三维高精度重力方法在深部潜山勘探中的应用

深层地震资料由于受到火山岩体或风化壳盖层的影响,质量品质往往不高,难以识别盖层之下的小规模的潜山构造。而重力勘探技术恰能利用潜山构造与上覆地层存在显著密度差异的特点来识别这种特殊的地质储层。文中以华北油田虎8北潜山构造区为例,在该地区地层密度模型的基础上进行了三维重力正演。正演结果表明,深部密度异常体在地表形成的低缓重力异常,与区域或局部背景重力异常场叠加在一起,在布格重力异常曲线上无法识别目标体异常。通过利用高阶导数、滑动滤波等处理方法把异常场从区域场中剥离出来,可发现虎8北潜山目标区存在小规模局部剩余重力高。在地震资料的约束下,根据剩余重力异常的幅值及地层密度差进行密度建模,实现了三维密度反演。反演的结果确定了虎8北潜山的存在,并给出了潜山可能的埋深与规模。证明了三维高精度重力方法在确定深部潜山构造上具有较明显的地质效果,这对于探测深部低速层覆盖之下的潜山构造油气藏具有重要的指导意义。     

四川地区流动重力资料的位场 分离与异常特征提取

用于监测四川地区重力场随时间变化的流动重力测网于2008年5月12日汶川M_S8.0地震后进行了全面改造, 形成了新的闭合环线并对整网点位每年实施2次重力观测工作. 该文以2010—2012年获取的5期流动重力资料为基础, 分别采用小波多尺度分解和三维视密度反演等位场分离方法, 对测区内重力场的动态变化进行多层次分解及异常特征提取, 以探求四川测区范围内重力异常动态变化特征以及地震前后不同深度范围内密度变化情况与重力场响应之间的关系. 结果表明, 对同一期资料进行小波分解得到不同阶次的细节图像, 揭示了不同深度处重力异常动态变化特征; 分解结果同时也表明了四川测区范围内重力场的变化形态与川内特有的断裂构造格架和深部结构环境及过渡带特征密切相关. 通过对不同时期的差分重力异常资料进行三维视密度反演对比研究发现, 在地震前后四川测区范围内由浅到深密度变化呈现出不同程度的差异, 震区附近出现较为明显的横向密度变化特征且浅层物质密度局部性的异常变化差异较为突出, 测区范围内中上地壳深度层密度反演切片显示出的趋势性差异基本上反映了地震前后测区内地下物质的动态变化趋势, 因此, 深刻认识不同深度范围内重力场的动态演化特征, 对研究壳内物质密度变化以及与地震的孕育和发展有关的深部介质环境具有积极的意义.     

华北地区重力场变化特征与孕震模型研究

本文采用基于贝叶斯原理的重力平差方法对华北地区2009—2017年的16期陆地流动重力观测资料进行了统一处理,结合研究区内2009年以来4次M≥4.5 地震活动,分析区域重力场动态演化特征。基于华北地区均衡重力异常、布格重力异常、沉积层重力异常和莫霍面重力异常,研究华北地区三维密度结构特征,分析区域重力场变化与深部密度结构之间的关系。结果表明:研究区内近年来M≥4.5地震均位于区域差分重力场和累积重力场“零值”等值线附近、异常变化剧烈的梯度带及梯度带转弯部位,以及深部结构中理论均衡厚度与实际地壳厚度存在差异的非均衡区和三维密度结构的高低密度过渡带内。      

南海北部白云凹陷深水油气区的重-震数据处理与分析

白云凹陷位于南海北部陆缘深水地带,是我国深水油气资源勘探的重要地区。开展重-震成像研究,是分析该区烃源岩分布特征、大型构造圈闭、成藏层系与储层条件的重要方法。本文通过重力异常、地震Vs波速结构模型及地震勘探剖面分析,获得研究区自由空间重力异常、布格重力异常、水平和垂向梯度、密度反演图像、Vs波速度结构图像以及高分辨率地震勘探剖面图像。重力图像揭示:白云凹陷中心的强负值异常图像与较厚沉积和基底起伏有关;凹陷东侧相对高正值局部重力圈闭与中生代残余地层有关;凹陷北侧条带状正异常则与陆坡向洋盆过渡时基底下凹有关。白云凹陷的主凹陷和南凹陷存在明显的层状负剩余密度或相对低密度区,是有利的含油气层位。地震图像揭示:白云凹陷由北向南存在明显的细颈化带、外缘隆起带、洋陆过渡带等结构。在陆缘地壳强烈伸展薄化期间,白云凹陷形成大型三角洲-湖相烃源岩沉积环境的凹陷结构,沉积物源主体来自北侧。随着地壳强烈减薄的细颈化,凹陷出现明显的台阶式沉陷,导致陆架坡折带由南向北迁移,形成陆架边缘三角洲、深水重力流水道和深水扇等有利的储层。高分辨率地震资料获取的地震勘探剖面图像上,可以识别出许多浅层气运移通道,表明白云凹陷丰富的中、浅层气大多来源于深部地层。     

