Energetics of lower tropospheric planetary waves over mid latitudes: Precursor for Indian summer monsoon

Based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, kinetic energy and momentum transport of waves 0 to 10 at 850 hPa level are computed from monthly mean zonal (u) and meridional (v) components of wind from equator to 90?N. Fourier technique is used to resolve the wind field into a spectrum of waves. Correlation analysis between All India Seasonal Monsoon Rainfall (AISMR) and energetics of the waves indicates that effective kinetic energy of waves 1, 3 and 4 around 37.5?N in February has significant correlation (99.9%) with the subsequent AISMR. A simple linear regression equation between the effective kinetic energy of these three waves and AISMR is developed. Out of 47 years’ (1958–2004) data, 32 years (1958–1989) are utilized for developing the regression model and the remaining 15 years (1990–2004) are considered for its verification. Predicted AISMR is in close agreement with observed AISMR. The regression equation based on the dynamics of the planetary waves is thus useful for Long Range Forecasting (LRF) of AISMR. Apart from the regression equation, the study provides qualitative predictors. The scatter diagram between AISMR and effective kinetic energy of waves 1, 3 and 4 around 37.5?N indicates that if the kinetic energy is more (less) than 5m²s^-2, the subsequent monsoon will be good (weak). Stream function fields indicate that high latitude trough axis along 40?E (70?E) leads to a good (weak) monsoon over India.     

Internal wave characteristics in the eastern Arabian Sea during summer monsoon

The time series BT profiles and surface winds and atmospheric pressure, collected in the deep waters off Ratnagiri and Karwar during summer monsoon were utilized to document the characteristics of internal waves (IW). Low-frequency (≤2, cycle per day (cpd)) IW off Ratnagiri are found to propagate at 83 cm/s with wavelengths of 45 km and wave heights upto 40 m. These parameters for high-frequency (>2 cpd) IW off Karwar correspond to 99 cm/s, 3 km and 23 m. The IW off Karwar appear to leave the station at 70° (±10°) (measured from the horizontal). The data sets were further analysed to address the harmonic composition of the IW and identify the possible sources for the observed IW fields. Power spectra of the IW indicated energy peaks at inertial (0·6 cpd) and tidal (1 and 2 cpd) frequencies off Ratnagiri and in the high-frequency band of 0·5–2·0 cycles per hour off Karwar. The coherence between the IW and wind/tide is found to be good at several frequencies within the IW spectrum. This feature probably suggests tides as a source for the IW of tidal frequencies and winds and tides as a joint source for the IW at the remaining frequencies.     

Intra-seasonal variations of kinetic energy of lower tropospheric zonal waves during northern summer monsoon

Space spectral analysis of zonal (u) and meridional (v) components of wind and time spectral analysis of kinetic energy of zonal waves at 850 hPa during monsoon 1991 (1st June 1991 to 31st August 1991) for the global belt between equator and 40°N are investigated. Space spectral analysis shows that long waves (wavenumbers 1 and 2) dominate the energetics of Region 1 (equator to 20°N) while over Region 2 (20°N to 40°N) the kinetic energy of short waves (wavenumbers 3 to 10) is more than kinetic energy of long waves. It has been found that kinetic energy of long waves is dominated by zonal component while both (zonal and meridional) the components of wind have almost equal contribution in the kinetic energy of short waves. Temporal variations of kinetic energy of wavenumber 2 over Region 1 and Region 2 are almost identical. The correlation matrix of different time series shows that (i) wavenumber 2 over Regions 1 and 2 might have the same energy source and (ii) there is a possibility of an exchange of kinetic energy between wavenumber 1 over Region 1 and short waves over Region 2. Wave to wave interactions indicate that short waves over Region 2 are the common source of kinetic energy to wavenumber 2 over Regions 1 and 2 and wavenumber 1 over Region 1. Time spectral analysis of kinetic energy of zonal waves indicates that wavenumber 1 is dominated by 30–45 day and bi-weekly oscillations while short waves are dominated by weekly and bi-weekly oscillations. The correlation matrix, wave to wave interaction and time spectral analysis together suggest that short period oscillations of kinetic energy of wavenumber 1 might be one of the factors causing dominant weekly (5–9 day) and bi-weekly (10–18 day) oscillations in the kinetic energy of short waves.     

