陆地表层碳循环模型研究及其趋势

对国外陆地表层碳循环ＯＢＭ、ＴＥＭ、ＣＡＳＡ、ＣＡＲＡＩＢ、ＤＥＭＥＴＥＲ－１、ＩＭＡＧＥ２．０、ＳＩＢ２等模型进行了评述,同时也简要介绍了国内陆地表层碳循环模型的研究。通过对国内外研究现状的对比分析,我们可以看到国外陆地表层碳循环模型的发展特点：已经从静态模型转向动态模型,综合考虑了动力学特点,并且集成陆地表层碳循环的各个过程,与气候模型耦合研究陆地表层对全球变化的响应,建立生态生理模型和决定植被对气候反应的植物生态生理机制;研究陆地生态系统与大气之间的动态响应和相互作用,揭示其中的反馈机制;加强各种情景研究,同时包括人为的影响,尤其是土地利用和土地覆盖变化对陆地碳存储的影响,预测未来全球陆地表层的动态变化及其反馈;由于遥感数据已经成为全球变化研究重要的数据来源,遥感、地理信息系统技术在陆地表层碳循环研究中得到了重视和应用。这些正是我国陆地表层碳循环模型研究应注意和加强的方面。     

中国黄土高原东南部地区环境演变与远古人类文化研究

中国黄土高原东南部地区环境演变与远古人类文化研究ＡＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＥＶＯＬＵＴＩＯＮＡＲＹＡＮＤＰＡＬＥＯＨＵＭＡＮＣＵＬＴＵＲＥＩＮＳＯＵＴＨ－ＥＡＳＴＬＯＥＳＳＰＬＡＴＥＡＵＯＦＣＨＩＮＡ￥／／河南省文物考古研究所第一章　汾河...     

ENVIRONMENTALCONSIDERATIONOFTHEACTIVEBOOMINGDUNESINBADAINJARANDESERTINCHINA——RelationtotheSingingSan

ＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＡＬＣＯＮＳＩＤＥＲＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＨＥＡＣＴＩＶＥＢＯＯＭＩＮＧＤＵＮＥＳＩＮＢＡＤＡＩＮＪＡＲＡＮＤＥＳＥＲＴＩＮＣＨＩＮＡ——ＲｅｌａｔｉｏｎｔｏｔｈｅＳｉｎｇｉｎｇＳａｎｄＢｅａｃｈｅｓｉｎＪａｐａｎＳｈｉｇｅｏＭＩＷＡ...     

冰芯流动分析技术研究进展

保存于冰芯中冰川化学信息的完整提取,一直是制约冰芯分析技术发展的瓶颈,离散的样品准备工作大大限制了样品分析的数量和样品分析速度,并且在样品准备过程中样品容易受到污染和破坏,造成样品重要信息的损失。冰芯流动分析技术突破了这一瓶颈,成为最有应用前景的冰芯样品准备技术之一。本文综述了冰芯流动分析技术现状及其近年来应用冰芯流动分析技术开展极地冰芯样品分析的主要进展,并对其前景及发展方向作出展望。     

气候变化对中国农业生产的影响

根据１９５８￣１９９７年中国３１０个气象站的月平均最高、最低气温,月平均降水量,日照时数等气象参数分析了中国气候的背影特征。用３个大气环流模型,即ＨａｄＣＭ２、ＣＧＣＭ１、ＥＣＨＡＭ４来模拟未来中国气候变化的情景。同时,建立未来气候变化的６种方案。最后,根据３个ＧＣＭｓ模拟的结果,利用国际应用系统分析研究所（ＩＩＡＳＡ）发展并改进的农业生态地带模型（ＡＥＺ）评估气候变化对中国农业生产的影响。评估主     

极地冰芯气候及环境记录指标研究现状与展望

冰芯记录了自然和人类活动等各种因子的变化,是研究全球气候变化和环境变化的良好载体。极地冰芯可以将高分辨率古气候记录的时间尺度延长至过去几十万年,具有重要的科学意义。近年来,极地冰芯在气候及环境记录上取得了一系列新的研究进展,但尚缺乏系统的总结。本文对极地冰芯的研究进展进行了梳理,从冰芯物理特性、冰芯氢氧同位素、可溶及不可溶物质理化特征、冰芯气体等方面进行了概述,重点关注了最新分析方法在极地冰芯中的应用。最后对极地冰芯研究的未来发展方向进行了展望,以期为今后深入开展极地冰芯气候及环境记录研究提供参考。     

