寒武纪早期海洋阶段性氧化驱动早期后生动物多样化进程

伊迪卡拉-寒武纪过渡期是地球历史上海洋环境与生命演化变革的关键时期之一.有研究认为海洋氧化可能是驱动早寒武世动物快速多样化的主要原因,但有关海洋氧化及硫化水体演变过程和发生时间的认识仍有分歧.运用ICP-MS、FESEM、EDS和XRD技术对位于古陆架边缘-斜坡背景的湘西四都坪、黔东松江大桥等剖面牛蹄塘组黑色页岩进行氧化还原敏感元素、黄铁矿形态学、总有机碳及N、P等营养元素丰度变化进行高分辨研究.结果显示,研究区牛蹄塘沉积期底层海水条件经历了复杂的发展过程,表现为3个铁化与3个硫化时段的动态交互,在第3阶晚期转为亚氧化-氧化条件.不同相区的对比表明,海水氧化随时间由浅水向深水区扩展:台地相区发生在第2阶晚期,陆架边缘出现在第3阶晚期,而深水盆地以持续铁化为主,晚期出现硫化,表明海洋氧化界面逐步加深下移.沉积物Mo/TOC,U/TOC值自下而上持续增加,与Cr、Mn、P、N丰度变化趋势一致,表明海水氧化程度逐步增强.主要化石类群的时空分布与海水氧化过程对应良好,表明海洋阶段性氧化与硫化水体消失对后生动物多样化进程有明显的控制作用.      

早中新世沟鞭藻植物地理区系

对早中新世的沟鞭藻植物地理作了初步研究 ,提出北半球在当时可划分为 3个沟鞭藻地理区 ,即热带区、亚热带—温带区和北方区。热带区以典型的热带、亚热带种 Polysphaeridiumzoharyi丰富并存在偏爱热带、亚热带的种 Tuberculodiniumdinium vancampoae为特征 ,亚热带—温带区以同时存在 Tuberculodiniumdinium vancampoae和温带种 Bitectatodinium tepikiense,但缺失 Polysphaeridium zoharyi为特征 ,而北方区则以缺失 Polysphaeridium zoharyi和 Tuberculo-diniumdinium vancampoae二者且组合较贫乏为特征 ,亚热带—温带区的北界大致位于现今 68°N一线 ,此界线可随气温升高而北推 ,例如最温暖的早中新世晚期 ( 1 7～ 1 4 .5Ma)此界线可达 70°N。该带南界大致位于现今 4 5°N处 ,随着气候的转暖可能会变得模糊不清。北方区的海水此时凉而不结冰 ,即此时北极不存在冰盖。本文研究证实了前人根据大植物化石所得出的结论。     

基于预警隶属度函数多模型融合的滑坡预警方法

不同的滑坡预报模型存在预报同一滑坡可能提前也有可能延迟、预报精度差异较大的问题,而且,融合多模型预警方法未能充分体现个体模型预报特征,其融合预警精度不高。在分析模型可靠性的基础上,区分预报提前和延迟2种情况,设计不同的发生滑坡隶属度函数,以最低风险原则确定滑坡预警隶属度函数,利用模糊积分实现多模型融合滑坡预警。利用16个已知滑坡对预报模型进行可靠性评价,另选4个已知滑坡分别进行滑坡发生3d前和1d前多模型融合预警验证实验,结果表明,多模型融合预警虚警率比多个单一模型平均虚警率分别降低16.6%和25.0%。实验表明利用预警隶属函数进行多模型滑坡预警能提高预警精度20.0%左右。     