Momentum transport of wave zero during March: A possible predictor for the Indian summer monsoon

Analysis of monthly momentum transport of zonal waves at 850 hPa for the period 1979 to 1993, between ‡S and ‡N for January to April, using zonal (u) and meridional (v) components of wind taken from the ECMWF reanalysis field, shows a positive correlation (.1% level of significance) between the Indian summer monsoon rainfall (June through September) and the momentum transport of wave zero TM(0) over latitudinal belt between 25‡S and 5‡N (LB) during March. Northward (Southward) TM(0) observed in March over LB subsequently leads to a good (drought) monsoon season over India which is found to be true even when the year is marked with the El-Nino event. Similarly a strong westerly zone in the Indian Ocean during March, indicates a good monsoon season for the country, even if the year is marked with El-Nino. The study thus suggests two predictors, TM(0) over LB and the strength of westerly zone in the Indian Ocean during March.     

Dynamics of the stationary eddies in the lower stratospheric circulation in the wavenumber domain and monsoon activity

Meridional transports of momentum and sensible heat have been computed using the Fourier coefficients of the geopotential heights at 50 mb and 30 mb levels for each month during the years 1972 to 1979. Seasonal variations in these transports and in the energy conversionsC (K _E ,K _Z ) andC (A _z ,A _E ) in the contrasting years of monsoon activity have been discussed. The transport and the conversion terms undergo annual variations only with winter maxima and summer minima. Large northward transport of momentum and of sensible heat in the low latitude summer and in the high latitude preceeding winter suggests a linkage between monsoon activity and high latitude stratosphere. Seasonal variations in the energy conversion termsC (K _E ,K _Z ) andC (A _Z ,A _E ) conform with the changes in the system in the years of widely differing monsoon activity both in low and high latitudes. Large conversion of energy fromA _Z toA _E in low latitude summer indicates weakening of the existing meridional temperature gradient, in bad monsoon years.     

Dynamics of upper tropospheric stationary wave anomalies induced by ENSO during the northern summer: A GCM study

Ensemble seasonal integrations are carried out with the COLA GCM, with a view to understand the dynamical connection between warm SST anomalies in the equatorial central-eastern Pacific Ocean and the upper level stationary wave anomalies seen during drought years over the Indian summer monsoon region. In addition, experiments with and without orography are performed in order to examine the role of the Himalayas in modulating the El Niño induced stationary wave anomalies over the summer monsoon region. The GCM simulations show a statistically significant weakening of the summer monsoon activity over India in response to the SST forcing in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. This weakening of the summer monsoon appears to be largely related to modifications of the local Hadley and Walker cells over the summer monsoon region. In addition, it is seen that the anomalous ENSO divergent forcing over the tropical Pacific Ocean can act as a potential source for Rossby wave dispersion. Here one finds the possibility of meridionally propagating Rossby waves, which emanate from the ENSO forcing region, to interact with the subtropical westerlies and generate anomalous highs and lows in the subtropics and extratropics. The quasi-stationary perturbations seen over west Asia, Pakistan and northwest India during drought years, seem to be generated by the above mechanism. An alternate mechanism that could be important for the persistence of the quasi-stationary perturbations seems to be based on the dynamic excitation of middle latitude normal modes which can extract energy from the zonally varying unstable basic flow. It is seen from the GCM simulations, that the Himalayan orography plays a crucial role in anchoring the El Niño induced extratropical westerly troughs far to the west in the high latitude belt. In the absence of orography it is seen that the ENSO induced extra-tropical cyclonic anomalies tend to intrude southward into the monsoon region thereby destroying the regional scale circulations completely. Another effect due to the Himalayas is to generate lee waves on the eastern side of the topographic barrier which encircle the globe in the subtropics and midlatitudes.     

瞬态瑞雷波法在软土地区地基加固检测中的应用

碎石桩、预制桩、搅拌桩是软土地区复合地基加固的常见方法,而有效地检测与评价这些方法加固的深度、强度以及复合地基的承载力等质量指标,是工程建设过程中的重要环节。瞬态瑞雷波在上述三种加固检测与评价中的可行性和有效性,同时结合传统的静态的原位检测手段,瑞雷波法检测可以实现快速准确的大面积检测。     

Meteorological fields variability over the Indian seas in pre and summer monsoon months during extreme monsoon seasons