南极陨石研究的启示Ⅶ:南极新的和独特的陨石类型

近年来在南极及澳大利亚、非洲和北美的沙漠地区发现和回收了大量的陨石，改变了以前的球粒陨石分类。球粒陨石群由９个增加到１３个（ＥＨ、ＥＬ、Ｈ、Ｌ、ＬＬ、Ｒ、ＣＩ、ＣＲ、ＣＨ、ＣＭ、ＣＯ、ＣＶ及ＣＫ），并提出了３个碳质球粒陨石小群。ＣＫ、ＣＲ、ＣＨ和Ｒ为１３个球粒陨石群中新的化学群。不同的球粒陨石群，其岩石学、矿物学、化学及氧同位素组成均有明显的差异。根据其结构、矿物、化学及氧同位素组成特征，将１３个球粒陨石群划分为碳质球粒陨石系（由ＣＩ－ＣＲ－ＣＨ、ＣＭ－ＣＯ及ＣＶ－ＣＫ族组成）和顽辉石－普通球粒陨石系（由ＥＨ－ＥＬ、Ｈ－Ｌ－ＬＬ及Ｒ族组成）。碳质球粒陨石系是在相对远离太阳的区域形成，它以高的氧化态为特征。顽辉石－普通球粒陨石系是在靠近太阳的内太阳系区域形成的     

南极中山站及毗邻地区湖泊与冰雷CODMn研究

在ＣＨＩＮＡＲＥ－１５考察期间对中山站及毗邻地区的湖泊和冰雪进行了采样。它们的ＣＯＤＭｎ指数与中国《地面水环境质量标准》相比,可分为三类：一类水质所占比重最大,大约为５６％,二类和三类分别为３７％、７％。各类水体的ＣＯＤＭｎ指数主要为自然源所贡献,人为污染不明显。湖水的ＣＯＤＭｎ指数是生物生长状况,有机质含量、盐度和水体氧化还原程度的综合体现,新鲜降雪样的ＣＯＤＭｎ指数指示了该地区的大气洁净度。     

《地理研究》编辑委员会

顾　问陈述彭吴传钧孙鸿烈章　申ＡｄｖｉｓｏｒｓＣｈｅｎＳｈｕｐｅｎｇ ＷｕＣｈｕａｎｊｕｎ ＳｕｎＨｏｎｇｌｉｅ ＺｈａｎｇＳｈｅｎ刘昌明郑　度ＬｉｕＣｈａｎｇｍｉｎｇ ＺｈｅｎｇＤｕ主　编刘纪远ＥｄｉｔｏｒｉｎＣｈｉｅｆＬｉｕＪｉｙｕａｎ副主编刘　毅李秀彬高松凡 (专职 )ＡｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅＥｄｉｔｏｒｓＬｉｕＹｉＬｉＸｉｕｂｉｎＧａｏＳｏｎｇｆａｎ (Ｅｘｅｃｕｔｉｖｅ)编　委王五一毛汉英史培军庄大方许炯心ＭｅｍｂｅｒｓＷａｎｇＷｕｙｉ ＭａｏＨａｎｙｉｎｇ ＳｈｉＰｅｉｊｕｎ ＺｈｕａｎｇＤａｆａｎｇ …     

《地理学报》编委会

《地理学报》编委会ＥｄｉｔｏｒｉａｌＢｏａｒｄｏｆＡｃｔａＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａＳｉｎｉｃａ主编ＥｄｉｔｏｒｉｎＣｈｉｅｆ刘昌明ＬｉｕＣｈａｎｇｍｉｎｇ副主编ＡｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅＥｄｉｔｏｒｓ李文彦ＬｉＷｅｎｙａｎ韩慕康ＨａｎＭｕｋａｎｇ张兰生Ｚｈａｎ...     

天山东部冰芯pH值和电导率的大气环境空间差异

Electrical Conductivity Measurement (ECM) from ice core is a representative index for atmospheric environmental change. The pH value and ECM from three shallow ice cores (each 3.85 m, 231 ice samples total) on Glacier No.1 at the headwater of Urumqi River, Gla-cier No.48 in Kuitun area, and Miaoergou Glacier in Hami area in the eastern Tianshan Mountains, western China, were measured and analyzed for atmospheric environment re-cords research. Ice core record shows that the changing trend of pH and ECM in three sites in recent years is different: ECM in Kuitun increases with the ice depth change, but ECM in Hami and Urumqi Glacier No.1 ice cores show a decreasing trend. Average ECM value in Hami is much larger than other two sites, just as the dust concentration and ions concentra-tion are also very high in this site. ECM records in all three sites are mainly affected by aerosol mineral dust of Central Asia, and correlative coefficients of ECM and mineral ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ are all significantly high. The pH value and ECM are also significantly high correlative coefficients in the eastern Tianshan Mountains. Comparison between the eastern Tianshan Mountains and other sites in western China, and Polar Regions, shows that the difference of ECM can very well reflect the spatial difference of worldwide atmospheric environment.     

