 3,M_S5. 8 and M_S5. 0. In this study,the far-field seismic radiated energy characteristics of the earthquakes are compared based on the source spectrum and the ground motion spectrum of the earthquake swarm. The ground motion spectrum of the five earthquakes at Changchun seismic station( CN2),which is the national standard station,is first investigated with the recorded ground motions,and then the far-field seismic radiated energy is calculated and combined with the relationships of the source spectrum to describe the variable characteristics of the Qianguo earthquake swarm. Research results indicate that the second earthquake( No. 2) with M_S5. 0 is the key event of the earthquake swarm,which occurred on October 31,the same day following the first M_S5. 5 earthquake( No.1). In fact,the magnitude of event No. 2 decreased compared to event No.1,which did not agree with its large far-field seismic radiated energy. It needs to be pointed out that event No. 2 was the turning point event of the Qianguo earthquake swarm,as being a significant transition before the largest M_S5. 8 earthquake.     

A Preliminary Study on Geological and Seismogenic Structures in the Region of 1969 M 7.4 Bohai Sea Earthquake

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Daily-Seasonal Variation in the Number of Remotely Observed,Pulsed, ULF Electromagnetic Earthquakes and the Spatial Distribution of Their Generation Zones on the Earth’s Surface

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - Based on data from long-term observations at two geophysical observatories, Borok and College, distantly spaced in latitude and longitude, the results of remote...     

Progress and Prospect of Geophysical Research on Underground Gas Storage: A Case Study of Hutubi Gas Storage, Xinjiang, China

Hutubi Underground Gas Storage (UGS) is an important part of China''s West-East Gas Pipeline Project. Its production safety also plays an essential role in ensuring peaking, emergency and reserve of natural gas in the region. Geophysical observations and research conducted on Hutubi UGS provide significant support for understanding the operation status and ensuring safe operation of the UGS. Since the beginning of the construction of Hutubi UGS and its production, several works including gas field observation experiments,rock experiments and numerical simulations have been conducted. Preliminary observational results show that during the initial operation stage of the UGS, the "breathing phenomenon" in caprock and microseismicity in the vicinity are closely related to the operation of the gas storage. However,rock experiments and numerical simulations show that these activities may gradually weaken with the multi-cycle operation of gas storage. The impact of the operation of Hutubi UGS in the surrounding areas is gradually weakening, and its operation tends to be stable.Implementing long-term and multi-method geophysical observations is able to provide us a better understanding of the relationship between the operation of UGS and regional geological hazards. On this basis, the corresponding geomechanical model can be established to form an effective risk management mechanism for gas storage operation. Thus, it is of great significance to understand its operation status, monitor storage conditions, guide production and operation, and ultimately guarantee the safe production of the gas storage.     

Study on Active Faults and Seismogenic Structure for the 1989 Batang M6.2 ～ 6.7 Earthquake Swarm in the Litang-Batang Region of West Sichuan, China

INTRODUCTIONGeological investigations since the1970s have shown that the sub_longitudinal Jinshajiang andHonghe(Red River)fault zones constitutethe western boundary of“Rhombic Sichuan_Yunnan Block”onthe Sichuan_Tibet border and display mainly dextral sh…     

Study of oxygen fugacity during magma evolution and ore genesis in the Hongge mafic–ultramafic intrusion,the Panxi region,SW China

Economic concentrations of Fe–Ti oxides occurring as massive layers in the middle and upper parts of the Hongge intrusion are different from other layered intrusions(Panzhihua and Baima) in the Emeishan large igneous province, SW China. This paper reports on the new mineral compositions of magnetite and ilmenite for selected cumulate rocks and clinopyroxene and plagioclase for basalts. We use these data to estimate the oxidation state of parental magmas and during ore formation to constrain the factors leading to the abundant accumulation of Fe–Ti oxides involved with the Hongge layered intrusion. The results show that the oxygen fugacities of parental magma are in the range of FMQ-1.56 to FMQ+0.14, and the oxygen fugacities during the ore formation of the Fe–Ti oxides located in the lower olivine clinopyroxenite zone(LOZ) and the middle clinopyroxenite zone(MCZ) of the Hongge intrusion are in the range of FMQ-1.29 to FMQ-0.2 and FMQ-0.49 to FMQ+0.82, respectively.The MELTS model demonstrates that, as the oxygen fugacity increases from the FMQ-1 to FMQ+1, the proportion of crystallization magnetite increases from 11 % to 16 % and the crystallization temperature of the Fe–Ti oxides advances from 1134 to 1164 °C. The moderate oxygen fugacities for the Hongge MCZ indicate that the oxygen fugacity was not the only factor affecting the crystallization of Fe–Ti oxides. We speculated that theinitial anhydrous magma that arrived at the Hongge shallow magma chamber became hydrous by attracting the H_2O of the strata. In combination with increasing oxygen fugacities from the LOZ(FMQ-1.29 to FMQ-0.2) to the MCZ(FMQ-0.49 to FMQ+0.82), these two factors probably account for the large-scale Fe–Ti oxide ore layers in the MCZ of the Hongge intrusion.     