帕米尔及其周围地区的重力场特征与地壳构造的研究

本文根据帕米尔地区（32°N—42°N,66°E—80°E）的重力资料,计算出深部重力场。以费尔干纳—帕米尔—斯利那加地震测深剖面数据作为控制与参考资料,采用三维横向变密度重力模型,进行重力反演计算,求得研究区莫霍界面的起伏深度,并依此给出研究区的地壳厚度分布特征。结合帕米尔及其周围地区的地震活动和均衡异常,对这一地区的构造运动进行了初步探讨。     

深部大尺度单一密度界面重力异常迭代反演

对于深部大尺度单一密度界面的重力异常反演,需顾及球形观测面和重力铅垂线变化的影响。为此,本文通过球谐展开,得到重力异常的级数展开式,并推导出积分形式的反演迭代解。该迭代方法要求设法分离出单一密度界面的重力异常,已知界面上、下层的密度差和尽可能多的深度控制点。模型和实例显示其效果良好,可用于莫霍界面、岩石层底界面等深部密度界面重力异常的反演。     

深部大尺度单一密度界面重力异常迭代反演

对于深部大尺度单一密度界面的重力异常反演,需顾及球形观测面和重力铅垂线变化的影响。为此,本文通过球谐展开,得到重力异常的级数展开式,并推导出积分形式的反演迭代解。该迭代方法要求设法分离出单一密度界面的重力异常,已知界面上、下层的密度差和尽可能多的深度控制点。模型和实例显示其效果良好,可用于莫霍界面、岩石层底界面等深部密度界面重力异常的反演。     

台湾地壳中的古陆刚体和现代板块运动

古陆,泛指前第三纪变质基底:“刚体”,则相对第三纪柔性岩石而言.我们把台湾的基础地质和布格重力异常等资料,通过三维重力正演,得到了深部重力异常.与布格异常相比较,提出了两个地壳深部构造问题:(1)在北纬23.5-25.2°的台湾西部,潜伏着一个密度较高的块体,可能是陆壳;(2)北纬23.5°以南,还有一个密度更高的块体,可能是现代海洋地壳.作者初步认     

帕米尔及其周围地区的重力场特征与地壳构造的研究

本文根据帕米尔地区（32°N-42°N,66°E-80°E）的重力资料,计算出深部重力场。以费尔干纳-帕米尔-斯利那加地震测深剖面数据作为控制与参考资料,采用三维横向变密度重力模型,进行重力反演计算,求得研究区莫霍界面的起伏深度,并依此给出研究区的地壳厚度分布特征。结合帕米尔及其周围地区的地震活动和均衡异常,对这一地区的构造运动进行了初步探讨。     

综合地球物理方法在华南桂中海相残留盆地沉积相预测中的应用

沉积相研究是盆地隐蔽油气藏勘探中重要的研究内容之一,综合利用地球物理方法有效识别构造、岩性或沉积相差异是盆地隐蔽油气藏勘探的前提.本文基于重力、航磁、地震等综合地球物理资料,通过重磁异常正演剥离和剖面正反演拟合技术研究了华南桂中地区海相地层的密度分布特征,预测了岩相、沉积相的变化规律.研究发现,本区中、下泥盆统海相地层存在横向的岩性、岩相变化,研究区西北、东南部的台地相区重力异常高、岩石拟合密度值高;中部“X”型台地边缘相区重力异常杂乱、岩石拟合密度变化范围大;东部台沟相区重力异常低、岩石拟合密度值低.利用综合地球物理方法预测沉积相为盆地岩性圈闭油气藏和生物礁油气藏勘探提供了新的研究思路,研究成果已得到初步检验,但还有待进一步完善与实践.     

