关于海砂勘查开采执法管理存在的问题及对策

非法勘查、开采海砂是当前海洋资源和环境管理的一个热点和难点问题。海砂是一种宝贵的、不可恢复的海洋矿产资源。近年来,由于国内外市场对海砂需求的不断增长,非法勘察、开采海砂的违法行为也不断增多,为此国家采取了一些措施,加大了海砂开采的行政和执法管理。但非法勘查开采海砂的问题并未从根本上解决,海砂盗采行为仍时有发生,使海洋环境不断受到损害,海砂矿产资源遭到破坏,国家税费不断流失。为有效解决这种问题,我们应当从我国海砂执法管理的现状、体制上,从非法开采海砂的原因上进行综合分析,采取治本之策,以建立正常的海砂开采法律…     

海南省海砂资源勘查开发现状与对策分析

文章对海南岛周边海砂资源的分布、质量和潜力进行了分析,认为海南岛周边的潮流沙脊是今后勘查开发的重点。结合海南省海砂资源需求,分析了海南省海砂勘查、开发及管理现状,海砂开采形式粗放以及海砂开发活动无序是主要特点,并深入探讨了海砂勘查开发过程中存在的突出问题,如法律法规不健全、监管难度大、勘查程度较低、环境影响较大等。提出了海南省在海砂勘查开发和管理方面的建议:完善法律法规,加强制度创新建设;加强海砂开发动态监管,增大执法力度;开展系统勘查,编制海砂开发总体规划;注重环境保护,提升资源利用效率。     

我国海砂资源开发现状与管理对策探讨

<正>我国海砂资源开发情况我国拥有漫长的海岸线和广阔的浅海,岛屿众多,陆架宽广,矿藏资源丰富。根据我国近五十年的海洋调查资料记载,我国的海砂资源大致可以分为两类:一类是分布在海岸和近岸海域的海岸海砂,另一类是分布在陆架浅海的浅海海砂。海岸海     

我国海砂资源的开发与对策

对国内外海砂开采现状、需求、环境影响综合分析的基础上,认为今后海砂开发势必由近岸向浅海区发展,通过编制海砂开采规划,加强海砂管理,保护海洋环境,加强海砂勘探、开采、洗砂和环境影响评价等工作,为台湾浅滩海砂开采做好技术储备,以促进台湾浅滩海砂开采产业的发展。     

烟台市海砂资源的利用与保护

烟台市海砂资源开发仍存在着无序状态,干群资源保护意识不强,生态环境进一步恶化,工农业生产和人民生活受到严重影响等问题。加强管理,树立以保护为主的可持续发展的观念;制定并实施海砂开发综合管理的法律制度;建立和完善海砂开发利用监测系统和管理信息系统;加强对海岸带功能区划,充分利用和保护海砂资源;用行政手段,制止乱采乱挖,是利用和保护好烟台市海砂资源的有效途径。     

海砂粒级划分标准和沉积物命名方法探讨*

近年来, 随着海砂资源需求激增和勘查开发快速发展, 解决海砂调查研究领域中海砂命名混乱的问题迫在眉睫。本文在总结多年海砂调查经验和前人研究成果的基础上, 分析对比已有粒级划分标准和沉积物命名方法的特点, 提出一套适用于海砂的粒级划分标准和命名方法。基于伍登-温特沃斯(Udden-Wentworth)等比制φ值粒级标准, 提出将海砂沉积物粒级划分为砾(>2mm)、砂(2~0.063mm)和泥(<0.063mm)3大类, 二级细分为9小类; 基于优势粒级法思想, 将砾、砂和泥作为三个分类端元, 提出“砾-砂-泥三角图解+砂、砾质沉积物细分命名”的海砂沉积物分类方案, 体现了“对砂、砾质沉积物细化其名, 对泥质沉积物简化其名”的思想。该命名方法直观地反映了海砂的粒级组成和含量, 同时较好地兼顾了海砂命名的沉积学涵义和实际应用需求。     

福建省海洋非法采砂行为管控初探

天然海砂是一种海洋矿产资源,由于在城市建设中使用十分广泛,海砂成为仅次于石油天然气的海洋第二大矿产资源。但近年来由于大量无度开采海砂,对海洋生态环境、海上航行安全以及建筑物安全都造成极大的破坏和影响。对此,各地执法部门进行了一系列打击非法采挖海砂专项行动,虽取得一定成效,但违法采挖海砂的猖獗势头依然未能得到遏制。文章从目前海砂市场的供求现状以及非法采挖海砂造成的问题出发,对执法部门打击非法采挖海砂未能取得预期效果的原因进行分析,并提出合理规划海砂合法开采、加大非法采砂惩处力度、合力完善治砂长效机制、用现代信息技术助力采砂监管等4个方面的解决思路,规范海洋采砂行为,使市场需求和环境保护得到兼顾。     