Early Precambrian tonalite-trondhjemite sialic nuclei

Early Precambrian batholiths evolved by diapiric intrusion of near-liquidus to superheated tonalitic and trondhjemitic magmas into an early greenstones crust. Distribution patterns of enclaves and xenolith screens derived from the latter provide reference markers which define the internal geometry and detailed structure of the “gregarious batholiths” (Macgregor) as polydomal multi-lobal bodies. Near-liquidus temperatures are suggested by the digestion of vast volumes of ultramafic—mafic crust by the acid magmas. Tracing of xenolith trains between low and high grade metamorphic terrains provide key evidence for coeval relations between granite—greenstone type terrains and amphibolite to granulite facies infracrustal root zones of the latter. The formation of the plutonic tonalite—trondhjemite suite was accompanied by dacitic to rhyolitic extrusions, the acid volcanic lenses being located above early greenstone units intruded by the batholiths and below upper greenstone sequences which postdate these intrusions. The geochemical characteristics of high-level and deep-level tonalites and trondhjemites are compared. Both suites display very wide compositional spectra, but data from high-grade terrains tend to define a more basic field than data from granite—greenstone terrains. Effects of source compositions on the geochemistry of the acid plutonic rocks are pointed out. Tonalites dominate in South African terrains whereas trondhjemites dominate in Western Australian terrains — a difference conceivably related to the more ultramafic composition of source rocks represented by early greenstone units in southern Africa. Granodiorites and potassic granites form a comparatively minor component of Archaean batholiths, and may occur in the following forms: (1) bands of augen gneiss in high-grade terrains; (2) components of trondhjemitic to granitic gneisses in high-level plutons; and (3) discrete post-tectonic intrusions typically emplaced at high levels of the batholiths and along older tonalite—greenstone contacts. Migmatites characteristically form in close spatial association with xenolith-rich zones, probably due to depression of the solidus consequent on water addition related to dehydration of the xenoliths. A derivation of the acid sodic magmas by anatexis of sialic materials is inconsistent with geochemical evidence and petrological theory. In contrast, the commonly low to very low LIL element levels and REE evidence indicate derivation by about 30–50% melting of basic rocks. Marked trace element anomalies are characteristic of some Archaean plutonic suites, e.g. very high Sr in some Western Australian rocks, low Rb in some Lewisian (Scotland) and South African rocks, U depletion in South African and southwestern Greenland suites, high Li in some Pilbara rocks and high Zr in some southwestern Greenland rocks. However, the only consistent anomaly observed to date is a well-pronounced depletion in Y and heavy REE, suggesting extensive equilibration of the acid melts with eclogite and/or amphibolite. Uniformitarian interpretations of the Archaean are questioned in the light of the evidence for high temperature and pressure, the unique tectonic style of diapirism and the low initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr as compared to Proterozoic plutonic suites. The diachronous nucleation of tonalite—trondhjemite plutons during the Archaean is seen as the major process effecting a transformation of an early Archaean sima into sial.     

滇西保山地区晚泥盆世至早石炭世早期牙形石生物相

一、绪言保山地区是滇西泥盆系和下石炭统出露的主要地区之一,以前已有不少报道。近年来,由于该地区特殊的大地构造位置,引起了国内外广大地质工作者的密切注意,因而对泥盆石炭纪地层及其古生物的研究也更加深入。保山地区的上泥盆统目前暂分为何元寨组和整合其上的大寨门组,前者底部尚属中泥盆统(龚大明等,待刊)。下石炭统下部称鱼洞组。何元寨组在其命名剖面施甸何元寨主要是一套中层灰岩和泥灰岩,厚约220m,腕足、珊瑚、层孔及苔藓动物丰富,向东北至大寨门、由     

Calibrating the Early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) with stratigraphic black holes (SBH)

Cyclostratigraphic analyses of Upper Pliensbachian and Lower Toarcian carbon-13 isotope (δ¹³C) data, together with radiometric dating, are used to calibrate biozones and magnetic chrons in the Astronomical Time Scale (ATS). In turn, the ATS is used to date sea-level and climate cycles in relation to the Early Toarcian carbon-isotope excursion (T-CIE) and the Karoo-Ferrar Large Igneous Provinces. The resulting chronology however is insufficiently accurate to determine if these global-scale events are causally related. In particular, cyclostratigraphic analyses typically underestimate the durations of biozones by failing to account for hiatuses in depositional discontinuities. To account for hiatuses this paper constructs a δ¹³C reference curve consisting of correlative segments from several localities and dates them with ammonite zones and subzones. By comparing the reference curve to those from numerous localities, four major discontinuity-prone intervals were identified and named ‘stratigraphic black holes’ (SBH). SBH 1 occurs in the Late Pliensbachian P. spinatum Zone. Early Toarcian SBH 2 occurs in a δ¹³C maximum interval in middle D. tenuicostatum Zone. The T-CIE is characterized by a decreasing δ¹³C trend (c. 0.4 myr falling limb) in D. semicelatum Subzone, a minimum δ¹³C interval (c. 0.4 myr valley) and an increasing δ¹³C trend (c. 0.4 myr rising limb) in the E. elegantulum Subzone. SBH 3 occurs at base T-CIE rising limb and SBH 4 near its top or above it in a c. 0.4 myr, post-T-CIE plateau in upper E. elegantulum Subzone. Comparisons to published floating chronologies resulted in an Early Toarcian timescale with ~1.0 myr for the D. tenuicostatum Zone, and ~1.6 myr for the H. serpentinum Zone. Initial volcanism in the Karoo Province correlates with the Pliensbachian/Toarcian boundary at ~183.6 Ma, while its second phase was coeval with the T-CIE. Volcanism in the Ferrar Province correlates with the T-CIE.     