The application of combined gravity and seismic data formation separation for revealing deep structure

In some oilfields with 3D seismic data, the deeper structure cannot be observed due to poor quality deep seismic data. Layer stripping using both seismic and gravity data is a solution for this problem but it cannot get satisfactory results because the horizontal variations in formation density are ignored. We present a variable-density formation separation technique to address this problem. Based on 3D seismic depth data and laterallyvariable density derived from 3D seismic velocity data, the upper formation gravity effect is calculated by forward modeling and removed from the Bouguer gravity. The formation-separated gravity anomaly with variable density is obtained, which mainly reflects the deeper geological structure. In block XX of North Africa, the shallow formations seismic data is excellent but the data at the top of basement is poor. The formation-separated gravity anomaly processed under the control of 3D seismic data fits well with the known seismic interpretation and wells. It makes the geological interpretation more reliable.     

APPLICATION OF 3D HIGH PRECISION GRAVITY METHOD TO THE EXPLORATION OF DEEP BURIED HILL

Due to the influence of volcanic rock or weathering crust coverage, the quality of deep seismic data is often not reliable and it is difficult to identify small deep buried hill structure beneath the cover. However, the gravity exploration technology can use the remarkable density differences between the object and the overlying strata to identify this special geological reservoir. Although recently several rounds of seismic exploration have been carried out in Raoyang depression, Huabei Oilfield, North China to determine the existence of Hu 8 north deep buried hill, whether the buried hill really exists or not as well as its scale is still in controversial. In this paper, based on the information of seismic data and formation density, deep processing of 3D high precision ground gravity data has been carried out for 3D forward and inversion computation. The dimensional gravity forward calculation results show that the density of the deep anomaly body forms a relatively low gravity anomaly in the earth's surface. By using the potential processing method of vertical second derivative, and sliding filtering, the residual anomaly is separated from regional or background field, which illustrates the existence of a local high gravity anomaly at Hu 8 north area. According to the amplitude of residual gravity anomaly and formation density difference modeling, through a number of 3D forward calculations and 3D inversion of gravity data, the existence of Hu 8 north buried hill and its possible scale are basically determined. The results prove that the 3D high precision gravity method is effective in determining the deep buried hill structure in case that seismic data is not reliable.     

Topography of the Moho and earth crust structure beneath the East Vietnam Sea from 3D inversion of gravity field data

The Moho depth, crustal thickness and fault systems of the East Vietnam Sea (EVS) are determined by 3D interpretation of satellite gravity. The Moho depth is calculated by 3D Parker inversion from residual gravity anomaly that is obtained by removing the gravity effects of seafloor and Pre-Cenozoic sediment basement topographies from the free air anomaly. The 3D inversion solution is constrained by power density spectrum of gravity anomaly and seismic data. The calculated Moho depths in the EVS vary from 30–31 km near the coast to 9 km in the Central Basin. A map of the lithosphere extension factor in the Cenozoic is constructed from Moho and Pre-Cenozoic sediment basement depths. The fault systems constructed by the maximum horizontal gradient approach include NE-SW, NW-SE, and N-S oriented faults. Based on the interpretation results, the EVS is sub-divided into five structural zones which demonstrated the different characteristics of the crustal structure.     

重震反演中国东北地壳上地幔三维密度结构

本文利用重力和地震P波到时数据反演得到了中国东北地区地壳上地幔三维密度结构.与单一的重力或地震反演相比,重震反演一方面有效地克服了重力反演结果垂向分辨率低的问题,另一方面也提高了地震反演结果的可靠性.结果显示:中国东北地区的地壳及上地幔剩余密度异常分布与构造单元具有明显的相关性,造山带对应低密度异常,盆地对应高密度异常;区域内火山下方有明显的低密度体存在,可能是由于太平洋板块俯冲进入上地幔并部分滞留,在滞留板块深部脱水和软流圈热物质共同作用下产生了上涌岩浆,喷发后形成了火山.     

三维多层介质重力-地震同步联合反演

联合反演是地球物理勘探的重要解释手段,能够提高模型参数的反演精度.本文在归纳和分析重力与地震资料联合反演的研究和应用现状的基础上,利用三维多层介质模型的地震走时和重力正演公式,推导了地震走时和重力异常对界面深度的雅可比矩阵,实现了三维重力-地震同步联合反演界面成像.最后进行了数值理论模型模拟和实例计算,结果表明地震走时和重力同步联合反演很好的重建了三维多层介质界面.     