The pH value and electrical conductivity of atmospheric environment from ice cores in the Tianshan Mountains

Electrical Conductivity Measurement(ECM) from ice core is a representative index for atmospheric environmental change.The pH value and ECM from three shallow ice cores(each 3.85 m,231 ice samples total) on Glacier No.1 at the headwater of Urumqi River,Glacier No.48 in Kuitun area,and Miaoergou Glacier in Hami area in the eastern Tianshan Mountains,western China,were measured and analyzed for atmospheric environment records research.Ice core record shows that the changing trend of pH and ECM in three sites in recent years is different:ECM in Kuitun increases with the ice depth change,but ECM in Hami and Urumqi Glacier No.1 ice cores show a decreasing trend.Average ECM value in Hami is much larger than other two sites,just as the dust concentration and ions concentration are also very high in this site.ECM records in all three sites are mainly affected by aerosol mineral dust of Central Asia,and correlative coefficients of ECM and mineral ions such as Ca2+,Mg2+,Na+ are all significantly high.The pH value and ECM are also significantly high correlative coefficients in the eastern Tianshan Mountains.Comparison between the eastern Tianshan Mountains and other sites in western China,and Polar Regions,shows that the difference of ECM can very well reflect the spatial difference of worldwide atmospheric environment.     

天山东部冰芯pH值和电导率的大气环境空间差异

冰芯电导率是大气环境变化的替代性指标.对我国天山东部三个研究点奎屯哈希勒根48号冰川、乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川以及哈密庙儿沟平顶冰川粒雪芯中pH值和电导率的近期环境记录进行了分析研究.结果显示,三个研究点粒雪芯反映的近期pH值和电导率变化趋势不同:奎屯电导率随冰芯深度增加表现出升高趋势,哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川和乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川随冰芯深度增加表现出一定下降趋势;冰芯电导率平均值在哈密庙儿沟冰川最大,而其他两个点相对较小,这与矿物粉尘浓度和离子浓度的分布一致;雪冰电导率与粉尘及离子相关性分析表明,电导率主要受中亚粉尘活动影响,同时与Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+等相关性很高.通过比较显示,天山东部与我国西部其他研究点以及极地雪冰电导率的差异可以很好地反映大气环境的空间差异.     

南极冰盖SO_4~(2-)浓度记录研究进展

本文综述了南极冰盖雪冰中SO2 -4 的来源、SO2 -4 浓度记录的时空分布特征 ,特别对nss SO2 -4 记录的火山活动事件进行了概括与总结 ,反映了近年来南极雪冰中SO2 -4 记录的最新研究进展。南极冰盖雪冰中SO2 -4 来源的综述表明南极地区雪冰中的SO2 -4 主要来源于海盐、海洋生物和火山喷发三种。很多研究表明 ,用南极冰芯中记录的nssSO2 -4 可以恢复火山活动的历史 ,虽然对同一次火山活动 ,在取自南极不同地区的冰芯中 ,其浓度和沉积通量大不一样 ,然而 ,各次火山活动引起的硫酸根离子的沉积通量相对于Tambora火山的沉积通量的百分比在不同冰芯中却经常具有可比性 ,这使得利用冰芯中nssSO2 -4 的沉积通量推算历史时期火山喷发的强度成为可能     

青藏高原冰芯重建古气候研究进展分析

冰芯是重建古气候重要的信息载体,因具有分辨率高、保真性强、信息量大、时间尺度长等优点而成为研究热点。中国自1986 年在祁连山敦德获取第一支冰芯起,相继在青藏高原地区钻取了古里雅、马兰、达索普、普若岗日、东绒布等冰芯。本文重点回顾和总结了利用上述冰芯重建古气候的研究成果,分别论述了冰芯作为信息载体反映古气候的主要指标,包括氧同位素与温度、冰芯积累量与降水、大气气溶胶与古环境、微量元素与古环境、冰芯包裹体与古环境,以及冰芯内微生物与古环境的关系等。青藏高原地区冰芯对过去一些极端气候事件、中世纪暖期、小冰期、冰期—间冰期旋回、厄尔尼诺事件、太阳活动规律,以及工业革命以来的全球气候变暖均有不同程度的响应,但纬度差异导致青藏高原地区的响应机制有别于南北极地区;并进一步对比说明了受不同季风系统影响的冰芯在重建古气候上的异同。最后,基于当前研究状况,就加强多学科交叉与创新、新技术应用与代用指标开发、冰芯记录影响因素评估及量化模型构建等未来需要深入的研究方向进行了展望。     