Granitoid magmatism of Early Paleozoic orogens

Global manifestations of Early Paleozoic granite formation in the Central Asian Mobile Belt and some other orogenic areas worldwide are considered. The work is based on the author’s studies of Early Paleozoic granitoids from the Altai–Sayan and West Transbaikalian orogenic areas as well as abundant literature data on other world provinces. Special attention is paid to the scales of granitoid magmatism in the Early Paleozoic, its geodynamic settings, periods, and stages, compositional evolution over time, lateral variability in structures of different types, relationship with LIPs, and, correspondingly, connection with mantle plumes and superplumes..     

新疆西北部早古生代地层

根据新疆西北部伊宁果子沟、艾比湖及和布克赛尔等地的早古生代地层剖面,对这一地区寒武系、奥陶系和志留系的岩石地层单元和生物带作了修订,特别是重新修订了奥陶系的新二台组和风沟组,并建议取消塔勒基河组。对下古生界各系的生物带作了较大的修订,并基于此对各纪地层作了划分和对比。根据地层的发育特征和各门类生物地理分布,认为新疆西北部在早古生代属于哈萨克斯坦古板块的东延部分。     

Early Paleozoic mantle diapirism in Galicia

Comparison of the geological outcrop and the Bouguer map of the Ordenes Complex in Galicia (NW Spain), gives substantial evidence for a subdivision of the peripheral belt into separate units. These units, high-grade metamorphic complexes, appear to have their origin in diapiric movements of upper-mantle material into a crystalline lower crust of continental type.     

Early Neoproterozoic events in East Greenland

East Greenland forms one of the least understood of the orogenic belts formed during the amalgamation of Rodinia during late Mesoproterozoic times. Recent U–Pb zircon SHRIMP dating on the widespread Krummedal supracrustal succession and associated granites from central East Greenland has shown that metamorphism and intrusion affected the region at around 0.95–0.92 Ga, approximately 150 m.y. later than the main phase of Grenvillian orogenesis (s.s.). These early Neoproterozoic ages may indicate a link with metamorphism and igneous activity in the Sveconorwegian Belt of Scandinavia rather than true ‘Grenvillian’ events on the eastern margin of Laurentia. Previous plate tectonic reconstructions which link Laurentia and Baltica by a collisional margin extending through central East Greenland at 1.1 Ga were based on early conventional U–Pb zircon dating in central East Greenland, and can no longer be considered viable. Instead, new detrital zircon SHRIMP U–Pb dating studies show that the Krummedal supracrustal succession was deposited between ca. 1.0 Ga and no later than 0.95 Ga, during a time of major sediment deposition widely preserved elsewhere in the North Atlantic region. Erosion associated with post-1.1 Ga collapse of the Grenville–Sunsas orogeny is the most likely source for the majority of the detritus, since the corresponding Baltic margin was dominated by A-type magmatism for much of the period 1.4–1.1 Ga material, which is the age of the bulk of detrital zircons in the Krummedal supracrustal succession. We suggest that the Krummedal supracrustal succession was deposited east or south-east of its present location, and was thrust onto Archaean–Palaeoproterozoic orthogneisses, which in turn were displaced across the parautochthonous foreland during the Caledonian orogeny. The early Neoproterozoic orogenic events recorded in central East Greenland therefore involved the metamorphism of a metasedimentary package of Laurentian–Amazonian affinity during the Sveconorwegian orogeny in the final stages of the collision of Baltica and Laurentia.     

Potential of Earthquake Early Warning Systems

Despite their short warning times (seconds to tens of seconds)earthquake early warning systems can become useful tools in riskmitigation provided their design is robust and utilizes theregional tectonics. Bucharest can serve as a good example forsuch a system with a warning time of 25 seconds. Integration ofearly warning into real-time information systems turns out beingcrucial in disaster management.     