In this study, the possible linkage between summer monsoon rainfall over India and surface meteorological fields (basic fields and heat budget components) over monsoon region (30‡E-120‡E, 30‡S30‡N) during the pre-monsoon month of May and summer monsoon season (June to September) are examined. For this purpose, monthly surface meteorological fields anomaly are analyzed for 42 years (1958-1999) using reanalysis data of NCEP/NCAR (National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research). The statistical significance of the anomaly (difference) between the surplus and deficient monsoon years in the surface meteorological fields are also examined by Student’s t-test at 95% confidence level. Significant negative anomalies of mean sea level pressure are observed over India, Arabian Sea and Arabian Peninsular in the pre-monsoon month of May and monsoon season. Significant positive anomalies in the zonal and meridional wind (at 2 m) in the month of May are observed in the west Arabian Sea off Somali coast and for monsoon season it is in the central Arabian Sea that extends up to Somalia. Significant positive anomalies of the surface temperature and air temperature (at 2 m) in the month of May are observed over north India and adjoining Pakistan and Afghanistan region. During monsoon season this region is replaced by significant negative anomalies. In the month of May, significant positive anomalies of cloud amount are observed over Somali coast, north Bay of Bengal and adjoining West Bengal and Bangladesh. During monsoon season, cloud amount shows positive anomalies over NW India and north Arabian Sea. There is overall reduction in the incoming shortwave radiation flux during surplus monsoon years. A higher magnitude of latent heat flux is also found in surplus monsoon years for the month of May as well as the monsoon season. The significant positive anomaly of latent heat flux in May, observed over southwest Arabian Sea, may be considered as an advance indicator of the possible behavior of the subsequent monsoon season. The distribution of net heat flux is predominantly negative over eastern Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean. Anomaly between the two extreme monsoon years in post 1980 (i.e., 1988 and 1987) shows that shortwave flux, latent heat flux and net heat flux indicate reversal in sign, particularly in south Indian Ocean. Variations of the heat budget components over four smaller sectors of Indian seas, namely Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and west Indian Ocean and east Indian Ocean show that a small sector of Arabian Sea is most dominant during May and other sectors showing reversal in sign of latent heat flux during monsoon season.     

多年冻土区路基调查中瞬态面波勘探方法应用研究

多年冻土地区铁路路基的振动与环境变化对路基稳定性的影响问题日益突出,为了评价这种影响引起的青藏铁路多年冻土区冻土的变化状况,首次应用了一种简便、高效、环保的瞬态面波勘探方法对其天然地表和典型结构路基及其下部多年冻土层进行了勘探。试验数据良好、频散特征显著,通过反演分析得到了青藏高原多年冻土地区天然地表和典型结构路基下部土体的剪切波速度剖面和多年冻土的分布。勘探结果表明,青藏铁路北麓河试验段勘探区内多年冻土上限一般为2 m,层厚为20 m左右,多年冻土层Vs平均为600 m/s以上。该结果与该区地质钻探编录和钻孔波速测试结果较为一致,说明瞬态面波勘探在自然环境严峻的青藏高原多年冻土地区有着良好的适用性。     

瞬态瑞雷面波勘探中隐伏溶洞的响应特征研究

瞬态瑞雷面波法勘探中,掌握隐伏溶洞的响应特征是进行野外探查分析的基础。结合两类填充状态隐伏溶洞,使用有限差分法进行数值模拟,分别构建不同发育介质溶洞模型。并利用贵广铁路隐伏溶洞探测实例验证探测效果。分析认为:瑞雷面波法对面波相速度差异反映敏感,精度较高,对基岩面和两种类型隐伏溶洞分辨率高;对于填充溶洞,速度响应由溶洞中充填介质的物性决定,一般为低速反映;对于空溶洞,速度较粘土层及基岩均为低速反映;两种溶洞探测面波频散曲线在溶洞位置都会出现较为形象明显的“之”字形拐曲。取得的结果可为工程应用提供借鉴。     

瞬态瑞雷波在强夯地基的检测中的应用

针对瞬态瑞雷波在强夯地基中的检测,通过与动力触探、浅层平板载荷试验对比,阐明了瑞雷波法在工程无损检测应用中的可行性。     

Amino sugars in suspended particulate matter from the Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon of 2001

Amino sugars (AS) are important constituents of organic matter. However, very little is known about their cycling in marine waters. In this research, we assessed the distribution and cycling of these compounds in waters of the Bay of Bengal. For this purpose, samples of suspended particu late matter (SPM) were collected from 8 depths (surface to 1000 m) at 6 locations during the 166th cruise of the ORV Sagar Kanya in the Bay of Bengal in July/August 2001. The SPM samples were analysed for particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate nitrogen (PN) and AS concentrations and composition. The AS varied between 0.4 and 17.5 nmol/l. Concentrations were high in the surface waters and generally decreased with increasing depth. AS concentration decreased from the south to north. AS accounted for 0.01 to 0.71% and 0.05 to 2.37% of POC and PN, respectively. Rapid decrease in AS-C% and AS-N% with depth indicates that these compounds were preferentially degraded relative to bulk POC and PN. The composition of AS suggests that glucosamine (GLU-N) and galactosamine (GAL-N) were present in the surface SPM samples, and their abundance decreased from surface downwards. Relatively, low values of GLU-N/GAL-N ratio indicate that the organic matter was mostly derived from the detritus of micro-organisms. Our data suggest that chitin, a polymer of the glucosamine produced by many marine organisms was not the major source of AS in the Bay. Rapid cycling of these compounds indicates their importance in the cycling of nitrogen in marine waters     