南极冰盖SO_4~(2-)浓度记录研究进展

本文综述了南极冰盖雪冰中SO2 -4 的来源、SO2 -4 浓度记录的时空分布特征 ,特别对nss SO2 -4 记录的火山活动事件进行了概括与总结 ,反映了近年来南极雪冰中SO2 -4 记录的最新研究进展。南极冰盖雪冰中SO2 -4 来源的综述表明南极地区雪冰中的SO2 -4 主要来源于海盐、海洋生物和火山喷发三种。很多研究表明 ,用南极冰芯中记录的nssSO2 -4 可以恢复火山活动的历史 ,虽然对同一次火山活动 ,在取自南极不同地区的冰芯中 ,其浓度和沉积通量大不一样 ,然而 ,各次火山活动引起的硫酸根离子的沉积通量相对于Tambora火山的沉积通量的百分比在不同冰芯中却经常具有可比性 ,这使得利用冰芯中nssSO2 -4 的沉积通量推算历史时期火山喷发的强度成为可能     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡东绒布冰川成冰作用的新认识

冰川成冰作用的研究对于选择冰芯钻取点具有重要的科学意义。前人对珠穆朗玛峰北坡冰川成冰作用的研究,由于缺少高海拔区域的实测资料而具有一定的局限性。文章通过1998年东绒布冰川垭口处(6 500 m a. s. l.)11 m冰芯和海拔6 450 m处20 m冰芯剖面的成冰作用过程研究,认识到由于水、热条件的逐年波动,冰川成冰作用也处于变化之中。珠穆朗玛峰北坡东绒布冰川高海拔区域,在一定的水、热条件下(如气温较低和降水量较大等),再冻结-重结晶作用依然占主导地位,该成冰作用至少在垭口部位是有分布的。而一般在气温较高或降水量较少等条件下,冰川的成冰作用则以冷渗浸-重结晶作用为主。     

A 36 Ky record of iceberg rafting and sedimentation from north-west Iceland

Evidence from north-west Iceland's shelf and fjords is used to develop a scenario for environmental change during the last 36 cal Ky. The retreat history of the Iceland Ice Cap during the last deglaciation is delineated through lithofacies studies, carbon analyses and magnetic susceptibility, and studies of ice-rafted debris (IRD) in sediment cores. Sedimentological data from lake Efstadalsvatn, Vestfirdir peninsula, trace the glacier retreat on land. In two of the high resolution shelf cores we detect near continuous IRD accumulation from 36 to 11 cal Kya. However, IRD is absent in the cores from ca. 22 to 19 cal Kya, possibly indicating more extensive landfast sea ice conditions. All cores show intensified IRD during the Younger Dryas chronozone; the fjord cores show a continuous IRD record until 10 cal Kya. Magnetic susceptibility and carbon analyses from Efstadalsvatn reveal the disappearance of local ice in the basin just before 10.5 cal Kya. No IRD was detected in the sediment cores during 10 to Ø4 cal Kya. Some indication of cooling occurs between 4 and 3 cal Kya, with a fresh input of IRD in fjord cores after 1 cal Kya.     

中国冰川研究进展

Glacier inventory compilation during the past 20 years and modifications of that for the Eastern Pamir and Banggong Lake indicate that there are 46,342 modern glaciers with a total area and volume of 59415 km^2 and 5601 km^3 respectively in China. These glaciers can be classified into maritime and continental (including sub-continental and extremely continental) types. Researches show that glaciers in China have been retreating since the Little Ice Age and the mass wastage was accelerated during the past 30 to 40 years. Being an important part of glaciological studies in China,ice core climatic and environmental studies on Tibetan Plateau and in the Antarctica have provided abundant, high resolution information about past climatic and environmental evolution over the Tibetan Plateau and Antarctica. Except for different parameters recorded in ice cores relating to climate and environment changes on Tibetan Plateau, records from ice cores extracted from different glaciers show that the discrepancies in climatic and environmental changes on the north and south parts of the plateau may be the consequence of different influencing effects from terrestrial and solar sources.Glaciological and meteorological phenomena imply that Lambert Glacier valley is an important boundary of climate in the east Antarctica, which is thought to be connected with cyclonic activities and Circum-polar Waves over the Antarctica.     

Recent progress of glaciological studies in China

1IntroductionIn the early 1960s, glaciers in western China were classified into maritime- and continental-types by different glacial environment and physical characteristics (Shi and Xie, 1964). With extensive glaciological investigations in the western regions (Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology of CAS, 1988), Lai and Huang (1990) suggested a new classification of temperate, subpolar and quasipolar glaciers, corresponding to the maritime-, subcontinental- and extremely contin…