Early Permian xiphosurid trackways from india

Present work is the first report of Early Permian xiphosurid trackways from India. Surface trackways and undertracks, preserved within ice-marginal storm-affected, shoreface sediments of the Talchir Formation, Jayanti coalbasin closely resemble Kouphichnium Nopsca 1923. Trackways reveal distinct heteropody with foliate pusher impressions, paired series of semi-circular, oval, V- or Y-shaped chilate (walking) leg impressions. Varied ventral impressions also include telson drag marks and telson dents; spine drag marks, book -gills impression, genal gouges as well as symmetric, paired lateral genal furrows, partial cubichnial impressions of prosoma and spinose opisthosoma. A tentative early Permian age (Asselian/Sakmarian) and marginal marine facies association points towards a paleolimuloidae affinity for the trace makers, which is in conformity with their inferred widths of exoskeleton, sub-rounded prosoma and subtriangular spinose opisthosoma with predictable movable spines. Flexed pusher impressions and co-dominant pincer impressions as well as, other ventral impressions in abundance, confirm crawling as their dominant mode of locomotion. Inferred presence of juvenile crawlers in the community suggests a probable shoreline or marginal marine ecospace.     

Early Ordovician brachiopods from south-west Wales

The Early Ordovician brachiopods of south-west Wales (Pembrokeshire and Carmarthenshire) are identified, in most cases for the first time. That period is termed the local Arenig Stage in Britain, but it is now correlated with the Floian, Dapingian, and earlier half of the Darriwilian, which are more recently established international stages in the system of stratigraphical nomenclature. The rocks in south-west Wales were laid down as turbidites in a backarc basin which formed part of the margin of the relatively small independent microcontinent of Avalonia at that time. However, since the Rheic Ocean between Avalonia and the immense Gondwana continent was relatively narrow in the Arenig, the brachiopods reviewed here can be established to be part of the Mediterranean Province, which was also extensive in the higher-latitude sectors in and around Gondwana in the Early Ordovician. The 17 brachiopod species identified within the Arenig brachiopod faunas of south-west Wales are described, including the new species Aporthophyla prisca, Tritoechia bolohaulensis, Skenidoides pontyfennensis and Paurorthis? llangynogensis.     

青藏高原东南缘滇西早古生代早期造山事件

野外观察、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年和Hf同位素分析结果表明:青藏高原东南缘滇西芒市地区存在奥陶系底砾岩与前寒武-寒武系之间的地层不整合;龙江眼球状片麻岩锆石边部U-Pb年龄约为502 ～ 518Ma,代表原岩花岗岩结晶时代;继承性锆石核部具有与拉萨地体相似的年龄谱,说明早古生代早期腾冲地体与拉萨地体属于统一陆块;锆石边部具有负的、变化范围较大的εHf(t)值(-15.7 ～-2.0),结合眼球状片麻岩野外、岩相学特征及区域构造背景说明原岩花岗岩来源于古老地壳部分熔融,并伴随不同程度幔源物质的注入,可能为岩浆弧的一部分.综合野外观察及锆石同位素研究结果,明确了青藏高原东南缘存在早古生代早期造山事件.与喜马拉雅、拉萨、羌塘等地体的同一时代构造事件对比,认为青藏高原东南缘滇西地区早古生代早期造山带为形成在冈瓦纳大陆北缘的安第斯型造山带的一部分,为认识冈瓦纳大陆北缘早古生代演化提供新的证据.     

辽东半岛早白垩世早期高分异花岗伟晶岩成因与构造背景

包括辽东半岛在内的华北克拉通北缘早白垩世早期岩浆活动极其稀少,研究程度较低,导致该时期的地质背景限定缺乏直接证据.对辽东半岛三股流地区新发现的花岗伟晶岩开展了岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、锆石阴极发光（CL）成像技术、锆石微量元素、全岩地球化学和锆石Lu-Hf同位素等方面的研究,以期为研究区早白垩世早期构造背景提供制约.花岗伟晶岩锆石阴极发光微弱甚至不发光,大多数锆石内部结构为斑杂状分带或海绵状分带,少见岩浆震荡环带,Th/U < 0.1,其锆石稀土元素特征也与岩浆锆石明显不同,显示出热液锆石特征.锆石U-Pb年代学结果表明花岗伟晶岩的形成年龄为144.3±2.7 Ma,属早白垩世早期.花岗伟晶岩以富Si、Al、碱,贫Fe、Mg,富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,以及显示出一定的四分组效应为特征.其ε_Hf（t）为-27.4~-24.7,二阶段模式年龄为2.91~2.74 Ga,与五龙中晚侏罗世花岗岩Hf同位素组成相类似.综合以上研究,认为三股流花岗伟晶岩经历了较高程度的分异结晶,与五龙中晚侏罗世花岗岩存在成因联系,其成岩介质为富含热液的岩浆-热液共存体系.辽东半岛早白垩世早期岩浆活动形成于伸展背景,该伸展背景可能与蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋后碰撞伸展和太平洋俯冲相关.