Abundance and relationship of bacteria with transparent exopolymer particles during the 1996 summer monsoon in the Arabian Sea

Bacterial abundance and production, numbers, sizes and concentrations of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and total organic carbon (TOC) were measured during the 1996 summer monsoon to understand the relationship between TEP, the most labile particulate organic carbon, and bacteria. While high regional variability in the vertical distribution of TOC was discernible, TEP concentrations were high in surface waters at 18–20°N along 64°E with concentrations well over 25 mg alginic acid equivalents I⁻¹ due to upwelling induced productivity. Their concentrations decreased with depth and were lower between 200 and 500 m. Bacterial concentrations were up to 1.99 × 10⁸ I^–1 in the surface waters and decreased by an order of magnitude or more at depths below 500 m. A better relationship has been found between bacterial abundance and concentrations of TEP than between bacteria and TOC, indicating that bacterial metabolism is fueled by availability of TEP in the Arabian Sea. Assuming a carbon assimilation of 33%, bacterial carbon demand (BCD) is estimated to be 1.017 to 4.035 g C m^–2 d^–1 in the surface waters. The observed TEP concentrations appear to be sufficient in meeting the surface and subsurface BCD in the northern Arabian Sea.     

基于OCCAM算法的瑞雷波频散曲线快速稳定反演

OCCAM算法在大地电磁测深资料反演中已获得了成功应用。将其引入到瑞雷波频散曲线反演中,应用权重矩阵,提高了解的纵向分辨率;应用拉格朗日乘子光滑参数改善了迭代效果并提高了解的稳定性,使其可以在解的精度和模型分辨率中取最佳折中解。实测资料试算结果表明:用OCCAM算法对低速软弱夹层瞬态瑞雷波频散曲线进行反演,不但具有稳定性好、精度高、分辨能力强的特点,而且能自动分层和反演地层参数。     

过去千年年代和百年尺度东亚夏季风变化的模拟分析

利用通用地球系统模式过去千年集成（CESM-LME）试验数据,在验证模式模拟能力的基础上,分析了过去千年（850~1849年）年代和百年尺度东亚夏季风变化及其与中国东部夏季降水的关系。总体上,东亚夏季风在过去千年逐渐减弱,并伴随着年代际和百年尺度波动。在变化趋势上,过去千年土地利用不断增加、后期火山爆发偏多和地球轨道参数变化联合引起欧亚大陆中高纬表面温度降低、东亚区域海陆热力差异减小,东亚夏季风相应减弱;在年代际尺度上,东亚夏季风变化与太平洋年代际振荡有关,后者通过影响北太平洋和中国东部表面温度来改变东亚区域海陆热力差异和夏季风强度;百年尺度东亚夏季风波动受多种因子共同调制,期间欧亚大陆中高纬和北太平洋表面温度变化明显。与此同时,过去千年东亚夏季风逐渐减弱伴随着中国东部降水由南向北呈现负—正—负的变化趋势;在年代际和百年尺度上,东亚夏季风偏强时,中国东部降水表现为南旱北涝型分布。

     