3D Gravity Inversion using Tikhonov Regularization

Subsalt exploration for oil and gas is attractive in regions where 3D seismic depth-migration to recover the geometry of a salt base is difficult. Additional information to reduce the ambiguity in seismic images would be beneficial. Gravity data often serve these purposes in the petroleum industry. In this paper, the authors present an algorithm for a gravity inversion based on Tikhonov regularization and an automatically regularized solution process. They examined the 3D Euler deconvolution to extract the best anomaly source depth as a priori information to invert the gravity data and provided a synthetic example. Finally, they applied the gravity inversion to recently obtained gravity data from the Bandar Charak (Hormozgan, Iran) to identify its subsurface density structure. Their model showed the 3D shape of salt dome in this region.     

3D upper crustal density structure of the Deccan Syneclise,Central India

A constrained 3D density model of the upper crust along a part of the Deccan Syneclise is carried out based on the complete Bouguer anomaly data. Spectral analysis of the complete Bouguer gravity anomaly map of the study region suggests two major sources: short wavelength anomalies (<100 km) caused primarily due to the density inhomogeneities at shallow crustal level and long wavelength anomalies (>100 km) produced due to the sources deeper than the upper crust. A residual map of the short wavelength anomalies is prepared from the complete Bouguer anomaly using Butterworth high‐pass filter (100 km cut‐off wavelength). Utilizing the constraints from deep resistivity sounding, magnetotellurics and deep seismic sounding studies, 2.5D density models have been generated along 39 profiles of this region. The mismatch between the calculated response of the a priori 2.5D model with the residual (short wavelength) gravity anomalies is minimized by introducing high‐density intrusive bodies (≥2.81 g/cm³) in the basement. With these 2.5D density models, the initial geometry of our 3D density model, which includes alluvium, Deccan trap, Mesozoic sediment and high‐density intrusive bodies in the basement up to a depth of 7 km (upper crust), is generated. In the final 3D model, Deccan trap extends from 200 m to nearly 1700 m below the 90–150 m thick Quaternary sediment. Further down, the sub‐trappean Mesozoic sediment is present at a depth range of 600–3000 m followed by the basement. The derived 3D density model also indicates six intrusive bodies of density 2.83 g/cm³ in the basement at an average depth of about 4–7 km that best fits the residual gravity anomaly of the study area.     

Gravity effect calculation of three-dimensional linear density distribution and its application

An algorithm for calculating gravity effect of three-dimensional (3D) linear density distribution is presented in this paper. The linear continuous density distribution is represented with 3D grid model, which has a resemblance to the velocity model used in some seismic tomography codes. The consensus in representation method of density model and velocity model facilitates the seismic-gravity-integrated interpretation or simultaneous inversion. The numerical test of synthetic data shows that although the analytical gravity formula for linear density distribution is more complex than that for piecewise constant density distribution, it takes less time to calculate the gravity effect with linear density model than that with piecewise constant density model. In addition, this method is used in the integrated interpretation of 3D seismological tomography and gravity data in Dabie Mountain area.     

基于重力异常反演的三维地震波速度结构分析方法研究

利用重力异常反演测试三维地震波速度结构,存在解不唯一、可靠性不高的问题。将面波反演充分融合到重力异常反演方程中,降低传统反演方法的非唯一性,并提升可靠性。以川滇地区为例,采用融合后的重力异常反演方法分析三维地震波速度结构。通过速度和密度的关系转换,得到对应的重力异常数据。由于面波频射数据主要对地震波横波速度敏感,因此将重力异常数据和初始横波速度相连,依据地震波速度和岩石密度之间的关系,获取重力异常反演方程,用于分析速度结构。选取21.6°~34.2°N、97.1°~105.9°E范围内的川滇地区活动块体作为实验数据,经过实验分析发现：使用该方法迭代反演川滇地区地壳上地幔顶部横波速度,重力异常数据和面波频射数据的残差值分别是6.24 mGal和0.027 km/s,实际拟合效果较好;分析该地区不同深度切面横波速度发现,在24 km深度处,上地壳中含有相对低速层,在44 km深度处,中下地壳中存在低速层;且该方法分析川滇地区三维地震波速度结构解的分辨率较高。