海南岛东北部海域海砂资源特征及成因

海南岛周边浅海海砂资源丰富,其东北部海域砂、砾质沉积物分布面积可达数百平方千米,平均厚度超过10m,均为全新世海相沉积。通过对海南岛东北部海域的水深、地层、沉积物粒度等方面的调查,研究了该区域海砂资源的分布、范围、规模、厚度及沉积环境,对海砂的质量和开发利用进行了初步分析。其中,位于琼州海峡东口的潮流沙脊区是海砂的主要分布区域,沉积厚度在20m以上,海砂分选好、次圆状,砂含量超过80%,海砂各项指标良好,用途广泛。研究区海砂资源主要受海底地形和潮流的共同作用而形成,属全新世陆架潮流沉积体系,近岸处亦受到陆域物质输入和浅水波浪的影响,沉积物来源主要为琼州海峡内部和粤西,海南岛的物质供给可能相对较少。     

渤海海砂资源分布特征及物源分析

海砂是十分重要的海洋资源,基于对渤海海域1 366个表层沉积物样品的粒度分析,确定了渤海海峡北部、辽东浅滩、辽东湾东岸、兴城-绥中近岸、秦皇岛近岸、曹妃甸、莱州浅滩等7个海砂资源区,分布面积约12 800km2。通过对表层沉积物样品的重矿物分析,对比前人研究成果,对各海砂资源区进行了物源分析,渤海海峡北部海砂资源区主要为老铁山水道潮流长期冲刷形成的粗粒沉积物堆积,辽东浅滩海砂资源区物质来源为老铁山水道冲刷物质的再堆积,其他海砂资源区物质主要来源于沿岸河流的输运。     

泉州海域海砂资源开采区选划与管理

海砂是价值仅次于石油、天然气的海洋资源,在国民经济建设中起着重要的作用,但目前海砂开采处于盲目和无序的状态,不但浪费了巨大的资源,而且导致了部分地区海岸带环境破坏、海滩和岸堤被侵蚀等危害。因此,海砂资源的科学开发与管理已成为海洋资源管理部门的当务之急。文章以泉州地区为例,针对可能存在海砂的重点区域进行选划和分析,对海砂管理的现状及存在的问题,提出了相应的合理对策。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.     

The stages of the development of the basin of the Bransfield Strait

The study of the sedimentary body of the Bransfield Strait has made it possible to identify several sedimentary complexes, to construct the first electronic charts for the acoustic basement, and to establish four stages of the evolution of its floor, which updates the previous knowledge about the formation of the strait. At the first stage, there was an increase in tension stresses that were accompanied by the local splits of the continental crust at the periphery of the Antarctic Peninsula. At the second stage, a graben-like structure filled with the Lower stratigraphic complex was formed northward of the Antarctic Peninsula. At the third stage, the continuing processes of extension led to intensive explosive activity of the growing volcanic structures and filling of the graben with sediments of the Middle seismostratigraphic complex. The fourth stage, which has continued until recently, is characterized by quasi-linear localization of the major centers of volcanic activity in the band closer to the South-Shetland Islands and the formation of the Upper seismostratigraphic sedimentary complex. The evolution of the floor of the Bransfield Strait reflects the process of penetration of the American-Antarctic ridge to the continental lithosphere of the Antarctic Peninsula for the last million years.     

Influence of the dynamics of currents on the hydrophysical structure of the waters and the vertical exchange in the active layer of the Black Sea

An analysis of the data of measurements of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations of hydrophysical fields in the upper 200-m layer of the Black Sea carried out using CTD profilers and a Baklan free falling microstructure and turbulence profiler revealed the existence of a positive correlation between the intensity of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations and the dynamics of the currents. On the other hand, the level of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations reflects the rate of the vertical turbulent exchange. It was shown that, in the case of the absence of the Black Sea Rim Current (BSRC) jet or clearly manifested mesoscale eddy structures, the vertical turbulent exchange in the pycnocline is weak, while, in the opposite case, it is stronger. The results obtained support the supposition that the interbasin dynamics play an important role in the maintenance of the rate of small-scale mixing in the pycnocline and halocline and provide the vertical transport of dissolved oxygen from the cold intermediate layer into the deeper layers of the sea.