全新世南亚高压南北移动及其与亚洲夏季风降水的关系

南亚高压是亚洲夏季风系统的重要组成部分,它的强度及位置变化对亚洲夏季风降水有非常重要的影响,对其变化特征和物理机制的研究可以加深对亚洲夏季风演化的认识。论文利用一个海-气耦合模式（KCM）,在轨道参数的强迫下模拟了全新世以来（9.5~0 ka B.P.）的气候变化,分析了全新世南亚高压的南北移动特征,并探讨其与亚洲夏季风降水的关系。研究发现,全新世以来南亚高压持续向南移动,同时也反映了对流层上层西风逐渐向南扩张,响应逐渐减少的夏季太阳辐射。早全新世南亚高压偏北主要是由于夏季太阳辐射增加导致伊朗高原感热加热加强。南亚高压的南北移动与亚洲夏季风降水有显著的关系,它与东亚季风区北部和印度季风区降水呈正相关关系,而与东亚季风区南部和西南季风区降水呈负相关关系。偏北的南亚高压在东亚北部上空产生异常反气旋,有利于对流层低层空气辐合上升,降水增加,此外异常反气旋还可以加强西太副高,使得输送到东亚北部的水汽增加。南亚高压偏北时还会在中低纬地区产生异常东风带,减弱了来自孟加拉湾的水汽输入,从而使得东亚南部和西南季风区降水减少。偏北的南亚高压还在阿拉伯海上空产生异常气旋,有利于印度夏季风降水的增加。南亚高压的南北振荡可以部分解释相同轨道强迫下亚洲夏季风降水出现显著空间差异的原因。

     

综合利用多道瞬态面波和微动探测分析斜坡内部结构

针对杭州部分地区残坡积层厚度薄、地形条件较差的特点,在余杭区鸬鸟镇典型斜坡段,开展了多道瞬态面波和微动探测工作,对这二项技术在斜坡内部结构调查中的适用性和有效性进行分析.分别基于频率—波数(F-K)和空间自相关(SPAC)法提取频散曲线,计算得到速度剖面,进而对表层含角砾粉质黏土、全风化凝灰岩、强风化凝灰岩及中—微风化...     

MIS 5c向MIS 5b转换期亚洲夏季风的演变特征——万象洞石笋记录

根据亚洲季风边缘区武都万象洞一根长360mm石笋(WX0541A)的6个 230Th年代和828个 δ18O数据, 建立了104107~91858a B.P. 期间高分辨率和高精度亚洲夏季风变迁的时间序列。通过与中国东部季风腹地湖北三宝洞和现代西风控制区新疆科桑洞的石笋 δ18O记录对比发现, 三者的变化模式在研究时段内具有相似性。其中, 3个洞穴石笋同位素在MIS 5c中期相当于Greenland D/O 23暖阶段的偏负阶段, 从南到北显示出逐渐偏负的趋势, 是季风降水大陆效应的真实反映; 而在96495~92562a B.P. 之间的同位素偏重阶段, 万象洞和科桑洞石笋同位素组成相近并偏正于三宝洞石笋的 δ18O值, 偏离了亚洲夏季风的内陆入侵规律, 可能与MIS 5b太阳辐射降低时期万象洞和科桑洞地区可变的季节性降水或加入的西风降水有关。     

波浪及波流边界层泥沙起动规律

基于波浪边界层理论及单向流泥沙起动Shields曲线,推证出波浪泥沙起动Shields曲线;基于波流边界层理论,提出表述波流边界层动力特征的波流比因子X及非线性作用因子Y,并建立了Y与X的相关关系;在此基础之上,结合单向流及波浪泥沙起动Shields曲线,推证出波流共同作用下泥沙起动Shields曲线。结果表明:波浪泥沙起动Shields曲线在层流区与单向流光滑紊流区曲线保持一致,粗糙紊流区与单向流粗糙紊流区曲线保持一致,过渡区线型为折线,由层流区及粗糙紊流区曲线延长交汇获得;X及Y能够合理地表征波流边界层动力对比特征及非线性作用特征;波流泥沙起动Shields曲线介于波浪及单向流泥沙起动Shields曲线之间,随着波流比因子X的不同,依据非线性作用因子Y,自动在波浪及单向流泥沙起动Shields曲线之间非线性过渡。建立的波流泥沙起动Shields曲线与试验结果吻合较好,且能够概括单向流、波浪及波流等不同动力及细沙、粗沙等不同粒径的泥沙起动条件。     

Evolution of salinity field in the upper layers of the east central Arabian Sea and northern Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon experiments

The intra-seasonal variability observed in the salinity field of the upper layers at a few locations in the east central Arabian Sea and the northern Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon seasons of 1977 and 1979 is documented with the aid of short time series (1–2 weeks) of salinity measurements made from USSR and Indian ships deployed during MONSOON-77 (1977) and MONEX-79 (1979) field experiments. In the Arabian Sea a typical subsurface maxima observed beneath the mixed layer base either disappeared or considerably weakened due to strong vertical mixing caused by the monsoonal forcing. In the northern Bay of Bengal the salinity variability in the top 30 m water column was rapid and appeared to be influenced by large amounts of fresh water from rain and probably from the major adjoining rivers. Some simple diagnostic calculations are presented to assess the relative importance of various processes which control the observed salinity variability.