Oxysulfates of copper, sodium, and potassium in the lava flows of the 2012–2013 Tolbachik Fissure Eruption

Samples from the surface of lava flows discharged by the 2012–2013 Tolbachik Fissure Eruption were found to contain oxysulfates of copper, sodium, and potassium: K₂Cu₃O(SO₄)₂ (fedotovite), NaKCu₂O(SO₄)₂, and Na₃K₅Cu₈O₄(SO₄)₈. The last two phases have no naturally occurring or synthetic analogues that we are aware of. They form flattened crystals of prismatic to long-prismatic habits. The crystals of Na₃K₅Cu₈O₄(SO₄)₈ have a chemical composition corresponding to the empirical formula Na_2.22K_5.47Cu_8.02S_8.05O₃₆. An X-ray analysis of this compound showed that it has a monoclinic symmetry, P2/c, a = 13.909(4), b = 4.977(1), c = 23.525(6) Å, β = 90.021(5)°, V = 1628.3(7) ų. The crystal structure was determined by direct techniques and refined to yield R ₁ for 3955 reflexes//web// with F ² > 4σF. The compound NaKCu₂O(SO₄)₂ also belongs to the monoclinic system, P2/c, a = 14.111(4), b = 4.946(1), c = 23.673(6) Å, β = 92.052(6)°, V = 1651.1(8) ų. The structure was determined by direct techniques to yield a tentative structural model that has been refined up to R ₁ = 0.135 for 4088 reflexes with F ² > 4σF. The crystal structure of Na₃K₅Cu₈O₄(SO₄)₈ is based on chains of [O₂Cu₄]⁴⁺ consisting of rib-coupled oxy-centered tetrahedrons of (OCu₄)⁶⁺. The chains are surrounded by sulfate radicals, resulting in columns of {[O₂Cu₄](SO₄)₄}^4? aligned along the b axis. The interchain space contains completely ordered positions of Na⁺ and K⁺ cations. The principle underlying the connection of NaKCu₂O(SO₄)₂ columns in the crystal structure of {[O₂Cu₄](SO₄)₄}^4? is different, in view of the relation Na:K = 1 as contrasted with 3:5 for the compound Na₃K₅Cu₈O₄(SO₄)₈. The presence of oxy-centered tetrahedrons in the structure of these new compounds furnishes an indirect hint at the importance of polynuclear copper-oxygen radicals with centering oxygen atoms as forms of transport of copper by volcanic gases.     

Earthquake Induced Site Effect in the Algiers–Boumerdes Region: Relation Between Spectral Ratios Higher Peaks and Observed Damage During the May 21st M w 6.8 Boumerdes Earthquake (Algeria)

The Algiers–Boumerdes regions were hit by an M _w 6.8 destructive earthquake on May 21, 2003. The accelerometric and seismometric networks successfully recorded the main shock and many aftershocks at some locations where the damage was most extensive. A microtremor measurement was performed in the same locations; some of them are localized on the Mitidja basin. In this paper, we propose to analyze earthquake-induced site effect derived from horizontal to vertical spectral ratio from ambient noise (noise horizontal to vertical—NHV), or from very weak, weak, moderate and strong ( peak ground acceleration—PGA >10 % g) seismic motions (EHV), and transfer function evaluation from soil velocity profile data at four sites. H/V spectral ratios are computed by using both Fourier and response spectra. Compared to the transfer function, the obtained results show that in the case of soft soils, NHV as well as EHV give a good estimation of the soil's fundamental frequency, whereas the NHV underestimate the H/V amplitude and the EHV amplitude increase with the seismic motion intensity. In the case of firm soils, whereas the NHV gives flat curves synonymous for a rock site or a bump, the EHV is more appropriate as seen by identifying clear peaks with non negligible amplitude. In the case of soft sites as well as in the case of firm sites, strong peaks at frequencies higher than the fundamental one are found from EHV curves. Those peaks would not be found when looking at NHV ratios alone, are evidenced by the computed transfer function as well as by an analytical formulation, and are in agreement with the observed distribution of damage during the M _w 6.8 2003 Boumerdes earthquake. Finally, the same analysis is performed by using response spectra rather than Fourier spectra and leads to the same conclusions. Moreover, the calculation of the response spectra is more easily compared with the smoothing operation of the Fourier spectra.